//! The rusty version of iothreads from the cpp code, to be consumed by native rust code. This isn't
//! ported directly from the cpp code so we can use rust threads instead of using pthreads.

use crate::flog::{FloggableDebug, FLOG};
use once_cell::race::OnceBox;
use std::num::NonZeroU64;
use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
use std::thread::{self, ThreadId};
use std::time::{Duration, Instant};

impl FloggableDebug for ThreadId {}

// We don't want to use a full-blown Lazy<T> for the cached main thread id, but we can't use
// AtomicU64 since std::thread::ThreadId::as_u64() is a nightly-only feature (issue #67939,
// thread_id_value). We also can't safely transmute `ThreadId` to `NonZeroU64` because there's no
// guarantee that's what the underlying type will always be on all platforms and in all cases,
// `ThreadId` isn't marked `#[repr(transparent)]`. We could generate our own thread-local value, but
// `#[thread_local]` is nightly-only while the stable `thread_local!()` macro doesn't generate
// efficient/fast/low-overhead code.

/// The thread id of the main thread, as set by [`init()`] at startup.
static mut MAIN_THREAD_ID: Option<ThreadId> = None;
/// Used to bypass thread assertions when testing.
static THREAD_ASSERTS_CFG_FOR_TESTING: AtomicBool = AtomicBool::new(false);
/// This allows us to notice when we've forked.
static IS_FORKED_PROC: AtomicBool = AtomicBool::new(false);

/// Maximum number of threads for the IO thread pool.
const IO_MAX_THREADS: usize = 1024;

/// How long an idle [`ThreadPool`] thread will wait for work (against the condition variable)
/// before exiting.
const IO_WAIT_FOR_WORK_DURATION: Duration = Duration::from_millis(500);

/// The iothreads [`ThreadPool`] singleton. Used to lift I/O off of the main thread and used for
/// completions, etc.
static IO_THREAD_POOL: OnceBox<Mutex<ThreadPool>> = OnceBox::new();

/// The event signaller singleton used for completions and queued main thread requests.
static NOTIFY_SIGNALLER: once_cell::sync::Lazy<&'static crate::fd_monitor::FdEventSignaller> =
    once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| unsafe {
        // This is leaked to avoid C++-side destructors. When ported fully to rust, we won't need to
        // leak anything.
        let signaller = crate::fd_monitor::new_fd_event_signaller();
        let signaller_ref: &crate::fd_monitor::FdEventSignaller = signaller.as_ref().unwrap();
        let result = std::mem::transmute(signaller_ref);
        std::mem::forget(signaller);
        result
    });

#[cxx::bridge]
mod ffi {
    unsafe extern "C++" {
        include!("callback.h");

        #[rust_name = "CppCallback"]
        type callback_t;
        fn invoke(&self) -> *const u8;
        fn invoke_with_param(&self, param: *const u8) -> *const u8;
    }

    extern "Rust" {
        #[cxx_name = "ASSERT_IS_MAIN_THREAD"]
        fn assert_is_main_thread();
        #[cxx_name = "ASSERT_IS_BACKGROUND_THREAD"]
        fn assert_is_background_thread();
        #[cxx_name = "ASSERT_IS_NOT_FORKED_CHILD"]
        fn assert_is_not_forked_child();
        fn configure_thread_assertions_for_testing();
        fn is_main_thread() -> bool;
        fn is_forked_child() -> bool;
    }

    extern "Rust" {
        #[cxx_name = "make_detached_pthread"]
        fn spawn_ffi(callback: &SharedPtr<CppCallback>) -> bool;
        fn asan_before_exit();
        fn asan_maybe_exit(code: i32);
    }

    extern "Rust" {
        fn iothread_port() -> i32;
        fn iothread_service_main();
        #[cxx_name = "iothread_service_main_with_timeout"]
        fn iothread_service_main_with_timeout_ffi(timeout_usec: u64);
        #[cxx_name = "iothread_drain_all"]
        fn iothread_drain_all_ffi();
        #[cxx_name = "iothread_perform"]
        fn iothread_perform_ffi(callback: &SharedPtr<CppCallback>);
        #[cxx_name = "iothread_perform_cantwait"]
        fn iothread_perform_cant_wait_ffi(callback: &SharedPtr<CppCallback>);
    }

    extern "Rust" {
        #[cxx_name = "debounce_t"]
        type Debounce;

