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586 lines
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586 lines
19 KiB
Plaintext
/** \page tutorial Tutorial
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\htmlonly[block]
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<div class="fish_left_bar">
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<div class="menu tutorial_menu">
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\endhtmlonly
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- <a href="#tut_why_fish">Why fish?</a>
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- <a href="#tut_learning_Fish">Learning fish</a>
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- <a href="#tut_running_commands">Running Commands</a>
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- <a href="#tut_getting_help">Getting Help</a>
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- <a href="#tut_syntax_highlighting">Syntax Highlighting</a>
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- <a href="#tut_wildcards">Wildcards</a>
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- <a href="#tut_pipes_and_redirections">Pipes and Redirections</a>
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- <a href="#tut_autosuggestions">Autosuggestions</a>
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- <a href="#tut_tab_completions">Tab Completions</a>
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- <a href="#tut_variables">Variables</a>
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- <a href="#tut_exit_status">Exit Status</a>
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- <a href="#tut_exports">Shell Variables</a>
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- <a href="#tut_lists">Lists</a>
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- <a href="#tut_command_substitutions">Command Substitutions</a>
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- <a href="#tut_combiners">Combiners (And, Or, Not)</a>
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- <a href="#tut_conditionals">Conditionals (If, Else, Switch)</a>
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- <a href="#tut_functions">Functions</a>
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- <a href="#tut_loops">Loops</a>
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- <a href="#tut_prompt">Prompt</a>
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- <a href="#tut_startup">Startup</a>
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\htmlonly[block]
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="tutorial fish_right_bar">
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<h1 class="interior_title">fish tutorial</h1>
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\endhtmlonly
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\section tut_why_fish Why fish?
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`fish` is a fully-equipped command line shell (like bash or zsh) that is smart and user-friendly. `fish` supports powerful features like syntax highlighting, autosuggestions, and tab completions that just work, with nothing to learn or configure.
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If you want to make your command line more productive, more useful, and more fun, without learning a bunch of arcane syntax and configuration options, then `fish` might be just what you're looking for!
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\section tut_learning_Fish Learning fish
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This tutorial assumes a basic understanding of command line shells and Unix commands, and that you have a working copy of `fish`.
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If you have a strong understanding of other shells, and want to know what `fish` does differently, search for the magic phrase <i>unlike other shells</i>, which is used to call out important differences.
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When you start `fish`, you should see this:
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\fish{cli-dark}
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Welcome to fish, the friendly interactive shell
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Type <em>help</em> for instructions on how to use fish
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you@hostname <em>~</em>>
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\endfish
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`fish` comes with a default prompt that shows your username, hostname, and working directory. You'll see <a href="#tut_prompt">how to change your prompt</a> further down. From now on, we'll pretend your prompt is just a '`>`' to save space.
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\section tut_running_commands Running Commands
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`fish` runs commands like other shells: you type a command, followed by its arguments. Spaces are separators:
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b>echo</b> <i>hello world</i>
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hello world
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\endfish
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You can include a literal space in an argument with a backslash, or by using single or double quotes:
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b>mkdir</b> <i>My\ Files</i>
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> <b>cp</b> <i>~/Some\ File</i> <i class=quote>'My Files'</i>
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> <b>ls</b> <i class=quote>"My Files"</i>
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Some File
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\endfish
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Commands can be chained with semicolons.
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\section tut_getting_help Getting Help
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`fish` has excellent help and man pages. Run `help` to open help in a web browser, and `man` to open it in a man page. You can also ask for help with a specific command, for example, `help set` to open in a web browser, or `man set` to see it in the terminal.
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b>man</b> <i>set</i>
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set - handle shell variables
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Synopsis...
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\endfish
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\section tut_syntax_highlighting Syntax Highlighting
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You'll quickly notice that `fish` performs syntax highlighting as you type. Invalid commands are colored red by default:
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <error>/bin/mkd</error>
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\endfish
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A command may be invalid because it does not exist, or refers to a file that you cannot execute. When the command becomes valid, it is shown in a different color:
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b>/bin/mkdir</b>
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\endfish
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`fish` will underline valid file paths as you type them:
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b>cat</b> <i><span style="text-decoration: underline">~/somef<span class="u">i</span></span></i>
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\endfish
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This tells you that there exists a file that starts with '`somefi`', which is useful feedback as you type.
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These colors, and many more, can be changed by running `fish_config`, or by modifying variables directly.
