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New documentation UI, including tutorial.

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ridiculousfish 2013-10-05 00:37:44 -07:00
parent 3788f462b4
commit ad5ae9ba3b
8 changed files with 936 additions and 30 deletions
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20
Makefile.in
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@ -153,9 +153,10 @@ MIME_OBJS := mimedb.o print_help.o xdgmimealias.o xdgmime.o \
#
# These files are the source files, they contain a few @FOO@-style substitutions
# Note that this order defines the order that they appear in the documentation
#
HDR_FILES_SRC := doc_src/index.hdr.in doc_src/commands.hdr.in doc_src/design.hdr doc_src/license.hdr doc_src/faq.hdr
HDR_FILES_SRC := doc_src/index.hdr.in doc_src/tutorial.hdr doc_src/design.hdr doc_src/license.hdr doc_src/commands.hdr.in doc_src/faq.hdr
#
@ -330,6 +331,7 @@ user_doc: $(HDR_FILES_SRC) Doxyfile.user user_doc.head.html $(HELP_SRC) doc.h $(
(cat Doxyfile.user ; echo PROJECT_NUMBER=$(FISH_BUILD_VERSION) | sed "s/-.*//") | doxygen - && touch user_doc
#
# Source code documentation. Also includes user documentation.
#
@ -365,26 +367,34 @@ test: $(PROGRAMS) fish_tests
#
doc_src/commands.hdr:$(HELP_SRC) doc_src/commands.hdr.in
-rm command_list.tmp $@
-rm command_list.tmp command_list_toc.tmp $@
for i in `printf "%s\n" $(HELP_SRC)|sort`; do \
echo "<hr>" >>command_list.tmp; \
cat $$i >>command_list.tmp; \
echo >>command_list.tmp; \
echo >>command_list.tmp; \
NAME=`basename $$i .txt`; \
echo '- <a href="#'$$NAME'">'$$NAME'</a>' >> command_list_toc.tmp; \
echo "Back to <a href='index.html#toc-commands'>index</a>". >>command_list.tmp; \
done
mv command_list.tmp command_list.txt
cat $@.in | awk '{if ($$0 ~ /@command_list@/){ system("cat command_list.txt");} else{ print $$0;}}' >$@
mv command_list_toc.tmp command_list_toc.txt
cat $@.in | awk '{if ($$0 ~ /@command_list_toc@/) { system("cat command_list_toc.txt"); } else if ($$0 ~ /@command_list@/){ system("cat command_list.txt");} else{ print $$0;}}' >$@
toc.txt: $(HDR_FILES:index.hdr=index.hdr.in)
-rm toc.tmp $@
# Ugly hack to set the toc initial title for the main page
echo '- <a href="index.html" id="toc-index">Documentation</a>' > toc.tmp
# The first sed command captures the page name, followed by the description
# The second sed command captures the command name \1 and the description \2, but only up to a dash
# This is to reduce the size of the TOC in the command listing on the main page
for i in $(HDR_FILES:index.hdr=index.hdr.in); do\
NAME=`basename $$i .hdr`; \
NAME=`basename $$NAME .hdr.in`; \
sed <$$i >>toc.tmp -n \
-e 's,.*\\page *\([^ ]*\) *\(.*\)$$,- <a href="'$$NAME'.html" id="toc-'$$NAME'">\2</a>,p' \
-e 's,.*\\section *\([^ ]*\) *\(.*\)$$, - <a href="'$$NAME'.html#\1">\2</a>,p'; \
-e 's,.*\\section *\([^ ]*\) *\([^-]*\)\(.*\)$$, - <a href="'$$NAME'.html#\1">\2</a>,p'; \
done
mv toc.tmp $@
@ -828,7 +838,7 @@ clean:
rm -f $(GENERATED_INTERN_SCRIPT_FILES)
rm -f tests/tmp.err tests/tmp.out tests/tmp.status tests/foo.txt
rm -f $(PROGRAMS) fish_tests key_reader
rm -f command_list.txt toc.txt
rm -f command_list.txt command_list_toc.txt toc.txt
rm -f doc_src/index.hdr doc_src/commands.hdr
rm -f FISH-BUILD-VERSION-FILE
if test "$(HAVE_DOXYGEN)" = 1; then \

13
doc_src/commands.hdr.in
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@ -1,6 +1,15 @@
/** \page commands Commands, functions and builtins bundled with fish
Fish ships with a large number of builtin commands, shellscript functions and external commands. These are all described below.