        #[cxx_name = "perform"]
        fn perform_ffi(&self, callback: &SharedPtr<CppCallback>) -> u64;
        #[cxx_name = "perform_with_completion"]
        fn perform_with_completion_ffi(
            &self,
            callback: &SharedPtr<CppCallback>,
            completion: &SharedPtr<CppCallback>,
        ) -> u64;

        #[cxx_name = "new_debounce_t"]
        fn new_debounce_ffi(timeout_ms: u64) -> Box<Debounce>;
    }
}

unsafe impl Send for ffi::CppCallback {}
unsafe impl Sync for ffi::CppCallback {}

fn iothread_service_main_with_timeout_ffi(timeout_usec: u64) {
    iothread_service_main_with_timeout(Duration::from_micros(timeout_usec))
}

fn iothread_drain_all_ffi() {
    unsafe { iothread_drain_all() }
}

fn iothread_perform_ffi(callback: &cxx::SharedPtr<ffi::CppCallback>) {
    let callback = callback.clone();

    iothread_perform(move || {
        callback.invoke();
    });
}

fn iothread_perform_cant_wait_ffi(callback: &cxx::SharedPtr<ffi::CppCallback>) {
    let callback = callback.clone();

    iothread_perform_cant_wait(move || {
        callback.invoke();
    });
}

/// A [`ThreadPool`] or [`Debounce`] work request.
type WorkItem = Box<dyn FnOnce() + 'static + Send>;

/// The queue of [`WorkItem`]s to be executed on the main thread. This is added to from
/// [`Debounce::enqueue_main_thread()`] and read from in `iothread_service_main()`.
///
/// Since items are enqueued from various background threads then read by the main thread, the work
/// items must implement `Send`.
static MAIN_THREAD_QUEUE: Mutex<Vec<WorkItem>> = Mutex::new(Vec::new());

/// Initialize some global static variables. Must be called at startup from the main thread.
pub fn init() {
    unsafe {
        if MAIN_THREAD_ID.is_some() {
            panic!("threads::init() must only be called once (at startup)!");
        }
        MAIN_THREAD_ID = Some(thread::current().id());
    }

    extern "C" fn child_post_fork() {
        IS_FORKED_PROC.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
    }
    unsafe {
        let result = libc::pthread_atfork(None, None, Some(child_post_fork));
        assert_eq!(result, 0, "pthread_atfork() failure: {}", errno::errno());
    }

    IO_THREAD_POOL
        .set(Box::new(Mutex::new(ThreadPool::new(1, IO_MAX_THREADS))))
        .expect("IO_THREAD_POOL has already been initialized!");
}

#[inline(always)]
fn main_thread_id() -> ThreadId {
    #[cold]
    fn init_not_called() -> ! {
        panic!("threads::init() was not called at startup!");
    }

    match unsafe { MAIN_THREAD_ID } {
        None => init_not_called(),
        Some(id) => id,
    }
}

#[inline(always)]
pub fn is_main_thread() -> bool {
    thread::current().id() == main_thread_id()
}

#[inline(always)]
pub fn assert_is_main_thread() {
    #[cold]
    fn not_main_thread() -> ! {
        panic!("Function is not running on the main thread!");
    }

    if !is_main_thread() && !THREAD_ASSERTS_CFG_FOR_TESTING.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
        not_main_thread();
    }
}

#[inline(always)]
pub fn assert_is_background_thread() {
    #[cold]
    fn not_background_thread() -> ! {
        panic!("Function is not allowed to be called on the main thread!");
    }

    if is_main_thread() && !THREAD_ASSERTS_CFG_FOR_TESTING.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
        not_background_thread();
    }
}

pub fn configure_thread_assertions_for_testing() {
    THREAD_ASSERTS_CFG_FOR_TESTING.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
}

pub fn is_forked_child() -> bool {
    IS_FORKED_PROC.load(Ordering::Relaxed)
}

#[inline(always)]
pub fn assert_is_not_forked_child() {
    #[cold]
    fn panic_is_forked_child() {
        panic!("Function called from forked child!");
    }

