This is the documentation for *fish*: the **f**\ riendly **i**\ nteractive **sh**\ ell.
A shell is a commandline interpreter. It reads text input from the commandline and interpretes it as commands to operating system, see: `What is a Shell`_.
So shells serve as user-interface between applications and the operating system. There are many different shells. They differ on how this interface is implemented. *fish* specializes in the following ways:
-**Extensive UI**: *fish* supports the user with syntax highlighting, autosuggestions, tab completions and selections lists, that can be navigated and filtered, see: `Autosuggestions`_ and `Tab Completion`_.
-**No configuration needed**: *fish* comes preconfigured so that it will be an efficient helper on the commandline out of the box.
-**Add new commands easily**: in *fish* new commands can be added on the fly. The syntax is easy to learn and there is no administrative overhead, see `Functions`_.
-**Interactive shell**: *fish* focuses on commands that will be run in an interactive session: While it supports job control for external commands, its own commands share the process of the shell, that started them.
What is a Shell
===============
This section is about the basics of shells. *fish* is a shell and shells have a lot in common:
-`Shell Standards`_ Why shells adjust to standards
-`Manual Pages`_: Commands usually come with a standardized manual page
-`Command Syntax`_: Shell commands have a standard syntax
-`Commands versus Programs`_: Commands differ from normal programs
-`Shebang Line`_: How the shell knows the language of a script
Shell Standards
---------------
A shell is an interface to the operating system that reads from the commandline of a terminal. A shell's task is to identify and interpret commands. The commands can come from different applications and can be written in different programming languages.
This can only work smoothly if shells adapt to some common standards. For shells there is the POSIX standard, see `Command-line interpreters <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface#Command-line_interpreter>`_. ``fish`` tries to satisfy the POSIX standard wherever it does not get into the way of its own design principles, see `Design <design.html>`_.
There is a common standard on how to receive help on shell commands: applications provide a manual page to their commands that can be opened with the ``man`` command:
::
> man COMMAND
This convention helps to make sure help can be found on commands no matter where they originate from. *fish*'s internal commands all come with a manual page.
Command Syntax
--------------
Shells also support some common syntax for executing commands. That way a command can be started in the same way, regardless of the application, where it comes from, and the shell, where it is executed in.
The pattern below is a basic pattern:
::
COMMAND [OPTIONS] ARGUMENTS
-**COMMAND**: the name of the executeable
-**[OPTIONS]**: options can change the behaviour of a command
-**ARGUMENTS**: input to the command
For external **commands** the executable is usually stored on file and the file path must be included in the variable ``$PATH``, so that the file can be found: see `Special Variables`_.
**Options** come in two forms: a short name, that is a hyphen with a single letter; or a long name, consisting of two hyphens with words connected by hyphens. Example: ``-h`` and ``--help`` are often used to print a help message. Options are a fixed set, described in the manual pages of the command, see `Manual Pages <#man-page>`_.
**Arguments** are the arbitrary input part of a command: often it is a file or directory name, sometimes it is a string or a list.
Example:
::
>echo -s Hallo World!
HalloWorld!
- both ``Hallo`` and ``World!`` are arguments to the echo command
-``-s`` is an option that suppresses spaces in the output of the command
Commands versus Programs
------------------------
**Programs** in other languages can often be regarded as black boxes: they get complex input and return complex output. Sometimes they produce side effects such as writing to a file or reporting an error, but the emphasis is on: arguments in and return values out:
Arguments → |Program| → Return Values
**Shell commands** are different:
- the side effects take the center of the stage: they transform an **input stream of data** into an **output stream of data**. Both of these streams are usually the terminal, but they can be redirected.
- the arguments become options or switches paired with data: the switches influence the behaviour of the command
- the return value shrinks to an **exit code**: this exit code is 0 when the command executes normally and between 1 and 255 otherwise.
<tr><td>switch and data as arguments →<td>→ exit code
</table>
This leads to another way of programming and especially of combining commands:
There are two ways to combine shell commands:
- Commands can pass on their streams to each other: one command takes the output stream of another command as its input stream and the two commands execute in parallel. This is called piping, see `Piping`_.
Example::
# Every line of the ``ls`` command is immediatelly passed on to the ``grep`` command
>ls -l | grep "my topic"
- Commands can pass on all their output as a chunk</b>: the output stream of one command is bundled and taken as data argument for the second command. This is called command substitution, see `Command Substitution`_.
Example::
# the output of the inner ``ls`` command is taken as the input argument for the outer ``echo`` command
>echo (ls a*)
Shebang Line
------------
Since script for shell commands can be written in many different languages, they need to carry information about what interpreter is needed to execute them: For this they are expected to have a first line, the shebang line, which names an executable for this purpose:
Example:
A scripts written in ``bash`` it would need a first line like this::
#!/bin/bash
This line tells the shell to execute the file with the *bash* interpreter, that is located at the path ``/bin/bash``.
For a script, written in another language, just replace the interpreter ``/bin/bash`` with the language interpreter of that other language (for example ``/bin/python`` for a ``python`` script)
This line is only needed when scripts are executed by another interpreter, so for *fish* internal commands, that are executed by *fish* the shebang line is not necessary.
Installation and Start
======================
This section is on how to install, uninstall, start and exit a *fish* shell and on how to make *fish* the default shell:
-`Installation`_: How to install *fish*
-`Default Shell`_: How to switch to *fish* as the default shell
-`Starting and Exiting`_ How to start and exit a *fish* shell
-`Uninstalling`_: How to uninstall *fish*
-`Executing Bash`_: How to execute *bash* commands in *fish*
Installation
------------
Instructions for installing fish are on the `fish homepage <https://fishshell.com/>`_. Search that page for "Go fish".
Once *fish* has been installed, open a terminal. If *fish* is not the default shell:
- Enter ``fish`` to start a *fish* shell::
> fish
- Enter ``exit`` to exit a *fish* shell::
> exit
Executing Bash
--------------
If *fish* is your default shell and you want to copy commands from the internet, that are written in a different shell language, *bash* for example, you can proceed in the following way:
Consider, that ``bash`` is also a command. With ``man bash`` you can see that there are two ways to do this:
-``bash`` has a switch ``-c`` to read from a string::
> bash -c SomeBashCommand
or ``bash`` without a switch, opens a *bash* shell that you can use and ``exit`` afterwards.