/** \page commands Commands bundled with fish
\htmlonly <div class="fish_left_bar fish_left_little"> \endhtmlonly
@command_list_toc@
\htmlonly </div> \endhtmlonly
\htmlonly
<div class="fish_right_bar fish_right_big">
<h1 class="interior_title_borderless">Commands</h1>
Fish ships with a large number of builtin commands, shellscript functions and external commands. These are all described below.
\endhtmlonly
@command_list@
\htmlonly </div> \endhtmlonly
*/

4
doc_src/design.hdr
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@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
/** \page design Design document
\htmlonly <div class="fish_only_bar"> \endhtmlonly
\section design-overview Overview
This is a description of the design principles that have been used to
@ -132,3 +134,5 @@ Examples:
- The language should be uniform, so that once the user understands the command/argument syntax, he will know the whole language, and be able to use tab-completion to discover new featues.
*/
\htmlonly </div> \endhtmlonly

15
doc_src/faq.hdr
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@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
/** \page faq Frequently asked questions
\htmlonly <div class="fish_left_bar fish_left_big"> \endhtmlonly
- <a href='#faq-envvar'>How do I set or clear an environment variable?</a>
- <a href='#faq-login-cmd'>How do I run a command every login? What's fish's equivalent to <tt>.bashrc</tt>?</a>
- <a href='#faq-prompt'>How do I set my prompt?</a>
@ -18,7 +20,12 @@
- <a href='#faq-history'>Why doesn't history substitution ("!$" etc.) work?</a>
- <a href='#faq-uninstalling'>How do I uninstall fish?</a>
<hr>
\htmlonly
</div>
<div class="fish_right_bar fish_right_little">
<h1 class="interior_title">Frequently Asked Questions</h1>
\endhtmlonly
\section faq-envvar How do I set or clear an environment variable?
@ -29,7 +36,7 @@ set -e key</pre>
<hr>
\section faq-login-cmd How do I run a command every login? What's fish's equivalent to <tt>.bashrc</tt>?
\section faq-login-cmd How do I run a command every login? What's fish's equivalent to .bashrc?
Edit the file <tt>~/.config/fish/config.fish</tt>, creating it if it does not
exist. (Note the leading period.)
@ -263,3 +270,7 @@ rm -f fish mimedb fish_pager fishd fish_indent
</pre>
*/
\htmlonly
</div>
\endhtmlonly

11
doc_src/index.hdr.in
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@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
/** \mainpage Fish user documentation
\section toc Table of contents
- <a href="index.html" name="toc-index">Fish user documentation</a>
\htmlonly <div class="fish_left_bar"> \endhtmlonly
@toc@
\htmlonly </div> \endhtmlonly
\htmlonly
<div class="fish_right_bar">
\endhtmlonly
\section introduction Introduction
@ -1377,3 +1380,5 @@ If you have an improvement for fish, you can submit it via the mailing list
or the GitHub page.