    if is_forked_child() {
        panic_is_forked_child();
    }
}

/// The rusty version of `iothreads::make_detached_pthread()`. We will probably need a
/// `spawn_scoped` version of the same to handle some more advanced borrow cases safely, and maybe
/// an unsafe version that doesn't do any lifetime checking akin to
/// `spawn_unchecked()`[std::thread::Builder::spawn_unchecked], which is a nightly-only feature.
///
/// Returns a boolean indicating whether or not the thread was successfully launched. Failure here
/// is not dependent on the passed callback and implies a system error (likely insufficient
/// resources).
pub fn spawn<F: FnOnce() + Send + 'static>(callback: F) -> bool {
    // The spawned thread inherits our signal mask. Temporarily block signals, spawn the thread, and
    // then restore it. But we must not block SIGBUS, SIGFPE, SIGILL, or SIGSEGV; that's undefined
    // (#7837). Conservatively don't try to mask SIGKILL or SIGSTOP either; that's ignored on Linux
    // but maybe has an effect elsewhere.
    let saved_set = unsafe {
        let mut new_set: libc::sigset_t = std::mem::zeroed();
        let new_set = &mut new_set as *mut _;
        libc::sigfillset(new_set);
        libc::sigdelset(new_set, libc::SIGILL); // bad jump
        libc::sigdelset(new_set, libc::SIGFPE); // divide-by-zero
        libc::sigdelset(new_set, libc::SIGBUS); // unaligned memory access
        libc::sigdelset(new_set, libc::SIGSEGV); // bad memory access
        libc::sigdelset(new_set, libc::SIGSTOP); // unblockable
        libc::sigdelset(new_set, libc::SIGKILL); // unblockable

        let mut saved_set: libc::sigset_t = std::mem::zeroed();
        let result = libc::pthread_sigmask(libc::SIG_BLOCK, new_set, &mut saved_set as *mut _);
        assert_eq!(result, 0, "Failed to override thread signal mask!");
        saved_set
    };

    // Spawn a thread. If this fails, it means there's already a bunch of threads; it is very
    // unlikely that they are all on the verge of exiting, so one is likely to be ready to handle
    // extant requests. So we can ignore failure with some confidence.
    // We don't have to port the PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED logic. Rust threads are detached
    // automatically if the returned join handle is dropped.

    let result = match std::thread::Builder::new().spawn(move || {
        (callback)();
    }) {
        Ok(handle) => {
            let thread_id = handle.thread().id();
            FLOG!(iothread, "rust thread", thread_id, "spawned");
            // Drop the handle to detach the thread
            drop(handle);
            true
        }
        Err(e) => {
            eprintln!("rust thread spawn failure: {e}");
            false
        }
    };

    // Restore our sigmask
    unsafe {
        let result = libc::pthread_sigmask(
            libc::SIG_SETMASK,
            &saved_set as *const _,
            std::ptr::null_mut(),
        );
        assert_eq!(result, 0, "Failed to restore thread signal mask!");
    };

    result
}

fn spawn_ffi(callback: &cxx::SharedPtr<ffi::CppCallback>) -> bool {
    let callback = callback.clone();
    spawn(move || {
        callback.invoke();
    })
}

/// Exits calling onexit handlers if running under ASAN, otherwise does nothing.
///
/// This function is always defined but is a no-op if not running under ASAN. This is to make it
/// more ergonomic to call it in general and also makes it possible to call it via ffi at all.
pub fn asan_maybe_exit(code: i32) {
    if cfg!(feature = "asan") {
        asan_before_exit();
        unsafe {
            libc::exit(code);
        }
    }
}

/// When running under ASAN, free up some allocations that would normally have been left for the OS
/// to reclaim to avoid some false positive LSAN reports.
///
/// This function is always defined but is a no-op if not running under ASAN. This is to make it
/// more ergonomic to call it in general and also makes it possible to call it via ffi at all.
pub fn asan_before_exit() {
    if cfg!(feature = "asan") && !is_forked_child() {
        // Free ncurses terminal state
        crate::curses::reset();
    }
}

/// Data shared between the thread pool [`ThreadPool`] and worker threads [`WorkerThread`].
#[derive(Default)]
struct ThreadPoolProtected {
    /// The queue of outstanding, unclaimed work requests
    pub request_queue: std::collections::VecDeque<WorkItem>,
    /// The number of threads that exist in the pool
    pub total_threads: usize,
    /// The number of threads waiting for more work (i.e. idle threads)
    pub waiting_threads: usize,
}