This calls the ``echo`` command. ``echo`` is a command which will write its arguments to the screen. In the example above, the output will be 'hello world'. Everything in fish is done with commands. There are commands for performing a set of commands multiple times, commands for assigning variables, commands for treating a group of commands as a single command, etc.. And every single command follows the same simple syntax.
``man`` is a command for displaying a manual page on a given topic. The man command takes the name of the manual page to display as an argument. There are manual pages for almost every command on most computers. There are also manual pages for many other things, such as system libraries and important files.
Every program on your computer can be used as a command in ``fish``. If the program file is located in one of the directories in the PATH_, it is sufficient to type the name of the program to use it. Otherwise the whole filename, including the directory (like ``/home/me/code/checkers/checkers`` or ``../checkers``) has to be used.
Commands and parameters are separated by the space character ' '. Every command ends with either a newline (i.e. by pressing the return key) or a semicolon '``;``'. More than one command can be written on the same line by separating them with semicolons.
A switch is a very common special type of argument. Switches almost always start with one or more hyphens '``-``' and alter the way a command operates. For example, the '``ls``' command usually lists all the files and directories in the current working directory, but by using the '``-l``' switch, the behavior of '``ls``' is changed to not only display the filename, but also the size, permissions, owner and modification time of each file.
Switches differ between commands and are documented in the manual page for each command. Some switches are common to most command though, for example '``--help``' will usually display a help text, '``-i``' will often turn on interactive prompting before taking action, while '``-f``' will turn it off.
Sometimes features such as `parameter expansion <#expand>`_ and `character escapes <#escapes>`_ get in the way. When that happens, the user can write a parameter within quotes, either ``'`` (single quote) or ``"`` (double quote). There is one important difference between single quoted and double quoted strings: When using double quoted string, `variable expansion <#expand-variable>`_ still takes place. Other than that, no other kind of expansion (including `brace expansion <#expand-brace>`_ and parameter expansion) will take place, the parameter may contain spaces, and escape sequences are ignored. The only backslash escape accepted within single quotes is ``\'``, which escapes a single quote and ``\\``, which escapes the backslash symbol. The only backslash escapes accepted within double quotes are ``\"``, which escapes a double quote, ``\$``, which escapes a dollar character, ``\`` followed by a newline, which deletes the backslash and the newline, and lastly ``\\``, which escapes the backslash symbol. Single quotes have no special meaning within double quotes and vice versa.
-``\xHH``, where *HH* is a hexadecimal number, represents the ascii character with the specified value. For example, ``\x9`` is the tab character.
-``\XHH``, where *HH* is a hexadecimal number, represents a byte of data with the specified value. If you are using a multibyte encoding, this can be used to enter invalid strings. Only use this if you know what you are doing.
-``\ooo``, where *ooo* is an octal number, represents the ascii character with the specified value. For example, ``\011`` is the tab character.
-``\uXXXX``, where *XXXX* is a hexadecimal number, represents the 16-bit Unicode character with the specified value. For example, ``\u9`` is the tab character.
-``\UXXXXXXXX``, where *XXXXXXXX* is a hexadecimal number, represents the 32-bit Unicode character with the specified value. For example, ``\U9`` is the tab character.
-``\cX``, where *X* is a letter of the alphabet, represents the control sequence generated by pressing the control key and the specified letter. For example, ``\ci`` is the tab character
The user can string together multiple commands into a so called pipeline. This means that the standard output of one command will be read in as standard input into the next command. This is done by separating the commands by the pipe character '``|``'. For example
will call the ``cat`` program with the parameter 'foo.txt', which will print the contents of the file 'foo.txt'. The contents of foo.txt will then be filtered through the program 'head', which will pass on the first ten lines of the file to the screen. For more information on how to combine commands through pipes, read the manual pages of the commands you want to use using the ``man`` command. If you want to find out more about the ``cat`` program, type ``man cat``.
Pipes usually connect file descriptor 1 (standard output) of the first process to file descriptor 0 (standard input) of the second process. It is possible to use a different output file descriptor by prepending the desired FD number and then output redirect symbol to the pipe. For example::
When you start a job in ``fish``, ``fish`` itself will pause, and give control of the terminal to the program just started. Sometimes, you want to continue using the commandline, and have the job run in the background. To create a background job, append an \& (ampersand) to your command. This will tell fish to run the job in the background. Background jobs are very useful when running programs that have a graphical user interface.
Most programs allow you to suspend the program's execution and return control to ``fish`` by pressing @key{Control,Z} (also referred to as ``^Z``). Once back at the ``fish`` commandline, you can start other programs and do anything you want. If you then want you can go back to the suspended command by using the `fg <cmds/fg.html>`_ (foreground) command.
Functions are programs written in the fish syntax. They group together one or more commands and their arguments using a single name. It can also be used to start a specific command with additional arguments.
For example, the following is a function definition that calls the command ``ls`` with the argument '``-l``' to print a detailed listing of the contents of the current directory::
The first line tells fish that a function by the name of ``ll`` is to be defined. To use it, simply write ``ll`` on the commandline. The second line tells fish that the command ``ls -l $argv`` should be called when ``ll`` is invoked. '``$argv``' is an array variable, which always contains all arguments sent to the function. In the example above, these are simply passed on to the ``ls`` command. For more information on functions, see the documentation for the `function <cmds/function.html>`_ builtin.
One of the most common uses for functions is to slightly alter the behavior of an already existing command. For example, one might want to redefine the ``ls`` command to display colors. The switch for turning on colors on GNU systems is '``--color=auto``'. An alias, or wrapper, around ``ls`` might look like this::
- Always take care to add the ``$argv`` variable to the list of parameters to the wrapped command. This makes sure that if the user specifies any additional parameters to the function, they are passed on to the underlying command.
- If the alias has the same name as the aliased command, it is necessary to prefix the call to the program with ``command`` in order to tell fish that the function should not call itself, but rather a command with the same name. Failing to do so will cause infinite recursion bugs.