*/
\htmlonly </div> \endhtmlonly

4
doc_src/license.hdr
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@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
/** \page license Licenses
\htmlonly <div class="fish_only_bar"> \endhtmlonly
<h2>License for fish</h2>
Fish Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Axel Liljencrantz. Fish is released under
@ -1399,3 +1401,5 @@ POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
<P>
*/
\htmlonly </div> \endhtmlonly

746
doc_src/tutorial.hdr Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,746 @@
/** \page tutorial Tutorial
\htmlonly
<style type="text/css">
body.tutorial_body {
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
font-size: 13pt;
background-color: #1E335E;
margin: 0;
}
pre {
border: solid #AAA 1px;
background-color: black;
color: white;
padding: 10px 12px;
font-size: 10pt;
font-family: Menlo, Monaco, "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace;
line-height: 140%;
white-space: pre-wrap;
margin-top: 10px;
tab-size: 4;
-moz-tab-size: 4;
-o-tab-size: 4;
}
p {
margin-bottom: 10px;
margin-top: 0;
color: #333333;
line-height: 1.25em;
}
tt {
font-family: monospace;
}
.suggest {
color: #555;
}
pre u {
border-bottom: 2px solid #0F0;
text-decoration: none;
}
.meta {
color: white;
}
pre b {
/* Used for commands */
color: #005fd7;
font-weight: normal;
}
pre i {
/* Used for arguments */
color: #00afff;
font-style: normal;
}
pre em {
/* Used for path/help word */
color: #0a0;
font-style: normal;
}
.quote {
color: #A50;
}
.error {
/* Used for errors */
color: #F55;
font-weight: bold;
}
.tutorial_nav {
position: relative;
z-index: 2;
margin-left: 10px;
margin-top: 15px;
}
.tutorial_nav ul {
padding: 0 15px;
margin: 0;
}
.tutorial_nav li {
margin: 0;
line-height: normal;
height: auto;
color: #EEE;
font-size: 12pt;
font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;
list-style-image: none;
list-style-position: outside;
list-style-type: none;
padding: 3px 15px;
margin: 0 -15px;
}
.tutorial_nav a {
color: inherit;
text-decoration: none;
font-family:
font-size: 12pt;
}
.tutorial_nav .chevron {
font-family: Times, "Times New Roman";
color: #DDF;
font-size: 16pt;
line-height: 10pt;
font-weight: bold;
}
.no_shadow > li > a,
.no_shadow {
text-shadow: none;
}
.nav > li > a:hover {
text-decoration: none;
background-color: inherit;
color: #99BBFF;
}
/* Override some default left bar stuff */
ul.nav li {
margin-bottom: 0;
}
.title_top {
width: 100%;
text-align: left;
color: white;
font-size: 18pt;
height: 72px;
z-index: 1;
text-indent: 260px;
}
.tutorial_content {
-moz-box-shadow: -5px 0px 5px -2px black;
-webkit-box-shadow: -5px 0px 5px -2px black;
box-shadow: -5px 0px 5px -2px black;
margin-left: 280px;
padding: 1px 25px 10px 10px;
position: relative;
z-index: 5;
background-color: white;
}
h3 {
font-size: 25px;
margin-top: 12px;
}
h1, h2, h3 { color: #1E335E; }
h1.interior_title {
color: #333;
padding-bottom: 10px;
border-bottom: 1px solid #AAA;
}
h1 { font-size: 150%; }
h2 { font-size: 135%; }
h3 { font-size: 110%; }
</style>
<div class="fish_left_bar fish_left_medium">
<div class="tutorial_nav">
<ul class="nav no_shadow">
<li><a href="#tut_why_fish"><span class="chevron">&rsaquo;</span> Why fish?</a></li>
<li><a href="#tut_learning_Fish"><span class="chevron">&rsaquo;</span> Learning fish</a></li>
<li><a href="#tut_running_commands"><span class="chevron">&rsaquo;</span> Running Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#tut_getting_help"><span class="chevron">&rsaquo;</span> Getting Help</a></li>
<li><a href="#tut_syntax_highlighting"><span class="chevron">&rsaquo;</span> Syntax Highlighting</a></li>
<li><a href="#tut_wildcards"><span class="chevron">&rsaquo;</span> Wildcards</a></li>
<li><a href="#tut_pipes_and_redirections"><span class="chevron">&rsaquo;</span> Pipes and Redirections</a></li>
<li><a href="#tut_autosuggestions"><span class="chevron">&rsaquo;</span> Autosuggestions</a></li>
<li><a href="#tut_tab_completions"><span class="chevron">&rsaquo;</span> Tab Completions</a></li>
<li><a href="#tut_variables"><span class="chevron">&rsaquo;</span> Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="#tut_exit_status"><span class="chevron">&rsaquo;</span> Exit Status</a></li>
<li><a href="#tut_exports"><span class="chevron">&rsaquo;</span> Environment Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="#tut_lists"><span class="chevron">&rsaquo;</span> Lists</a></li>
<li><a href="#tut_command_substitutions"><span class="chevron">&rsaquo;</span> Command Substitutions</a></li>
<li><a href="#tut_combiners"><span class="chevron">&rsaquo;</span> Combiners (And, Or, Not)</a></li>
<li><a href="#tut_conditionals"><span class="chevron">&rsaquo;</span> Conditionals (If, Else, Switch)</a></li>
<li><a href="#tut_functions"><span class="chevron">&rsaquo;</span> Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#tut_loops"><span class="chevron">&rsaquo;</span> Loops</a></li>
<li><a href="#tut_prompt"><span class="chevron">&rsaquo;</span> Prompt</a></li>
<li><a href="#tut_startup"><span class="chevron">&rsaquo;</span> Startup</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fish_right_bar fish_right_medium">
<h1 class="interior_title">fish tutorial</h1>
<h2 id="tut_why_fish">Why fish?</h2>
<p>fish is a fully-equipped command line shell (like bash or zsh) that is smart and user-friendly. fish supports powerful features like syntax highlighting, autosuggestions, and tab completions that just work, with nothing to learn or configure.
