This command makes it easy for fish scripts and functions to handle arguments like how fish builtin commands handle their arguments. You pass arguments that define the known options, followed by a literal ``--``, then the arguments to be parsed (which might also include a literal ``--``). ``argparse`` then sets variables to indicate the passed options with their values, and sets $argv (and always $argv) to the remaining arguments. More on this in the `usage <#usage>`__ section below.
Each option specification (``OPTION_SPEC``) is written in the `domain specific language <#option-specifications>`__ described below. All OPTION_SPECs must appear after any argparse flags and before the ``--`` that separates them from the arguments to be parsed.
Each option that is seen in the ARG list will result in a var name of the form ``_flag_X``, where ``X`` is the short flag letter and the long flag name. The OPTION_SPEC always requires a short flag even if it can't be used. So there will always be ``_flag_X`` var set using the short flag letter if the corresponding short or long flag is seen. The long flag name var (e.g., ``_flag_help``) will only be defined, obviously, if the OPTION_SPEC includes a long flag name.
For example ``_flag_h`` and ``_flag_help`` if ``-h`` or ``--help`` is seen. The var will be set with local scope (i.e., as if the script had done ``set -l _flag_X``). If the flag is a boolean (that is, it just is passed or not, it doesn't have a value) the values are the short and long flags seen. If the option is not a boolean the values will be zero or more values corresponding to the values collected when the ARG list is processed. If the flag was not seen the flag var will not be set.
-``-n`` or ``--name`` is the command name for use in error messages. By default the current function name will be used, or `argparse` if run outside of a function.
-``-x`` or ``--exclusive`` should be followed by a comma separated list of short or long options that are mutually exclusive. You can use this more than once to define multiple sets of mutually exclusive options.
-``-s`` or ``--stop-nonopt`` causes scanning the arguments to stop as soon as the first non-option argument is seen. Among other things, this is useful to implement subcommands that have their own options.
Using this command requires first passing option specifications (``OPTION_SPEC`` below), then a mandatory ``--``, and then the arguments you want to have parsed. More about this below but here is a simple example that might be used in a function named ``my_function``:
If ``$argv`` is empty then there is nothing to parse and ``argparse`` returns zero to indicate success. If ``$argv`` is not empty then it is checked for flags ``-h``, ``--help``, ``-n`` and ``--name``. If they are found they are removed from the arguments and local variables are set so the script can determine which options were seen. Assuming ``$argv`` doesn't have any errors, such as a missing mandatory value for an option, then ``argparse`` exits with status zero. Otherwise it writes appropriate error messages to stderr and exits with a status of one.
The ``--`` argument is required. You do not have to include any arguments after the ``--`` but you must include the ``--``. For example, this is acceptable:
- A short flag letter (which is mandatory). It must be an alphanumeric or "#". The "#" character is special and means that a flag of the form ``-123`` is valid. The short flag "#" must be followed by "-" (since the short name isn't otherwise valid since ``_flag_#`` is not a valid var name) and must be followed by a long flag name with no modifiers.
- A ``/`` if the short flag can be used by someone invoking your command else ``-`` if it should not be exposed as a valid short flag. If there is no long flag name these characters should be omitted. You can also specify a '#' to indicate the short and long flag names can be used and the value can be specified as an implicit int; i.e., a flag of the form ``-NNN``.
- Optionally a ``!`` followed by fish script to validate the value. Typically this will be a function to run. If the exit status is zero the value for the flag is valid. If non-zero the value is invalid. Any error messages should be written to stdout (not stderr). See the section on `Flag Value Validation <#flag-value-validation>`__ for more information.
Sometimes you need to validate the option values. For example, that it is a valid integer within a specific range, or an ip address, or something entirely different. You can always do this after ``argparse`` returns but you can also request that ``argparse`` perform the validation by executing arbitrary fish script. To do so simply append an ``!`` (exclamation-mark) then the fish script to be run. When that code is executed three vars will be defined:
The script should write any error messages to stdout, not stderr. It should return a status of zero if the flag value is valid otherwise a non-zero status to indicate it is invalid.
Fish ships with a ``_validate_int`` function that accepts a ``--min`` and ``--max`` flag. Let's say your command accepts a ``-m`` or ``--max`` flag and the minimum allowable value is zero and the maximum is 5. You would define the option like this: ``m/max=!_validate_int --min 0 --max 5``. The default if you just call ``_validate_int`` without those flags is to simply check that the value is a valid integer with no limits on the min or max value allowed.
-``h/help`` means that both ``-h`` and ``--help`` are valid. The flag is a boolean and can be used more than once. If either flag is used then ``_flag_h`` and ``_flag_help`` will be set to the count of how many times either flag was seen.
-``h-help`` means that only ``--help`` is valid. The flag is a boolean and can be used more than once. If the long flag is used then ``_flag_h`` and ``_flag_help`` will be set to the count of how many times the long flag was seen.
-``n/name=`` means that both ``-n`` and ``--name`` are valid. It requires a value and can be used at most once. If the flag is seen then ``_flag_n`` and ``_flag_name`` will be set with the single mandatory value associated with the flag.
-``n/name=?`` means that both ``-n`` and ``--name`` are valid. It accepts an optional value and can be used at most once. If the flag is seen then ``_flag_n`` and ``_flag_name`` will be set with the value associated with the flag if one was provided else it will be set with no values.
-``n-name=+`` means that only ``--name`` is valid. It requires a value and can be used more than once. If the flag is seen then ``_flag_n`` and ``_flag_name`` will be set with the values associated with each occurrence of the flag.
-``x`` means that only ``-x`` is valid. It is a boolean that can be used more than once. If it is seen then ``_flag_x`` will be set to the count of how many times the flag was seen.
-``#-max`` means that flags matching the regex "^--?\d+$" are valid. When seen they are assigned to the variable ``_flag_max``. This allows any valid positive or negative integer to be specified by prefixing it with a single "-". Many commands support this idiom. For example ``head -3 /a/file`` to emit only the first three lines of /a/file.
-``n#max`` means that flags matching the regex "^--?\d+$" are valid. When seen they are assigned to the variables ``_flag_n`` and ``_flag_max``. This allows any valid positive or negative integer to be specified by prefixing it with a single "-". Many commands support this idiom. For example ``head -3 /a/file`` to emit only the first three lines of /a/file. You can also specify the value using either flag: ``-n NNN`` or ``--max NNN`` in this example.
After parsing the arguments the ``argv`` var is set with local scope to any values not already consumed during flag processing. If there are not unbound values the var is set but ``count $argv`` will be zero.