- Autoloading isn't applicable to aliases. Since, by definition, the function is created at the time the alias command is executed. You cannot autoload aliases.
Functions can be defined on the commandline or in a configuration file, but they can also be automatically loaded. This method of defining functions has several advantages. An autoloaded function becomes available automatically to all running shells. If the function definition is changed, all running shells will automatically reload the altered version. Startup time and memory usage is improved, etc.
Fish automatically searches through any directories in the array variable ``$fish_function_path``, and any functions defined are automatically loaded when needed. A function definition file must have a filename consisting of the name of the function plus the suffix '``.fish``'.
- A directory for end-users to keep their own functions, usually ``~/.config/fish/functions`` (controlled by the ``XDG_CONFIG_HOME`` environment variable).
- A directory for systems administrators to install functions for all users on the system, usually ``/etc/fish/functions``.
- A directory for third-party software vendors to ship their own functions for their software, usually ``/usr/share/fish/vendor_functions.d``.
- The functions shipped with fish, usually installed in ``/usr/share/fish/functions``.
It is very important that function definition files only contain the definition for the specified function and nothing else. Otherwise, it is possible that autoloading a function files requires that the function already be loaded, which creates a circular dependency.
Autoloading also won't work for `event handlers <#event>`_, since fish cannot know that a function is supposed to be executed when an event occurs when it hasn't yet loaded the function. See the `event handlers <#event>`_ section for more information.
Autoloading is not applicable to functions created by the ``alias`` command. For functions simple enough that you prefer to use the ``alias`` command to define them you'll need to put those commands in your ``~/.config/fish/config.fish`` script or some other script run when the shell starts.
If you are developing another program, you may wish to install functions which are available for all users of the fish shell on a system. They can be installed to the "vendor" functions directory. As this path may vary from system to system, the ``pkgconfig`` framework should be used to discover this path with the output of ``pkg-config --variable functionsdir fish``.
There are four fish builtins that let you execute commands only if a specific criterion is met. These builtins are `if <cmds/if.html>`_, `switch <cmds/switch.html>`_, `and <cmds/and.html>`_ and `or <cmds/or.html>`_.
The ``switch`` command is used to execute one of possibly many blocks of commands depending on the value of a string. See the documentation for `switch <cmds/switch.html>`_ for more information.
The other conditionals use the `exit status <#variables-status>`_ of a command to decide if a command or a block of commands should be executed. See the documentation for `if <cmds/if.html>`_, `and <cmds/and.html>`_ and `or <cmds/or.html>`_ for more information.
-**builtin** a command that is implemented in the shell. Builtins are commands that are so closely tied to the shell that it is impossible to implement them as external commands.
-**function** a block of commands that can be called as if they were a single command. By using functions, it is possible to string together multiple smaller commands into one more advanced command.
-**switch** a special flag sent as an argument to a command that will alter the behavior of the command. A switch almost always begins with one or two hyphens.
``fish`` has an extensive help system. Use the `help <cmds/help.html>`_ command to obtain help on a specific subject or command. For instance, writing ``help syntax`` displays the `syntax section <#syntax>`_ of this documentation.
Help on a specific builtin can also be obtained with the ``-h`` parameter. For instance, to obtain help on the ``fg`` builtin, either type ``fg -h`` or ``help fg``.
fish suggests commands as you type, based on command history, completions, and valid file paths. As you type commands, you will see a suggestion offered after the cursor, in a muted gray color (which can be changed with the ``fish_color_autosuggestion`` variable).
To accept the autosuggestion (replacing the command line contents), press right arrow or @key{Control,F}. To accept the first suggested word, press @key{Alt,→,Right} or @key{Alt,F}. If the autosuggestion is not what you want, just ignore it: it won't execute unless you accept it.
Autosuggestions are a powerful way to quickly summon frequently entered commands, by typing the first few characters. They are also an efficient technique for navigating through directory hierarchies.
Tab completion is one of the most time saving features of any modern shell. By tapping the tab key, the user asks ``fish`` to guess the rest of the command or parameter that the user is currently typing. If ``fish`` can only find one possible completion, ``fish`` will write it out. If there is more than one completion, ``fish`` will write out the longest prefix that all completions have in common. If the completions differ on the first character, a list of all possible completions is printed. The list features descriptions of the completions and if the list doesn't fit the screen, it is scrollable by using the arrow keys, the page up/page down keys, the tab key or the space bar.
If the list is visible, pressing control-S (or the ``pager-toggle-search`` binding) will allow filtering the list. Shift-tab (or the ``complete-and-search`` binding) will trigger completion with the search field immediately visible.
- Completion of filenames, even on strings with wildcards such as '``*``', '``**``' and '``?``'.
``fish`` provides a large number of program specific completions. Most of these completions are simple options like the ``-l`` option for ``ls``, but some are more advanced. The latter include:
Specifying your own completions is not difficult. To specify a completion, use the ``complete`` command. ``complete`` takes as a parameter the name of the command to specify a completion for. For example, to add a completion for the program ``myprog``, one would start the completion command with ``complete -c myprog ...``
To provide a list of possible completions for myprog, use the ``-a`` switch. If ``myprog`` accepts the arguments start and stop, this can be specified as ``complete -c myprog -a 'start stop'``. The argument to the ``-a`` switch is always a single string. At completion time, it will be tokenized on spaces and tabs, and variable expansion, command substitution and other forms of parameter expansion will take place.
``fish`` has a special syntax to support specifying switches accepted by a command. The switches ``-s``, ``-l`` and ``-o`` are used to specify a short switch (single character, such as ``-l``), a gnu style long switch (such as '``--color``') and an old-style long switch (like '``-shuffle``'), respectively. If the command 'myprog' has an option '-o' which can also be written as '``--output``', and which can take an additional value of either 'yes' or 'no', this can be specified by writing::
There are also special switches for specifying that a switch requires an argument, to disable filename completion, to create completions that are only available in some combinations, etc.. For a complete description of the various switches accepted by the ``complete`` command, see the documentation for the `complete <cmds/complete.html>`_ builtin, or write ``complete --help`` inside the ``fish`` shell.