<p>If you want to make your command line more productive, more useful, and more fun, without learning a bunch of arcane syntax and configuration options, then fish might be just what you're looking for!
<h2 id="tut_learning_Fish">Learning fish</h2>
<p>This tutorial assumes a basic understanding of command line shells and Unix commands, and that you have a working copy of fish.
<p>If you have a strong understanding of other shells, and want to know what fish does differently, search for the magic phrase <i>unlike other shells</i>, which is used to call out important differences.
<p>When you start fish, you should see this:
<pre>
Welcome to fish, the friendly interactive shell
Type <em>help</em> for instructions on how to use fish
you@hostname <em>~</em>>
</pre>
<p>fish comes with a default prompt that shows your username, hostname, and working directory. You'll see <a href="#tut_prompt">how to change your prompt</a> further down. From now on, we'll pretend your prompt is just a '>' to save space.
<h2 id="tut_running_commands">Running Commands</h2>
<p>fish runs commands like other shells: you type a command, followed by its arguments. Spaces are separators:
<pre>
> <b>echo</b> <i>hello world</i>
hello world
</pre>
You can include a literal space in an argument with a backslash, or by using single or double quotes:
<pre>
> <b>mkdir</b> <i>My\ Files</i>
> <b>cp</b> <i>~/Some\ File</i> <i class=quote>'My Files'</i>
> <b>ls</b> <i class=quote>"My Files"</i>
Some File
</pre>
Commands can be chained with semicolons.
<h2 id="tut_getting_help">Getting Help</h2>
fish has excellent help and man pages. Run <tt>help</tt> to open help in a web browser, and <tt>man</tt> to open it in a man page. You can also ask for help with a specific command, for example, <tt>help set</tt> to open in a web browser, or <tt>man set</tt> to see it in the terminal.
<pre>
> <b>man</b> <i>set</i>
set - handle environment variables
Synopsis...
</pre>
<h2 id="tut_syntax_highlighting">Syntax Highlighting</h2>
You'll quickly notice that fish performs syntax highlighting as you type. Invalid commands are colored red by default:
<pre>
> <b class="error">/bin/mkd</b>
</pre>
A command may be invalid because it does not exist, or refers to a file that you cannot execute. When the command becomes valid, it is shown in a different color:
<pre>
> <b>/bin/mkdir</b>
</pre>
fish will underline valid file paths as you type them:
<pre>
> <b>cat</b> <i><span style="text-decoration: underline">~/somef<u>i</u></span></i>
</pre>
<p>This tells you that there exists a file that starts with '<tt>somefi</tt>', which is useful feedback as you type.
<p>These colors, and many more, can be changed by running <tt>fish_config</tt>, or by modifying variables directly.
<h2 id="tut_wildcards">Wildcards</h2>
fish supports the familiar wildcard *. To list all JPEG files:
<pre>
> <b>ls</b> <i>*.jpg</i>
lena.jpg
meena.jpg
santa maria.jpg
</pre>
<p>You can include multiple wildcards:
<pre>
> <b>ls</b> <i>l*.p*</i>
lena.png
lesson.pdf
</pre>
<p>Especially powerful is the <i>recursive wildcard</i> ** which searches directories recursively:
<pre>
> <b>ls</b> <i>/var/**.log</i>
/var/log/system.log
/var/run/sntp.log
</pre>
<p>If that directory traversal is taking a long time, you can control-C out of it.