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\section tut_wildcards Wildcards
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`fish` supports the familiar wildcard *. To list all JPEG files:
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b>ls</b> <i>*.jpg</i>
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lena.jpg
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meena.jpg
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santa maria.jpg
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\endfish
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You can include multiple wildcards:
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b>ls</b> <i>l*.p*</i>
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lena.png
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lesson.pdf
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\endfish
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Especially powerful is the <i>recursive wildcard</i> ** which searches directories recursively:
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b>ls</b> <i>/var/\**.log</i>
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/var/log/system.log
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/var/run/sntp.log
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\endfish
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If that directory traversal is taking a long time, you can @key{Control,C} out of it.
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\section tut_pipes_and_redirections Pipes and Redirections
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You can pipe between commands with the usual vertical bar:
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b>echo</b> <i>hello world</i> | <b>wc</b>
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1 2 12
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\endfish
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stdin and stdout can be redirected via the familiar < and >. Unlike other shells, stderr is redirected with a caret ^
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b>grep</b> <i>fish</i> < /etc/shells > ~/output.txt ^ ~/errors.txt
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\endfish
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\section tut_autosuggestions Autosuggestions
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`fish` suggests commands as you type, and shows the suggestion to the right of the cursor, in gray. For example:
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b class="error">/bin/h</b><span class="suggest"><span class="u">o</span>stname</span>
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\endfish
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It knows about paths and options:
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b>grep</b> <i>--i<span class="suggest"><span class="u">g</span>nore-case</span></i>
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\endfish
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And history too. Type a command once, and you can re-summon it by just typing a few letters:
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b>r</b><span class="suggest"><span class="u">s</span>ync -avze ssh . myname@somelonghost.com:/some/long/path/doo/dee/doo/dee/doo</span>
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\endfish
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To accept the autosuggestion, hit right arrow or @key{Control,F}. To accept a single word of the autosuggestion, @key{Alt,→} (right arrow). If the autosuggestion is not what you want, just ignore it.
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\section tut_tab_completions Tab Completions
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`fish` comes with a rich set of tab completions, that work "out of the box."
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Press tab, and `fish` will attempt to complete the command, argument, or path:
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b class="error">/pri</b><span class="meta"><tab> →</span> <b>/private/</b>
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\endfish
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If there's more than one possibility, it will list them:
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b class="error">~/stuff/s</b><span class="meta"><tab></span>
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<i>~/stuff/s</i>cript.sh <i class="quote">(Executable, 4.8kB)</i> <i>~/stuff/s</i>ources/ <i class="quote">(Directory)</i>
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\endfish
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Hit tab again to cycle through the possibilities.
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`fish` can also complete many commands, like git branches:
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b>git</b> <i>merge pr</i><span class="meta"><tab> →</span> git merge prompt_designer
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> <b>git</b> <i>checkout b</i><span class="meta"><tab></span>
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<i>b</i>uiltin_list_io_merge <i class="quote">(Branch)</i> <i>b</i>uiltin_set_color <i class="quote">(Branch)</i> <i>b</i>usted_events <i class="quote">(Tag)</i>
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\endfish
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Try hitting tab and see what `fish` can do!
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\section tut_variables Variables
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Like other shells, a dollar sign performs <i>variable substitution</i>:
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b>echo</b> <i>My home directory is $HOME</i>
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My home directory is /home/tutorial
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\endfish
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Variable substitution also occurs in double quotes, but not single quotes:
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b>echo</b> <i class="quote">"My current directory is </i><i>$</i><i class="quote">PWD"</i>
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My current directory is /home/tutorial
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> <b>echo</b> <i class="quote">'My current directory is $PWD'</i>
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My current directory is $PWD
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\endfish
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Unlike other shells, `fish` has no dedicated syntax for setting variables. Instead it has an ordinary command: `set`, which takes a variable name, and then its value.
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b>set</b> <i>name</i> <i class="quote">'Mister Noodle'</i>
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> <b>echo</b> <i>$name</i>
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Mister Noodle
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\endfish
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(Notice the quotes: without them, `Mister` and `Noodle` would have been separate arguments, and `$name` would have been made into a <i>list</i> of two elements.)
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Unlike other shells, variables are <i>not</i> further split after substitution:
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b>mkdir</b> <i>$name</i>
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> <b>ls</b>
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Mister Noodle
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\endfish
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In bash, this would have created two directories "Mister" and "Noodle". In `fish`, it created only one: the variable had the value "Mister Noodle", so that is the argument that was passed to <span style="mono">mkdir</span>, spaces and all.
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\section tut_exit_status Exit Status
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Unlike other shells, `fish` stores the exit status of the last command in `$status` instead of `$?`.
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b>false</b>
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> <b>echo</b> <i>$status</i>
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1
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\endfish
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Zero is considered success, and non-zero is failure.