For examples of how to write your own complex completions, study the completions in ``/usr/share/fish/completions``. (The exact path depends on your chosen installation prefix and may be slightly different)
``fish`` ships with several functions that are very useful when writing command specific completions. Most of these functions name begins with the string '``__fish_``'. Such functions are internal to ``fish`` and their name and interface may change in future fish versions. Still, some of them may be very useful when writing completions. A few of these functions are described here. Be aware that they may be removed or changed in future versions of fish.
Functions beginning with the string ``__fish_print_`` print a newline separated list of strings. For example, ``__fish_print_filesystems` prints a list of all known file systems. Functions beginning with ``__fish_complete_``` print out a newline separated list of completions with descriptions. The description is separated from the completion by a tab character.
-``__fish_complete_directories STRING DESCRIPTION`` performs path completion on STRING, allowing only directories, and giving them the description DESCRIPTION.
-``__fish_print_filesystems`` prints a list of all known file systems. Currently, this is a static list, and not dependent on what file systems the host operating system actually understands.
-``__fish_print_hostnames` prints a list of all known hostnames. This functions searches the fstab for nfs servers, ssh for known hosts and checks the ``/etc/hosts``` file.
Completions can be defined on the commandline or in a configuration file, but they can also be automatically loaded. Fish automatically searches through any directories in the array variable ``$fish_complete_path``, and any completions defined are automatically loaded when needed. A completion file must have a filename consisting of the name of the command to complete and the suffix '``.fish``'.
- A directory for end-users to keep their own completions, usually ``~/.config/fish/completions`` (controlled by the ``XDG_CONFIG_HOME`` environment variable);
- A directory for systems administrators to install completions for all users on the system, usually ``/etc/fish/completions``;
- A directory for third-party software vendors to ship their own completions for their software, usually ``/usr/share/fish/vendor_completions.d``;
- The completions shipped with fish, usually installed in ``/usr/share/fish/completions``; and
- Completions automatically generated from the operating system's manual, usually stored in ``~/.local/share/fish/generated_completions``.
This wide search may be confusing. If you are unsure, your completions probably belong in ``~/.config/fish/completions``.
If you have written new completions for a common Unix command, please consider sharing your work by submitting it via the instructions in `Further help and development <#more-help>`_.
If you are developing another program and would like to ship completions with your program, install them to the "vendor" completions directory. As this path may vary from system to system, the ``pkgconfig`` framework should be used to discover this path with the output of ``pkg-config --variable completionsdir fish``.
When an argument for a program is given on the commandline, it undergoes the process of parameter expansion before it is sent on to the command. Parameter expansion is a powerful mechanism that allows you to expand the parameter in various ways, including performing wildcard matching on files, inserting the value of a shell variable into the parameter or even using the output of another command as a parameter list.
If a star (``*``) or a question mark (``?``) is present in the parameter, ``fish`` attempts to match the given parameter to any files in such a way that:
-``**`` matches any string of characters. This includes matching an empty string. The matched string may include the ``/`` character; that is, it recurses into subdirectories. Note that augmenting this wildcard with other strings will not match files in the current working directory (``$PWD``) if you separate the strings with a slash ("/"). This is unlike other shells such as zsh. For example, ``**\/*.fish`` in zsh will match ``.fish`` files in the PWD but in fish will only match such files in a subdirectory. In fish you should type ``**.fish`` to match files in the PWD as well as subdirectories.
Other shells, such as zsh, provide a rich glob syntax for restricting the files matched by globs. For example, ``**(.)``, to only match regular files. Fish prefers to defer such features to programs, such as ``find``, rather than reinventing the wheel. Thus, if you want to limit the wildcard expansion to just regular files the fish approach is to define and use a function. For example,
Wildcard matches are sorted case insensitively. When sorting matches containing numbers, consecutive digits are considered to be one element, so that the strings '1' '5' and '12' would be sorted in the order given.
File names beginning with a dot are not considered when wildcarding unless a dot is specifically given as the first character of the file name.
Note that for most commands, if any wildcard fails to expand, the command is not executed, ```$status`` <#variables-status>`_ is set to nonzero, and a warning is printed. This behavior is consistent with setting ``shopt -s failglob`` in bash. There are exactly 3 exceptions, namely `set <cmds/set.html>`_, `count <cmds/count.html>`_ and `for <cmds/for.html>`_. Their globs are permitted to expand to zero arguments, as with ``shopt -s nullglob`` in bash.
The output of a series of commands can be used as the parameters to another command. If a parameter contains a set of parenthesis, the text enclosed by the parenthesis will be interpreted as a list of commands. On expansion, this list is executed, and substituted by the output. If the output is more than one line long, each line will be expanded to a new parameter. Setting ``IFS`` to the empty string will disable line splitting.
The exit status of the last run command substitution is available in the `status <#variables-status>`_ variable if the substitution occurs in the context of a ``set`` command.
Only part of the output can be used, see `index range expansion <#expand-index-range>`_ for details.
Fish has a default limit of 10 MiB on the amount of data a command substitution can output. If the limit is exceeded the entire command, not just the substitution, is failed and ``$status`` is set to 122. You can modify the limit by setting the ``fish_read_limit`` variable at any time including in the environment before fish starts running. If you set it to zero then no limit is imposed. This is a safety mechanism to keep the shell from consuming too much memory if a command outputs an unreasonable amount of data. Note that this limit also affects how much data the ``read`` command will process.
A dollar sign followed by a string of characters is expanded into the value of the shell variable with the same name. For an introduction to the concept of shell variables, read the `Shell variables <#variables>`_ section.
Unlike all other expanions, variable expansion also happens in double quoted strings. Inside double quotes (``"these"``), variables will always expand to exactly one argument. If they are empty or undefined, it will result in an empty string. If they have one element, they'll expand to that element. If they have more than that, the elements will be joined with spaces.
Outside of double quotes, variables will expand to as many arguments as they have elements. That means an empty list will expand to nothing, a variable with one element will expand to that element, and a variable with multiple elements will expand to each of those elements separately.
When two unquoted expansions directly follow each other, you need to watch out for expansions that expand to nothing. This includes undefined variables and empty lists, but also command substitutions with no output. See the `cartesian product <#cartesian-product>`_ section for more information.