<h2 id="tut_pipes_and_redirections">Pipes and Redirections</h2>
<p>You can pipe between commands with the usual vertical bar:
<pre>
> <b>echo</b> <i>hello world</i> | <b>wc</b>
1 2 12
</pre>
<p>stdin and stdout can be redirected via the familiar &lt; and &gt;. Unlike other shells, stderr is redirected with a caret ^
<pre>
> <b>grep</b> <i>fish</i> &lt; /etc/shells > ~/output.txt ^ ~/errors.txt
</pre>
<h2 id="tut_autosuggestions">Autosuggestions</h2>
fish suggests commands as you type, and shows the suggestion to the right of the cursor, in gray. For example:
<pre>
> <b class="error">/bin/h</b><span class="suggest"><u>o</u>stname</span>
</pre>
It knows about paths and options:
<pre>
> <b>grep</b> <i>--i<span class="suggest"><u>g</u>nore-case</span></i>
</pre>
And history too. Type a command once, and you can re-summon it by just typing a few letters:
<pre>
> <b>r</b><span class="suggest"><u>s</u>ync -avze ssh . myname@somelonghost.com:/some/long/path/doo/dee/doo/dee/doo</span>
</pre>
To accept the autosuggestion, hit right arrow or Control-F. If the autosuggestion is not what you want, just ignore it.
<h2 id="tut_tab_completions">Tab Completions</h2>
<p>fish comes with a rich set of tab completions, that work "out of the box."
<p>Press tab, and fish will attempt to complete the command, argument, or path:
<pre>
> <b class="error">/pri</b><span class="meta">&lt;tab&gt; &rarr;</span> <b>/private/</b>
</pre>
<p>If there's more than one possibility, it will list them:
<pre>
> <b class="error">~/stuff/s</b><span class="meta">&lt;tab&gt;</span>
<i>~/stuff/s</i>cript.sh <i class="quote">(Executable, 4.8kB)</i> <i>~/stuff/s</i>ources/ <i class="quote">(Directory)</i>
</pre>
<p>Hit tab again to cycle through the possibilities.
<p>fish can also complete many commands, like git branches:
<pre>
> <b>git</b> <i>merge pr</i><span class="meta">&lt;tab&gt; &rarr;</span> git merge prompt_designer
> <b>git</b> <i>checkout b</i><span class="meta">&lt;tab&gt;</span>
<i>b</i>uiltin_list_io_merge <i class="quote">(Branch)</i> <i>b</i>uiltin_set_color <i class="quote">(Branch)</i> <i>b</i>usted_events <i class="quote">(Tag)</i>
</pre>
Try hitting tab and see what fish can do!
<h2 id="tut_variables">Variables</h2>
<p>Like other shells, a dollar sign performs <i>variable substitution</i>:
<pre>
> <b>echo</b> <i>My home directory is $HOME</i>
My home directory is /home/tutorial
</pre>
Variable substitution also occurs in double quotes, but not single quotes:
<pre>
> <b>echo</b> <i class="quote">"My current directory is </i><i>$</i><i class="quote">PWD"</i>
My current directory is /home/tutorial
> <b>echo</b> <i class="quote">'My current directory is $PWD'</i>
My current directory is $PWD
</pre>
Unlike other shells, fish has no dedicated syntax for setting variables. Instead it has an ordinary command: <tt>set</tt>, which takes a variable name, and then its value.
<pre>
> <b>set</b> <i>name</i> <i class="quote">'Mister Noodle'</i>
> <b>echo</b> <i>$name</i>
Mister Noodle
</pre>
<p>(Notice the quotes: without them, <tt>Mister</tt> and <tt>Noodle</tt> would have been separate arguments, and <tt>$name</tt> would have been made into a <i>list</i> of two elements.)
<p>Unlike other shells, variables are <i>not</i> further split after substitution:
<pre>
> <b>mkdir</b> <i>$name</i>
> <b>ls</b>
Mister Noodle
</pre>
In bash, this would have created two directories "Mister" and "Noodle". In fish, it created only one: the variable had the value "Mister Noodle", so that is the argument that was passed to <span style="mono">mkdir</span>, spaces and all.