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<h2 id="tut_exports">Exports (Shell Variables)</h2>
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Unlike other shells, `fish` does not have an export command. Instead, a variable is exported via an option to `set`, either `--export` or just `-x`.
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b>set</b> <i>-x MyVariable SomeValue</i>
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> <b>env</b> | <b>grep</b> <i>MyVariable</i>
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<span style="background: #A0A">MyVariable</span>=SomeValue
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\endfish
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You can erase a variable with `-e` or `--erase`
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b>set</b> <i>-e MyVariable</i>
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> <b>env</b> | <b>grep</b> <i>MyVariable</i>
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<span class="meta">(no output)</span>
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\endfish
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\section tut_lists Lists
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The `set` command above used quotes to ensure that `Mister Noodle` was one argument. If it had been two arguments, then `name` would have been a <i>list</i> of length 2. In fact, all variables in `fish` are really lists, that can contain any number of values, or none at all.
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Some variables, like `$PWD`, only have one value. By convention, we talk about that variable's value, but we really mean its <i>first</i> (and only) value.
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Other variables, like `$PATH`, really do have multiple values. During <i>variable expansion</i>, the variable expands to become multiple arguments:
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b>echo</b> <i>$PATH</i>
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/usr/bin /bin /usr/sbin /sbin /usr/local/bin
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\endfish
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Lists cannot contain other lists: there is no recursion. A variable is a list of strings, full stop.
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Get the length of a list with `count`:
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b>count</b> <i>$PATH</i>
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5
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\endfish
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You can append (or prepend) to a list by setting the list to itself, with some additional arguments. Here we append /usr/local/bin to $PATH:
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b>set</b> <i>PATH $PATH /usr/local/bin</i>
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\endfish
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You can access individual elements with square brackets. Indexing starts at 1 from the beginning, and -1 from the end:
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b>echo</b> <i>$PATH</i>
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/usr/bin /bin /usr/sbin /sbin /usr/local/bin
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> <b>echo</b> <i>$PATH[1]</i>
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/usr/bin
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> <b>echo</b> <i>$PATH[-1]</i>
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/usr/local/bin
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\endfish
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You can also access ranges of elements, known as "slices:"
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b>echo</b> <i>$PATH[1..2]</i>
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/usr/bin /bin
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> <b>echo</b> <i>$PATH[-1..2]</i>
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/usr/local/bin /sbin /usr/sbin /bin
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\endfish
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You can iterate over a list (or a slice) with a <i>for loop</i>:
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b>for</b> <i>val</i> <b>in</b> <i>$PATH</i>
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<b>echo</b> <i>"entry: $val"</i>
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<b>end</b>
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entry: /usr/bin/
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entry: /bin
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entry: /usr/sbin
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entry: /sbin
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entry: /usr/local/bin
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\endfish
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\section tut_command_substitutions Command Substitutions
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Command substitutions use the output of one command as an argument to another. Unlike other shells, `fish` does not use backticks ` for command substitutions. Instead, it uses parentheses:
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b>echo</b> <i>In (</i><b>pwd</b><i>), running (</i><b>uname</b><i>)</i>
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In /home/tutorial, running FreeBSD
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\endfish
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A common idiom is to capture the output of a command in a variable:
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b>set</b> <i>os (</i><b>uname</b><i>)</i>
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> <b>echo</b> <i>$os</i>
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Linux
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\endfish
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Command substitutions are not expanded within quotes. Instead, you can temporarily close the quotes, add the command substitution, and reopen them, all in the same argument:
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b>touch</b> <i class="quote">"testing_"</i><i>(</i><b>date</b> <i>+%s</i><i>)</i><i class="quote">".txt"</i>
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> <b>ls</b> <i>*.txt</i>
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testing_1360099791.txt
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\endfish
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<h2 id="tut_combiners">Combiners (And, Or, Not)</h2>
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Unlike other shells, `fish` does not have special syntax like && or || to combine commands. Instead it has commands `and`, `or`, and `not`.
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b>cp</b> <i>file1.txt file1_bak.txt</i>; <b>and echo</b> <i class="quote">"Backup successful"</i>; <b>or echo</b> <i class="quote">"Backup failed"</i>
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Backup failed
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\endfish
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<h2 id="tut_conditionals">Conditionals (If, Else, Switch)</h2>
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Use `if`, `else if`, and `else` to conditionally execute code, based on the exit status of a command.