The ``$`` symbol can also be used multiple times, as a kind of "dereference" operator (the ``*`` in C or C++), like in the following code::
When using this feature together with array brackets, the brackets will always match the innermost ``$`` dereference. Thus, ``$$foo[5]`` will always mean the fifth element of the ``foo`` variable should be dereferenced, not the fifth element of the doubly dereferenced variable ``foo``. The latter can instead be expressed as ``$$foo[1][5]``.
Be careful when you try to use braces to separate variable names from text. The problem shown above can be avoided by wrapping the variable in double quotes instead of braces (``echo "$c"word``).
This also happens after `command substitution <#expand-command-substitution>`_. Therefore strings might be eliminated. This can be avoided by making the inner command return a trailing newline.
Both command substitution and shell variable expansion support accessing only specific items by providing a set of indices in square brackets. It's often needed to access a sequence of elements. To do this, use the range operator '``..``' for this. A range '``a..b``', where range limits 'a' and 'b' are integer numbers, is expanded into a sequence of indices '``a a+1 a+2 ... b``' or '``a a-1 a-2 ... b``' depending on which of 'a' or 'b' is higher. The negative range limits are calculated from the end of the array or command substitution. Note that invalid indexes for either end are silently clamped to one or the size of the array as appropriate.
Range expansion will go in reverse if the end element is earlier in the list than the start and forward if the end is later than the start, unless exactly one of the given indices is negative. This is to enable clamping without changing direction if the list has fewer elements than expected.
The ``~`` (tilde) character at the beginning of a parameter, followed by a username, is expanded into the home directory of the specified user. A lone ``~``, or a ``~`` followed by a slash, is expanded into the home directory of the process owner.
The names given to shell objects such as variables and function names are known as "identifiers". Each type of identifier has rules that define the valid sequence of characters which compose the identifier.
A variable name cannot be empty. It can contain only letters, digits, and underscores. It may begin and end with any of those characters.
A function name cannot be empty. It may not begin with a hyphen ("-") and may not contain a slash ("/"). All other characters, including a space, are valid.
Shell variables are named pieces of data, which can be created, deleted and their values changed and used by the user. Variables may optionally be "exported", so that a copy of the variable is available to any subprocesses the shell creates. An exported variable is referred to as an "environment variable".
To set a variable value, use the `set <cmds/set.html>`_ command</a>. A variable name can not be empty and can contain only letters, digits, and underscores. It may begin and end with any of those characters.
To use the value of the variable ``smurf_color``, write ``$`` (dollar symbol) followed by the name of the variable, like ``echo Smurfs are usually $smurf_color``, which would print the result 'Smurfs are usually blue'.
There are three kinds of variables in fish: universal, global and local variables. Universal variables are shared between all fish sessions a user is running on one computer. Global variables are specific to the current fish session, but are not associated with any specific block scope, and will never be erased unless the user explicitly requests it using ``set -e``. Local variables are specific to the current fish session, and associated with a specific block of commands, and is automatically erased when a specific block goes out of scope. A block of commands is a series of commands that begins with one of the commands ``for``, ``while`` , ``if``, ``function``, ``begin`` or ``switch``, and ends with the command ``end``. The user can specify that a variable should have either global or local scope using the ``-g/--global`` or ``-l/--local`` switches.
Variables can be explicitly set to be universal with the ``-U`` or ``--universal`` switch, global with the ``-g`` or ``--global`` switch, or local with the ``-l`` or ``--local`` switch. The scoping rules when creating or updating a variable are:
-# If a variable is explicitly set to either universal, global or local, that setting will be honored. If a variable of the same name exists in a different scope, that variable will not be changed.
-# If a variable is not explicitly set to be either universal, global or local, but has been previously defined, the variable scope is not changed.
-# If a variable is not explicitly set to be either universal, global or local and has never before been defined, the variable will be local to the currently executing function. Note that this is different from using the ``-l`` or ``--local`` flag. If one of those flags is used, the variable will be local to the most inner currently executing block, while without these the variable will be local to the function. If no function is executing, the variable will be global.
There may be many variables with the same name, but different scopes. When using a variable, the variable scope will be searched from the inside out, i.e. a local variable will be used rather than a global variable with the same name, a global variable will be used rather than a universal variable with the same name.
Universal variables are variables that are shared between all the users' fish sessions on the computer. Fish stores many of its configuration options as universal variables. This means that in order to change fish settings, all you have to do is change the variable value once, and it will be automatically updated for all sessions, and preserved across computer reboots and login/logout.
To see universal variables in action, start two fish sessions side by side, and issue the following command in one of them ``set fish_color_cwd blue``. Since ``fish_color_cwd`` is a universal variable, the color of the current working directory listing in the prompt will instantly change to blue on both terminals.
`Universal variables <#variables-universal>`_ are stored in the file ``.config/fish/fishd.MACHINE_ID``, where MACHINE_ID is typically your MAC address. Do not edit this file directly, as your edits may be overwritten. Edit them through fish scripts or by using fish interactively instead.
Do not append to universal variables in `config.fish <#initialization>`_, because these variables will then get longer with each new shell instance. Instead, simply set them once at the command line.
When calling a function, all current local variables temporarily disappear. This shadowing of the local scope is needed since the variable namespace would become cluttered, making it very easy to accidentally overwrite variables from another function.
Variables in fish can be exported. This means the variable will be inherited by any commands started by fish. It is convention that exported variables are in uppercase and unexported variables are in lowercase.
Variables can be explicitly set to be exported with the ``-x`` or ``--export`` switch, or not exported with the ``-u`` or ``--unexport`` switch. The exporting rules when creating or updating a variable are identical to the scoping rules for variables:
-# If a variable is explicitly set to either be exported or not exported, that setting will be honored.
-# If a variable is not explicitly set to be exported or not exported, but has been previously defined, the previous exporting rule for the variable is kept.
-# If a variable is not explicitly set to be either exported or not exported and has never before been defined, the variable will not be exported.
-# If a variable has local scope and is exported, any function called receives a _copy_ of it, so any changes it makes to the variable disappear once the function returns.
-# If a variable has global scope, it is accessible read-write to functions whether it is exported or not.