/// Data behind an [`Arc`] to share between the [`ThreadPool`] and [`WorkerThread`] instances.
#[derive(Default)]
struct ThreadPoolShared {
    /// The mutex to access shared state between [`ThreadPool`] and [`WorkerThread`] instances. This
    /// is accessed both standalone and via [`cond_var`](Self::cond_var).
    mutex: Mutex<ThreadPoolProtected>,
    /// The condition variable used to wake up waiting threads. This is tied to [`mutex`](Self::mutex).
    cond_var: std::sync::Condvar,
}

pub struct ThreadPool {
    /// The data which needs to be shared with worker threads.
    shared: Arc<ThreadPoolShared>,
    /// The minimum number of threads that will be kept waiting even when idle in the pool.
    soft_min_threads: usize,
    /// The maximum number of threads that will be created to service outstanding work requests, by
    /// default. This may be bypassed.
    max_threads: usize,
}

impl std::fmt::Debug for ThreadPool {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("ThreadPool")
            .field("min_threads", &self.soft_min_threads)
            .field("max_threads", &self.max_threads)
            .finish()
    }
}

impl ThreadPool {
    /// Construct a new `ThreadPool` instance with the specified min and max num of threads.
    pub fn new(soft_min_threads: usize, max_threads: usize) -> Self {
        ThreadPool {
            shared: Default::default(),
            soft_min_threads,
            max_threads,
        }
    }

    /// Enqueue a new work item onto the thread pool.
    ///
    /// The function `func` will execute on one of the pool's background threads. If `cant_wait` is
    /// set, the thread limit may be disregarded if extant threads are busy.
    ///
    /// Returns the number of threads that were alive when the work item was enqueued.
    pub fn perform<F: FnOnce() + 'static + Send>(&mut self, func: F, cant_wait: bool) -> usize {
        let work_item = Box::new(func);
        self.perform_inner(work_item, cant_wait)
    }

    fn perform_inner(&mut self, f: WorkItem, cant_wait: bool) -> usize {
        enum ThreadAction {
            None,
            Wake,
            Spawn,
        }

        let local_thread_count;
        let thread_action = {
            let mut data = self.shared.mutex.lock().expect("Mutex poisoned!");
            local_thread_count = data.total_threads;
            data.request_queue.push_back(f);
            FLOG!(
                iothread,
                "enqueuing work item (count is ",
                data.request_queue.len(),
                ")"
            );
            if data.waiting_threads >= data.request_queue.len() {
                // There are enough waiting threads, wake one up.
                ThreadAction::Wake
            } else if cant_wait || data.total_threads < self.max_threads {
                // No threads are idle waiting but we can or must spawn a new thread to service the
                // request.
                data.total_threads += 1;
                ThreadAction::Spawn
            } else {
                // There is no need to do anything because we've reached the max number of threads.
                ThreadAction::None
            }
        };

        // Act only after unlocking the mutex.
        match thread_action {
            ThreadAction::None => (),
            ThreadAction::Wake => {
                // Wake a thread if we decided to do so.
                FLOG!(iothread, "notifying thread ", std::thread::current().id());
                self.shared.cond_var.notify_one();
            }
            ThreadAction::Spawn => {
                // Spawn a thread. If this fails, it means there are already a bunch of worker
                // threads and it is very unlikely that they are all about to exit so one is likely
                // able to handle the incoming request. This means we can ignore the failure with
                // some degree of confidence. (This is also not an error we expect to routinely run
                // into under normal, non-resource-starved circumstances.)
                if self.spawn_thread() {
                    FLOG!(iothread, "pthread spawned");
                } else {
                    // We failed to spawn a thread; decrement the thread count.
                    self.shared
                        .mutex
                        .lock()
                        .expect("Mutex poisoned!")
                        .total_threads -= 1;
                }
            }
        }

        local_thread_count
    }

    /// Attempt to spawn a new worker thread.
    fn spawn_thread(&mut self) -> bool {
        let shared = Arc::clone(&self.shared);
        let soft_min_threads = self.soft_min_threads;
        self::spawn(move || {
            let worker = WorkerThread {
                shared,
                soft_min_threads,
            };

            worker.run();
        })
    }
}

pub struct WorkerThread {
    /// The data shared with the [`ThreadPool`].
    shared: Arc<ThreadPoolShared>,
    /// The soft min number of threads for the associated [`ThreadPool`].
    soft_min_threads: usize,
}

impl WorkerThread {
    /// The worker loop entry point for this thread.
    fn run(mut self) {
        while let Some(work_item) = self.dequeue_work_or_commit_to_exit() {
            FLOG!(
                iothread,
                "pthread ",
                std::thread::current().id(),
                " got work"
            );