<h2 id="tut_exit_status">Exit Status</h2>
Unlike other shells, fish stores the exit status of the last command in <tt>$status</tt> instead of <tt>$?</tt>.
<pre>
> <b>false</b>
> <b>echo</b> <i>$status</i>
1
</pre>
Zero is considered success, and non-zero is failure.
<h2 id="tut_exports">Exports (Environment Variables)</h2>
Unlike other shells, fish does not have an export command. Instead, a variable is exported via an option to <tt>set</tt>, either <tt>--export</tt> or just <tt>-x</tt>.
<pre>
> <b>set</b> <i>-x MyVariable SomeValue</i>
> <b>env</b> | <b>grep</b> <i>MyVariable</i>
<span style="background: #A0A">MyVariable</span>=SomeValue
</pre>
You can erase a variable with <tt>-e</tt> or <tt>--erase</tt>
<pre>
> <b>set</b> <i>-e MyVariable</i>
> <b>env</b> | <b>grep</b> <i>MyVariable</i>
<span class="meta">(no output)</span>
</pre>
<h2 id="tut_lists">Lists</h2>
<p>The <tt>set</tt> command above used quotes to ensure that <tt>Mister Noodle</tt> was one argument. If it had been two arguments, then <tt>name</tt> would have been a <i>list</i> of length 2. In fact, all variables in fish are really lists, that can contain any number of values, or none at all.
<p>Some variables, like <tt>$PWD</tt>, only have one value. By convention, we talk about that variable's value, but we really mean its <i>first</i> (and only) value.
<p>Other variables, like <tt>$PATH</tt>, really do have multiple values. During <i>variable expansion</i>, the variable expands to become multiple arguments:
<pre>
> <b>echo</b> <i>$PATH</i>
/usr/bin /bin /usr/sbin /sbin /usr/local/bin
</pre>
<p>Lists cannot contain other lists: there is no recursion. A variable is a list of strings, full stop.
<p>Get the length of a list with <tt>count</tt>:
<pre>
> <b>count</b> <i>$PATH</i>
5
</pre>
You can append (or prepend) to a list by setting the list to itself, with some additional arguments. Here we append /usr/local/bin to $PATH:
<pre>
> <b>set</b> <i>PATH $PATH /usr/local/bin</i>
</pre>
You can access individual elements with square brackets. Indexing starts at 1 from the beginning, and -1 from the end:
<pre>
> <b>echo</b> <i>$PATH</i>
/usr/bin /bin /usr/sbin /sbin /usr/local/bin
> <b>echo</b> <i>$PATH[1]</i>
/usr/bin
> <b>echo</b> <i>$PATH[-1]</i>
/usr/local/bin
</pre>
You can also access ranges of elements, known as "slices:"
<pre>
> <b>echo</b> <i>$PATH[1..2]</i>
/usr/bin /bin
> <b>echo</b> <i>$PATH[-1..2]</i>
/usr/local/bin /sbin /usr/sbin /bin
</pre>
You can iterate over a list (or a slice) with a <i>for loop</i>:
<pre>
> <b>for</b> <i>val</i> <b>in</b> <i>$PATH</i>
<b>echo</b> <i>"entry: $val"</i>
<b>end</b>
entry: usr/bin/
entry: /bin
entry: /usr/sbin
entry: /sbin
entry: /usr/local/bin
</pre>
<h2 id="tut_command_substitutions">Command Substitutions</h2>
Command substitutions use the output of one command as an argument to another. Unlike other shells, fish does not use backticks ` for command substitutions. Instead, it uses parentheses:
<pre>
> <b>echo</b> <i>In (</i><b>pwd</b><i>), running (</i><b>uname</b><i>)</i>
In /home/tutorial, running FreeBSD
</pre>
A common idiom is to capture the output of a command in a variable:
<pre>
> <b>set</b> <i>os (</i><b>uname</b><i>)</i>
> <b>echo</b> <i>$os</i>
Linux
</pre>
Command substitutions are not expanded within quotes. Instead, you can temporarily close the quotes, add the command substitution, and reopen them, all in the same argument:
<pre>
> <b>touch</b> <i class="quote">"testing_"</i><i>(</i><b>date</b> <i>+%s</i><i>)</i><i class="quote">".txt"</i>
> <b>ls</b> <i>*.txt</i>
testing_1360099791.txt
</pre>
<h2 id="tut_combiners">Combiners (And, Or, Not)</h2>
Unlike other shells, fish does not have special syntax like &amp;&amp; or || to combine commands. Instead it has commands <tt>and</tt>, <tt>or</tt>, and <tt>not</tt>.