``fish`` can store a list of multiple strings inside of a variable. To access one element of an array, use the index of the element inside of square brackets, like this:
Note that array indices start at 1 in ``fish``, not 0, as is more common in other languages. This is because many common Unix tools like ``seq`` are more suited to such use. An invalid index is silently ignored resulting in no value being substituted (not an empty string).
If you do not use any brackets, all the elements of the array will be written as separate items. This means you can easily iterate over an array using this syntax::
If you specify a negative index when expanding or assigning to an array variable, the index will be calculated from the end of the array. For example, the index -1 means the last index of an array.
A range of indices can be specified, see `index range expansion <#expand-index-range>`_ for details.
All arrays are one-dimensional and cannot contain other arrays, although it is possible to fake nested arrays using the dereferencing rules of `variable expansion <#expand-variable>`_.
When an array is exported as an environment variable, it is either space or colon delimited, depending on whether it is a path variable::
``fish`` automatically creates arrays from all environment variables whose name ends in PATH, by splitting them on colons. Other variables are not automatically split.
Path variables are a special kind of variable used to support colon-delimited path lists including PATH, CDPATH, MANPATH, PYTHONPATH, etc. All variables that end in ``PATH`` (case-sensitive) become PATH variables.
- A large number of variable starting with the prefixes ``fish_color`` and ``fish_pager_color``. See `Variables for changing highlighting colors <#variables-color>`_ for more information.
-``fish_emoji_width`` controls the computed width of certain characters, in particular emoji, whose rendered width varies across terminal emulators. This should be set to 1 if your terminal emulator renders emoji single-width, or 2 if double-width. Set this only if you see graphical glitching when printing emoji.
-``fish_ambiguous_width`` controls the computed width of ambiguous East Asian characters. This should be set to 1 if your terminal emulator renders these characters as single-width (typical), or 2 if double-width.
-``fish_escape_delay_ms`` overrides the default timeout of 30ms after seeing an escape character before giving up on matching a key binding. See the documentation for the `bind <cmds/special.html-case-escape>`_ builtin command. This delay facilitates using escape as a meta key.
-``umask``, the current file creation mask. The preferred way to change the umask variable is through the `umask <cmds/umask.html>`_ function. An attempt to set umask to an invalid value will always fail.
-``BROWSER``, the user's preferred web browser. If this variable is set, fish will use the specified browser instead of the system default browser to display the fish documentation.
-``LANG``, ``LC_ALL``, ``LC_COLLATE``, ``LC_CTYPE``, ``LC_MESSAGES``, ``LC_MONETARY``, ``LC_NUMERIC`` and ``LC_TIME`` set the language option for the shell and subprograms. See the section `Locale variables <#variables-locale>`_ for more information.
``fish`` also sends additional information to the user through the values of certain environment variables. The user cannot change the values of most of these variables.
-``argv``, an array of arguments to the shell or function. ``argv`` is only defined when inside a function call, or if fish was invoked with a list of arguments, like ``fish myscript.fish foo bar``. This variable can be changed by the user.
-``IFS``, the internal field separator that is used for word splitting with the `read <cmds/read.html>`_ builtin. Setting this to the empty string will also disable line splitting in `command substitution <#expand-command-substitution>`_. This variable can be changed by the user.
-``status``, the `exit status <#variables-status>`_ of the last foreground job to exit. If the job was terminated through a signal, the exit status will be 128 plus the signal number.
-``COLUMNS`` and ``LINES``, the current size of the terminal in height and width. These values are only used by fish if the operating system does not report the size of the terminal. Both variables must be set in that case otherwise a default of 80x24 will be used. They are updated when the window size changes.
Variables whose name are in uppercase are generally exported to the commands started by fish, while those in lowercase are not exported (``CMD_DURATION`` is an exception, for historical reasons). This rule is not enforced by fish, but it is good coding practice to use casing to distinguish between exported and unexported variables. ``fish`` also uses several variables internally. Such variables are prefixed with the string ``__FISH`` or ``__fish.`` These should never be used by the user. Changing their value may break fish.
Whenever a process exits, an exit status is returned to the program that started it (usually the shell). This exit status is an integer number, which tells the calling application how the execution of the command went. In general, a zero exit status means that the command executed without problem, but a non-zero exit status means there was some form of problem.
The colors used by fish for syntax highlighting can be configured by changing the values of a various variables. The value of these variables can be one of the colors accepted by the `set_color <cmds/set.html_color>`_ command. The ``--bold`` or ``-b`` switches accepted by ``set_color`` are also accepted.
-``fish_pager_color_secondary_background``, ``fish_pager_color_background`` of every second unselected completion. Defaults to ``fish_pager_color_background``
-``fish_pager_color_secondary_ prefix``, ``fish_pager_color_prefix`` of every second unselected completion. Defaults to ``fish_pager_color_prefix``
-``fish_pager_color_secondary_completion``, ``fish_pager_color_completion`` of every second unselected completion. Defaults to ``fish_pager_color_completion``
-``fish_pager_color_secondary_description``, ``fish_pager_color_description`` of every second unselected completion. Defaults to ``fish_pager_color_description``
-``fish_pager_color_selected_background``, ``fish_pager_color_background`` of the selected completion. Defaults to ``fish_color_search_match``
-``fish_pager_color_selected_prefix``, ``fish_pager_color_prefix`` of the selected completion. Defaults to ``fish_pager_color_prefix``
-``fish_pager_color_selected_completion``, ``fish_pager_color_completion`` of the selected completion. Defaults to ``fish_pager_color_completion``
-``fish_pager_color_selected_description``, ``fish_pager_color_description`` of the selected completion. Defaults to ``fish_pager_color_description``
The most common way to set the locale to use a command like 'set -x LANG en_GB.utf8', which sets the current locale to be the English language, as used in Great Britain, using the UTF-8 character set. For a list of available locales, use 'locale -a'.
``LANG``, ``LC_ALL``, ``LC_COLLATE``, ``LC_CTYPE``, ``LC_MESSAGES``, ``LC_MONETARY``, ``LC_NUMERIC`` and ``LC_TIME`` set the language option for the shell and subprograms. These variables work as follows: ``LC_ALL`` forces all the aspects of the locale to the specified value. If ``LC_ALL`` is set, all other locale variables will be ignored. The other ``LC_`` variables set the specified aspect of the locale information. ``LANG`` is a fallback value, it will be used if none of the ``LC_`` variables are specified.