            // Perform the work
            work_item();
        }

        FLOG!(
            iothread,
            "pthread ",
            std::thread::current().id(),
            " exiting"
        );
    }

    /// Dequeue a work item (perhaps waiting on the condition variable) or commit to exiting by
    /// reducing the active thread count.
    fn dequeue_work_or_commit_to_exit(&mut self) -> Option<WorkItem> {
        let mut data = self.shared.mutex.lock().expect("Mutex poisoned!");

        // If the queue is empty, check to see if we should wait. We should wait if our exiting
        // would drop us below our soft thread count minimum.
        if data.request_queue.is_empty()
            && data.total_threads == self.soft_min_threads
            && IO_WAIT_FOR_WORK_DURATION > Duration::ZERO
        {
            data.waiting_threads += 1;
            data = self
                .shared
                .cond_var
                .wait_timeout(data, IO_WAIT_FOR_WORK_DURATION)
                .expect("Mutex poisoned!")
                .0;
            data.waiting_threads -= 1;
        }

        // Now that we've (perhaps) waited, see if there's something on the queue.
        let result = data.request_queue.pop_front();

        // If we are returning None then ensure we balance the thread count increment from when we
        // were created. This has to be done here in this awkward place because we've already
        // committed to exiting - we will never pick up more work. So we need to make sure to
        // decrement the thread count while holding the lock as we have effectively already exited.
        if result.is_none() {
            data.total_threads -= 1;
        }

        return result;
    }
}

/// Returns a [`MutexGuard`](std::sync::MutexGuard) containing the IO [`ThreadPool`].
fn borrow_io_thread_pool() -> std::sync::MutexGuard<'static, ThreadPool> {
    IO_THREAD_POOL
        .get()
        .unwrap()
        .lock()
        .expect("Mutex poisoned!")
}

/// Enqueues work on the IO thread pool singleton.
pub fn iothread_perform(f: impl FnOnce() + 'static + Send) {
    let mut thread_pool = borrow_io_thread_pool();
    thread_pool.perform(f, false);
}

/// Enqueues priority work on the IO thread pool singleton, disregarding the thread limit.
///
/// It does its best to spawn a thread if all other threads are occupied. This is primarily for
/// cases where deferring creation of a new thread might lead to a deadlock.
pub fn iothread_perform_cant_wait(f: impl FnOnce() + 'static + Send) {
    let mut thread_pool = borrow_io_thread_pool();
    thread_pool.perform(f, true);
}

pub fn iothread_port() -> i32 {
    i32::from(NOTIFY_SIGNALLER.read_fd())
}

pub fn iothread_service_main_with_timeout(timeout: Duration) {
    if crate::fd_readable_set::is_fd_readable(iothread_port(), timeout.as_millis() as u64) {
        iothread_service_main();
    }
}

pub fn iothread_service_main() {
    self::assert_is_main_thread();

    // Note: the order here is important. We must consume events before handling requests, as
    // posting uses the opposite order.
    NOTIFY_SIGNALLER.try_consume();

    // Move the queue to a local variable. The MAIN_THREAD_QUEUE lock is not held after this.
    let queue = std::mem::take(&mut *MAIN_THREAD_QUEUE.lock().expect("Mutex poisoned!"));

    // Perform each completion in order.
    for func in queue {
        (func)();
    }
}

/// Does nasty polling via select() and marked as unsafe because it should only be used for testing.
pub unsafe fn iothread_drain_all() {
    while borrow_io_thread_pool()
        .shared
        .mutex
        .lock()
        .expect("Mutex poisoned!")
        .total_threads
        > 0
    {
        iothread_service_main_with_timeout(Duration::from_millis(1000));
    }
}