<pre>
> <b>cp</b> <i>file1.txt file1_bak.txt</i>; <b>and echo</b> <i class="quote">"Backup successful"</i>; <b>or echo</b> <i class="quote">"Backup failed"</i>
Backup failed
</pre>
<h2 id="tut_conditionals">Conditionals (If, Else, Switch)</h2>
Use <tt>if</tt>, <tt>else if</tt>, and <tt>else</tt> to conditionally execute code, based on the exit status of a command.
<pre>
<b>if grep</b> <i>fish /etc/shells</i>
<b>echo</b> <i>Found fish</i>
<b>else if grep</b> <i>bash /etc/shells</i>
<b>echo</b> <i>Found bash</i>
<b>else</b>
<b>echo</b> <i>Got nothing</i>
<b>end</b>
</pre>
There is also a <tt>switch</tt> command:
<pre>
<b>switch</b> <i>(</i><b>uname</b><i>)</i>
<b>case</b> <i>Linux</i>
<b>echo</b> <i>Hi Tux!</i>
<b>case</b> <i>Darwin</i>
<b>echo</b> <i>Hi Hexley!</i>
<b>case</b> <i>FreeBSD NetBSD DragonFly</i>
<b>echo</b> <i>Hi Beastie!</i>
<b>case</b> <i class="quote">'*'</i>
<b>echo</b> <i>Hi, stranger!</i>
<b>end</b>
</pre>
Note that <tt>case</tt> does not fall through, and can accept multiple arguments or (quoted) wildcards.
<h2 id="tut_functions">Functions</h2>
A fish function is a list of commands, which may optionally take arguments. Unlike other shells, arguments are not passed in "numbered variables" like <tt>$1</tt>, but instead in a single list <tt>$argv</tt>. To create a function, use the <tt>function</tt> builtin:
<pre>
> <i><b>function</b> say_hello
<b>echo</b> Hello $argv
<b>end</b></i>
> <b>say_hello</b>
Hello
> <b>say_hello <i>everybody!</i></b>
Hello everybody!
</pre>
<p>Unlike other shells, fish does not have aliases or special prompt syntax. Functions take their place.
<p>You can list the names of all functions with the <tt>functions</tt> keyword (note the plural!). fish starts out with a number of functions:
<pre>
> <b>functions</b>
alias, cd, delete-or-exit, dirh, dirs, down-or-search, eval, export, fish_command_not_found_setup, fish_config, fish_default_key_bindings, fish_prompt, fish_right_prompt, fish_sigtrap_handler, fish_update_completions, funced, funcsave, grep, help, history, isatty, ls, man, math, nextd, nextd-or-forward-word, open, popd, prevd, prevd-or-backward-word, prompt_pwd, psub, pushd, seq, setenv, sgrep, trap, type, umask, up-or-search, vared
</pre>
<p>You can see the source for any function by passing its name to <tt>functions</tt>:
<pre>
> <b>functions</b> <i>ls</i>
function ls --description 'List contents of directory'
command ls -G $argv
end
</pre>
<h2 id="tut_loops">Loops</h2>
While loops:
<pre>
> <b>while</b> <i>true</i>
<b>echo</b> <i class="quote">"Loop forever"</i>
<b>end</b>
Loop forever
Loop forever
Loop forever
...
</pre>
For loops can be used to iterate over a list. For example, a list of files:
<pre>
> <b>for</b> <i>file in *.txt</i>
<b>cp</b> <i>$file $file.bak</i>
<b>end</b>
</pre>
Iterating over a list of numbers can be done with `seq`:
<pre>
> <b>for</b> <i>x in (</i><b>seq</b> <i>5)</i>
<b>touch</b> <i>file_$x.txt</i>
<b>end</b>
</pre>
<h2 id="tut_prompt">Prompt</h2>
Unlike other shells, there is no prompt variable like PS1. To display your prompt, fish executes a function with the name <tt>fish_prompt</tt>, and its output is used as the prompt.