Many other shells have a large library of builtin commands. Most of these commands are also available as standalone commands, but have been implemented in the shell anyway. To avoid code duplication, and to avoid the confusion of subtly differing versions of the same command, ``fish`` generally only implements builtins for actions which cannot be performed by a regular command.
For a list of all builtins, functions and commands shipped with fish, see the `table of contents <#toc-commands>`_. The documentation is also available by using the ``--help`` switch of the command.
Similar to bash, fish has Emacs and Vi editing modes. The default editing mode is Emacs. You can switch to Vi mode with ``fish_vi_key_bindings`` and switch back with ``fish_default_key_bindings``. You can also make your own key bindings by creating a function and setting $fish_key_bindings to its name. For example::
Some bindings are shared between emacs- and vi-mode because they aren't text editing bindings or because what Vi/Vim does for a particular key doesn't make sense for a shell.
- @key{Alt,←,Left} and @key{Alt,→,Right} move the cursor one word left or right (to the next space or punctuation mark), or moves forward/backward in the directory history if the command line is empty. If the cursor is already at the end of the line, and an autosuggestion is available, @key{Alt,→,Right} (or @key{Alt,F}) accepts the first word in the suggestion.
- @key{Shift,←,Left} and @key{Shift,→,Right} move the cursor one word left or right, without stopping on punctuation.
- @cursor_key{↑,Up} and @cursor_key{↓,Down} (or @key{Control,P} and @key{Control,N} for emacs aficionados) search the command history for the previous/next command containing the string that was specified on the commandline before the search was started. If the commandline was empty when the search started, all commands match. See the `history <#history>`_ section for more information on history searching.
- @key{Alt,↑,Up} and @key{Alt,↓,Down} search the command history for the previous/next token containing the token under the cursor before the search was started. If the commandline was not on a token when the search started, all tokens match. See the `history <#history>`_ section for more information on history searching.
- @key{Alt,h} (or @key{F1}) shows the manual page for the current command, if one exists.
- @key{Alt,l} lists the contents of the current directory, unless the cursor is over a directory argument, in which case the contents of that directory will be listed.
- @key{Alt,e} edit the current command line in an external editor. The editor is chosen from the first available of the ``$VISUAL`` or ``$EDITOR`` variables.
- @key{Home} or @key{Control,A} moves the cursor to the beginning of the line.
- @key{End} or @key{Control,E} moves to the end of line. If the cursor is already at the end of the line, and an autosuggestion is available, @key{End} or @key{Control,E} accepts the autosuggestion.
- @cursor_key{←,Left} (or @key{Control,B}) and @cursor_key{→,Right} (or @key{Control,F}) move the cursor left or right by one character. If the cursor is already at the end of the line, and an autosuggestion is available, the @cursor_key{→,Right} key and the @key{Control,F} combination accept the suggestion.
- @key{Delete} and @key{Backspace} removes one character forwards or backwards respectively.
Vi mode allows for the use of Vi-like commands at the prompt. Initially, `insert mode <#vi-mode-insert>`_ is active. @key{Escape} enters `command mode <#vi-mode-command>`_. The commands available in command, insert and visual mode are described below. Vi mode shares `some bindings <#shared-binds>`_ with `Emacs mode <#emacs-mode>`_.
When in vi-mode, the `fish_mode_prompt <cmds/fish_mode_prompt.html>`_ function will display a mode indicator to the left of the prompt. The ``fish_vi_cursor`` function will be used to change the cursor's shape depending on the mode in supported terminals. To disable this feature, override it with an empty function. To display the mode elsewhere (like in your right prompt), use the output of the ``fish_default_mode_prompt`` function.
- @key{[} and @key{]} search the command history for the previous/next token containing the token under the cursor before the search was started. See the `history <#history>`_ section for more information on history searching.
``fish`` uses an Emacs style kill ring for copy and paste functionality. Use @key{Control,K} to cut from the current cursor position to the end of the line. The string that is cut (a.k.a. killed) is inserted into a linked list of kills, called the kill ring. To paste the latest value from the kill ring use @key{Control,Y}. After pasting, use @key{Alt,Y} to rotate to the previous kill.
Copy and paste from outside are also supported, both via the @key{Control,X} / @key{Control,V} bindings and via the terminal's paste function, for which fish enables "Bracketed Paste Mode". When pasting inside single quotes, pasted single quotes and backslashes are automatically escaped so that the result can be used as a single token simply by closing the quote after.
After a command has been entered, it is inserted at the end of a history list. Any duplicate history items are automatically removed. By pressing the up and down keys, the user can search forwards and backwards in the history. If the current command line is not empty when starting a history search, only the commands containing the string entered into the command line are shown.
By pressing @key{Alt,↑,Up} and @key{Alt,↓,Down}, a history search is also performed, but instead of searching for a complete commandline, each commandline is broken into separate elements just like it would be before execution, and the history is searched for an element matching that under the cursor.
History searches can be aborted by pressing the escape key.
Prefixing the commandline with a space will prevent the entire line from being stored in the history.
To search for previous entries containing the word 'make', type ``make`` in the console and press the up key.
If the commandline reads ``cd m``, place the cursor over the ``m`` character and press @key{Alt,↑,Up} to search for previously typed words containing 'm'.
The fish commandline editor can be used to work on commands that are several lines long. There are three ways to make a command span more than a single line:
- Pressing the @key{Enter} key while a block of commands is unclosed, such as when one or more block commands such as ``for``, ``begin`` or ``if`` do not have a corresponding ``end`` command.
The fish commandline editor works exactly the same in single line mode and in multiline mode. To move between lines use the left and right arrow keys and other such keyboard shortcuts.
Normally when ``fish`` starts a program, this program will be put in the foreground, meaning it will take control of the terminal and ``fish`` will be stopped until the program finishes. Sometimes this is not desirable. For example, you may wish to start an application with a graphical user interface from the terminal, and then be able to continue using the shell. In such cases, there are several ways in which the user can change fish's behavior.