/// `Debounce` is a simple class which executes one function on a background thread while enqueing
/// at most one more. Subsequent execution requests overwrite the enqueued one. It takes an optional
/// timeout; if a handler does not finish within the timeout then a new thread is spawned to service
/// the remaining request.
///
/// Debounce implementation note: we would like to enqueue at most one request, except if a thread
/// hangs (e.g. on fs access) then we do not want to block indefinitely - such threads are called
/// "abandoned". This is implemented via a monotone uint64 counter, called a token. Every time we
/// spawn a thread, we increment the token. When the thread has completed running a work item, it
/// compares its token to the active token; if they differ then this thread was abandoned.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct Debounce {
    timeout: Duration,
    /// The data shared between [`Debounce`] instances.
    data: Arc<Mutex<DebounceData>>,
}

/// The data shared between [`Debounce`] instances.
struct DebounceData {
    /// The (one or none) next enqueued request, overwritten each time a new call to
    /// [`perform()`](Self::perform) is made.
    next_req: Option<WorkItem>,
    /// The non-zero token of the current non-abandoned thread or `None` if no thread is running.
    active_token: Option<NonZeroU64>,
    /// The next token to use when spawning a thread.
    next_token: NonZeroU64,
    /// The start time of the most recently spawned thread or request (if any).
    start_time: Instant,
}

fn new_debounce_ffi(timeout_ms: u64) -> Box<Debounce> {
    Box::new(Debounce::new(Duration::from_millis(timeout_ms)))
}

impl Debounce {
    pub fn new(timeout: Duration) -> Self {
        Self {
            timeout,
            data: Arc::new(Mutex::new(DebounceData {
                next_req: None,
                active_token: None,
                next_token: NonZeroU64::new(1).unwrap(),
                start_time: Instant::now(),
            })),
        }
    }

    /// Run an iteration in the background with the given thread token. Returns `true` if we handled
    /// a request or `false` if there were no requests to handle (in which case the debounce thread
    /// exits).
    ///
    /// Note that this method is called from a background thread.
    fn run_next(&self, token: NonZeroU64) -> bool {
        let request = {
            let mut data = self.data.lock().expect("Mutex poisoned!");
            if let Some(req) = data.next_req.take() {
                data.start_time = Instant::now();
                req
            } else {
                // There is no pending request. Mark this token as no longer running.
                if Some(token) == data.active_token {
                    data.active_token = None;
                }
                return false;
            }
        };

        // Execute request after unlocking the mutex.
        (request)();
        return true;
    }

    /// Enqueue `handler` to be performed on a background thread. If another function is already
    /// enqueued, this overwrites it and that function will not be executed.
    ///
    /// The result is a token which is only of interest to the test suite.
    pub fn perform(&self, handler: impl FnOnce() + 'static + Send) -> NonZeroU64 {
        let h = Box::new(handler);
        self.perform_inner(h)
    }

    fn perform_ffi(&self, callback: &cxx::SharedPtr<ffi::CppCallback>) -> u64 {
        let callback = callback.clone();

        self.perform(move || {
            callback.invoke();
        })
        .into()
    }

    fn perform_with_completion_ffi(
        &self,
        callback: &cxx::SharedPtr<ffi::CppCallback>,
        completion: &cxx::SharedPtr<ffi::CppCallback>,
    ) -> u64 {
        let callback = callback.clone();
        let completion = completion.clone();

        self.perform_with_completion(
            move || -> crate::ffi::void_ptr { callback.invoke().into() },
            move |result| {
                completion.invoke_with_param(result.into());
            },
        )
        .into()
    }

    /// Enqueue `handler` to be performed on a background thread with [`Completion`] `completion`
    /// to be performed on the main thread. If a function is already enqueued, this overwrites it
    /// and that function will not be executed.
    ///
    /// If the function executes within the optional timeout then `completion` will be invoked on
    /// the main thread with the result of the evaluated `handler`.
    ///
    /// The result is a token which is only of interest to the test suite.
    pub fn perform_with_completion<H, R, C>(&self, handler: H, completion: C) -> NonZeroU64
    where
        H: FnOnce() -> R + 'static + Send,
        C: FnOnce(R) + 'static + Send,
        R: 'static + Send,
    {
        let h = Box::new(move || {
            let result = handler();
            let c = Box::new(move || {
                (completion)(result);
            });
            Self::enqueue_main_thread_result(c);
        });
        self.perform_inner(h)
    }