You can define your own prompt:
<pre>
> <b>function <i>fish_prompt</i>
echo <i>"New Prompt % "</i>
end</b>
New Prompt % <u> </u>
</b>
</pre>
Multiple lines are OK. Colors can be set via <tt>set_color</tt>, passing it named ANSI colors, or hex RGB values:
<pre>
> <b>function</b> <i>fish_prompt</i>
<b>set_color</b> <i>purple</i>
<b>date</b> <i class="quote">"+%m/%d/%y"</i>
<b>set_color</b> <i>FF0</i>
<b>echo</b> <i>(</i><b>pwd</b><i>)</i> <i class="quote">'>'</i>
<b>set_color</b> <i>normal</i>
<b>end</b>
<span style="color: purple">02/06/13</span>
<span style="color: #FF0">/home/tutorial ></span><u> </u>
</b>
</pre>
<p>You can choose among some sample prompts by running <tt>fish_config prompt</tt>. fish also supports RPROMPT through <tt>fish_right_prompt</tt>.
<h3>$PATH</h2>
<tt>$PATH</tt> is an environment variable containing the directories in which fish searches for commands. Instead of separating entries with a colon, $PATH is a list. You can modify $PATH in a few ways:
<p><ol>
<li>By modifying the <tt>$fish_user_paths</tt> variable, which is automatically appended to <tt>$PATH</tt>. For example, to permanently add /usr/local/bin to your <tt>$PATH</tt>, you could write:
<pre>
> <b>set</b> <i>-U fish_user_paths $fish_user_paths /usr/local/bin</i>
</pre>
<li>Directly in config.fish (see below).</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="tut_startup">Startup (Where's .bashrc?)</h2>
<p>fish starts by executing commands in <tt>~/.config/fish/config.fish</tt>. You can create it if it does not exist.
<p>It is possible to directly create functions and variables in <tt>config.fish</tt> file, using the commands shown above. For example:
<p><pre>
> <b>cat</b> <i>~/.config/fish/config.fish</i>
set -x PATH $PATH /sbin/
function ll
ls -lh $argv
end
</pre>
<p>However, it is more common and efficient to use <i>autoloading functions</i> and <i>universal variables</i>.
<h3>Autoloading Functions</h2>
<p>When fish encounters a command, it attempts to <i>autoload</i> a function for that command, by looking for a file with the name of that command in <tt>~/.config/fish/functions/</tt>.
<p>For example, if you wanted to have a function <tt>ll</tt>, you would add a text file <tt>ll.fish</tt> to <tt>~/.config/fish/functions</tt>:
<pre>
> <b>cat</b> <i>~/.config/fish/functions/ll.fish</i>
function ll
ls -lh $argv
end
</pre>
This is the preferred way to define your prompt as well:
<pre>
> <b>cat</b> <i>~/.config/fish/functions/fish_prompt.fish</i>
function fish_prompt
echo (pwd) '> '
end
</pre>
<p>See the documentation for <a href="docs/current/commands.html#funced">funced</a> and <a href="docs/current/commands.html#funcsave">funcsave</a> for ways to create these files automatically.
<h3>Universal Variables</h2>
<p>A universal variable is a variable whose value is shared across all instances of fish, now and in the future - even after a reboot. You can make a variable universal with <tt>set -U</tt>:
<pre>
> <b>set</b> <i>-U EDITOR vim</i>
</pre>
Now in another shell:
<pre>
> <b>echo</b> <i>$EDITOR</i>
vim
</pre>
<h3>Ready for more?</h2>
<p>If you want to learn more about fish, there is <a href="docs/current/">lots of detailed documentation</a>, an <a href="https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/fish-users">official mailing list</a>, the IRC channel <tt>#fish</tt> on <tt>irc.oftc.net</tt>, and the <a href="http://github.com/fish-shell/fish-shell/">github page</a>.
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