-# By ending a command with the ``&`` (ampersand) symbol, the user tells ``fish`` to put the specified command into the background. A background process will be run simultaneous with ``fish``. ``fish`` will retain control of the terminal, so the program will not be able to read from the keyboard.
-# By pressing @key{Control,Z}, the user stops a currently running foreground program and returns control to ``fish``. Some programs do not support this feature, or remap it to another key. GNU Emacs uses @key{Control,X} @key{z} to stop running.
-# By using the `bg <cmds/bg.html>`_ and `fg <cmds/fg.html>`_ builtin commands, the user can send any currently running job into the foreground or background.
Note that functions cannot be started in the background. Functions that are stopped and then restarted in the background using the ``bg`` command will not execute correctly.
On startup, Fish evaluates a number of configuration files, which can be used to control the behavior of the shell. The location of these configuration variables is controlled by a number of environment variables, and their default or usual location is given below.
Configuration files are evaluated in the following order:
- System-wide configuration files, where administrators can include initialization that should be run for all users on the system - similar to ``/etc/profile`` for POSIX-style shells - in ``$__fish_sysconf_dir``` (usually ``/etc/fish/config.fish``);
- User initialization, usually in `~/.config/fish/config.fish` (controlled by the ``XDG_CONFIG_HOME`` environment variable, and accessible as ``$__fish_config_dir``).
These paths are controlled by parameters set at build, install, or run time, and may vary from the defaults listed above.
This wide search may be confusing. If you are unsure where to put your own customisations, use `~/.config/fish/config.fish`.
Note that ~/.config/fish/config.fish is sourced _after_ the snippets. This is so users can copy snippets and override some of their behavior.
These files are all executed on the startup of every shell. If you want to run a command only on starting an interactive shell, use the exit status of the command `status --is-interactive` to determine if the shell is interactive. If you want to run a command only when using a login shell, use `status --is-login` instead. This will speed up the starting of non-interactive or non-login shells.
If you are developing another program, you may wish to install configuration which is run for all users of the fish shell on a system. This is discouraged; if not carefully written, they may have side-effects or slow the startup of the shell. Additionally, users of other shells will not benefit from the Fish-specific configuration. However, if they are absolutely required, you may install them to the "vendor" configuration directory. As this path may vary from system to system, the ``pkgconfig`` framework should be used to discover this path with the output of `pkg-config --variable confdir fish`.
If you want to add the directory ``~/linux/bin`` to your PATH variable when using a login shell, add the following to your `~/.config/fish/config.fish` file::
Feature flags are how fish stages changes that might break scripts. Breaking changes are introduced as opt-in, in a few releases they become opt-out, and eventually the old behavior is removed.
You can see the current list of features via ``status features``::
> status features
stderr-nocaret on 3.0 ^ no longer redirects stderr
qmark-noglob off 3.0 ? no longer globs
There are two breaking changes in fish 3.0: caret ``^`` no longer redirects stderr, and question mark ``?`` is no longer a glob. These changes are off by default. They can be enabled on a per session basis::
``fish`` interprets the command line as it is typed and uses syntax highlighting to provide feedback to the user. The most important feedback is the detection of potential errors. By default, errors are marked red.
To customize the syntax highlighting, you can set the environment variables listed in the `Variables for changing highlighting colors <index.html#variables-color>`_ section.
When using most virtual terminals, it is possible to set the message displayed in the titlebar of the terminal window. This can be done automatically in fish by defining the ``fish_title`` function. The ``fish_title`` function is executed before and after a new command is executed or put into the foreground and the output is used as a titlebar message. The `status current-command` builtin will always return the name of the job to be put into the foreground (or 'fish' if control is returning to the shell) when the ``fish_prompt`` function is called. The first argument to fish_title will contain the most recently executed foreground command as a string, starting with fish 2.2.
When fish waits for input, it will display a prompt by evaluating the ``fish_prompt`` and `fish_right_prompt` functions. The output of the former is displayed on the left and the latter's output on the right side of the terminal. The output of ``fish_mode_prompt`` will be prepended on the left, though the default function only does this when in `vi-mode <index.html#vi-mode>`_.
If a function named ``fish_greeting`` exists, it will be run when entering interactive mode. Otherwise, if an environment variable named ``fish_greeting`` exists, it will be printed.
fish supports launching in private mode via ``fish --private`` (or ``fish -P`` for short). In private mode, old history is not available and any interactive commands you execute will not be appended to the global history file, making it useful both for avoiding inadvertently leaking personal information (e.g. for screencasts) and when dealing with sensitive information to prevent it being persisted to disk. You can query the global variable `fish_private_mode`` (``if set -q fish_private_mode ...`) if you would like to respect the user's wish for privacy and alter the behavior of your own fish scripts.
When defining a new function in fish, it is possible to make it into an event handler, i.e. a function that is automatically run when a specific event takes place. Events that can trigger a handler currently are:
Please note that event handlers only become active when a function is loaded, which means you might need to otherwise `source <cmds/source.html>`_ or execute a function instead of relying on `autoloading <#syntax-function-autoloading>`_. One approach is to put it into your `initialization file <#initialization>`_.
Fish includes a built in debugging facility. The debugger allows you to stop execution of a script at an arbitrary point. When this happens you are presented with an interactive prompt. At this prompt you can execute any fish command (there are no debug commands as such). For example, you can check or change the value of any variables using ``printf`` and ``set``. As another example, you can run ``status print-stack-trace`` to see how this breakpoint was reached. To resume normal execution of the script, simply type ``exit`` or [ctrl-D].
To start a debug session simply run the builtin command ``breakpoint`` at the point in a function or script where you wish to gain control. Also, the default action of the TRAP signal is to call this builtin. So a running script can be debugged by sending it the TRAP signal with the ``kill`` command. Once in the debugger, it is easy to insert new breakpoints by using the funced function to edit the definition of a function.
Note: At the moment the debug prompt is identical to your normal fish prompt. This can make it hard to recognize that you've entered a debug session. `Issue 1310 <https://github.com/fish-shell/fish-shell/issues/1310>`_ is open to improve this.