    fn perform_inner(&self, handler: WorkItem) -> NonZeroU64 {
        let mut spawn = false;
        let active_token = {
            let mut data = self.data.lock().expect("Mutex poisoned!");
            data.next_req = Some(handler);
            // If we have a timeout and our running thread has exceeded it, abandon that thread.
            if data.active_token.is_some()
                && !self.timeout.is_zero()
                && (Instant::now() - data.start_time > self.timeout)
            {
                // Abandon this thread by dissociating its token from this [`Debounce`] instance.
                data.active_token = None;
            }
            if data.active_token.is_none() {
                // We need to spawn a new thread. Mark the current time so that a new request won't
                // immediately abandon us and start a new thread too.
                spawn = true;
                data.active_token = Some(data.next_token);
                data.next_token = data.next_token.checked_add(1).unwrap();
                data.start_time = Instant::now();
            }
            data.active_token.expect("Something should be active now.")
        };

        // Spawn after unlocking the mutex above.
        if spawn {
            // We need to clone the Arc to get it to last for the duration of the 'static lifetime.
            let debounce = self.clone();
            iothread_perform(move || {
                while debounce.run_next(active_token) {
                    // Keep thread alive/busy.
                }
            });
        }

        active_token
    }

    /// Static helper to add a [`WorkItem`] to [`MAIN_THREAD_ID`] and signal [`NOTIFY_SIGNALLER`].
    fn enqueue_main_thread_result(f: WorkItem) {
        MAIN_THREAD_QUEUE.lock().expect("Mutex poisoned!").push(f);
        NOTIFY_SIGNALLER.post();
    }
}

#[test]
/// Verify that spawing a thread normally via [`std::thread::spawn()`] causes the calling thread's
/// sigmask to be inherited by the newly spawned thread.
fn std_thread_inherits_sigmask() {
    // First change our own thread mask
    let (saved_set, t1_set) = unsafe {
        let mut new_set: libc::sigset_t = std::mem::zeroed();
        let new_set = &mut new_set as *mut _;
        libc::sigemptyset(new_set);
        libc::sigaddset(new_set, libc::SIGILL); // mask bad jump

        let mut saved_set: libc::sigset_t = std::mem::zeroed();
        let result = libc::pthread_sigmask(libc::SIG_BLOCK, new_set, &mut saved_set as *mut _);
        assert_eq!(result, 0, "Failed to set thread mask!");

        // Now get the current set that includes the masked SIGILL
        let mut t1_set: libc::sigset_t = std::mem::zeroed();
        let mut empty_set = std::mem::zeroed();
        let empty_set = &mut empty_set as *mut _;
        libc::sigemptyset(empty_set);
        let result = libc::pthread_sigmask(libc::SIG_UNBLOCK, empty_set, &mut t1_set as *mut _);
        assert_eq!(result, 0, "Failed to get own altered thread mask!");

        (saved_set, t1_set)
    };

    // Launch a new thread that can access existing variables
    let t2_set = std::thread::scope(|_| {
        unsafe {
            // Set a new thread sigmask and verify that the old one is what we expect it to be
            let mut new_set: libc::sigset_t = std::mem::zeroed();
            let new_set = &mut new_set as *mut _;
            libc::sigemptyset(new_set);
            let mut saved_set2: libc::sigset_t = std::mem::zeroed();
            let result = libc::pthread_sigmask(libc::SIG_BLOCK, new_set, &mut saved_set2 as *mut _);
            assert_eq!(result, 0, "Failed to get existing sigmask for new thread");
            saved_set2
        }
    });

    // Compare the sigset_t values
    unsafe {
        let t1_sigset_slice = std::slice::from_raw_parts(
            &t1_set as *const _ as *const u8,
            core::mem::size_of::<libc::sigset_t>(),
        );
        let t2_sigset_slice = std::slice::from_raw_parts(
            &t2_set as *const _ as *const u8,
            core::mem::size_of::<libc::sigset_t>(),
        );

        assert_eq!(t1_sigset_slice, t2_sigset_slice);
    };

    // Restore the thread sigset so we don't affect `cargo test`'s multithreaded test harnesses
    unsafe {
        let result = libc::pthread_sigmask(
            libc::SIG_SETMASK,
            &saved_set as *const _,
            core::ptr::null_mut(),
        );
        assert_eq!(result, 0, "Failed to restore sigmask!");
    }
}