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\fish{cli-dark}
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<b>if grep</b> <i>fish /etc/shells</i>
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<b>echo</b> <i>Found fish</i>
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<b>else if grep</b> <i>bash /etc/shells</i>
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<b>echo</b> <i>Found bash</i>
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<b>else</b>
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<b>echo</b> <i>Got nothing</i>
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<b>end</b>
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\endfish
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There is also a `switch` command:
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\fish{cli-dark}
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<b>switch</b> <i>(</i><b>uname</b><i>)</i>
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<b>case</b> <i>Linux</i>
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<b>echo</b> <i>Hi Tux!</i>
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<b>case</b> <i>Darwin</i>
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<b>echo</b> <i>Hi Hexley!</i>
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<b>case</b> <i>FreeBSD NetBSD DragonFly</i>
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<b>echo</b> <i>Hi Beastie!</i>
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<b>case</b> <i class="quote">'*'</i>
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<b>echo</b> <i>Hi, stranger!</i>
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<b>end</b>
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\endfish
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Note that `case` does not fall through, and can accept multiple arguments or (quoted) wildcards.
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\section tut_functions Functions
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A `fish` function is a list of commands, which may optionally take arguments. Unlike other shells, arguments are not passed in "numbered variables" like `$1`, but instead in a single list `$argv`. To create a function, use the `function` builtin:
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <i><b>function</b> say_hello
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<b>echo</b> Hello $argv
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<b>end</b></i>
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> <b>say_hello</b>
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Hello
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> <b>say_hello <i>everybody!</i></b>
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Hello everybody!
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\endfish
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Unlike other shells, `fish` does not have aliases or special prompt syntax. Functions take their place.
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You can list the names of all functions with the `functions` keyword (note the plural!). `fish` starts out with a number of functions:
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b>functions</b>
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alias, cd, delete-or-exit, dirh, dirs, down-or-search, eval, export, fish_command_not_found_setup, fish_config, fish_default_key_bindings, fish_prompt, fish_right_prompt, fish_sigtrap_handler, fish_update_completions, funced, funcsave, grep, help, history, isatty, ls, man, math, nextd, nextd-or-forward-word, open, popd, prevd, prevd-or-backward-word, prompt_pwd, psub, pushd, seq, setenv, sgrep, trap, type, umask, up-or-search, vared
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\endfish
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You can see the source for any function by passing its name to `functions`:
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\fish{cli-dark}
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> <b>functions</b> <i>ls</i>
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function ls --description 'List contents of directory'
|
|
command ls -G $argv
|
|
end
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|
\endfish
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|
|
|
|
|
\section tut_loops Loops
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|
|
|
While loops:
|
|
|
|
\fish{cli-dark}
|
|
> <b>while</b> <i>true</i>
|
|
<b>echo</b> <i class="quote">"Loop forever"</i>
|
|
<b>end</b>
|
|
Loop forever
|
|
Loop forever
|
|
Loop forever
|
|
...
|
|
\endfish
|
|
|
|
For loops can be used to iterate over a list. For example, a list of files:
|
|
|
|
\fish{cli-dark}
|
|
> <b>for</b> <i>file in *.txt</i>
|
|
<b>cp</b> <i>$file $file.bak</i>
|
|
<b>end</b>
|
|
\endfish
|
|
|
|
Iterating over a list of numbers can be done with `seq`:
|
|
|
|
\fish{cli-dark}
|
|
> <b>for</b> <i>x in (</i><b>seq</b> <i>5)</i>
|
|
<b>touch</b> <i>file_$x.txt</i>
|
|
<b>end</b>
|
|
\endfish
|
|
|
|
|
|
\section tut_prompt Prompt
|
|
|
|
Unlike other shells, there is no prompt variable like PS1. To display your prompt, `fish` executes a function with the name `fish_prompt`, and its output is used as the prompt.
|
|
|
|
You can define your own prompt:
|
|
|
|
\fish{cli-dark}
|
|
> <b>function</b> <i>fish_prompt</i>
|
|
echo <i>"New Prompt % "</i>
|
|
<b>end</b>
|
|
New Prompt % <span class="u"> </span>
|
|
\endfish
|
|
|
|
Multiple lines are OK. Colors can be set via `set_color`, passing it named ANSI colors, or hex RGB values:
|
|
|
|
\fish{cli-dark}
|
|
> <b>function</b> <i>fish_prompt</i>
|
|
<b>set_color</b> <i>purple</i>
|
|
<b>date</b> <i class="quote">"+%m/%d/%y"</i>
|
|
<b>set_color</b> <i>FF0</i>
|
|
<b>echo</b> <i>(</i><b>pwd</b><i>)</i> <i class="quote">'>'</i>
|
|
<b>set_color</b> <i>normal</i>
|
|
<b>end</b>
|
|
<span style="color: purple">02/06/13</span>
|
|
<span style="color: #FF0">/home/tutorial ></span><span class="u"> </span>
|
|
\endfish
|
|
|
|
You can choose among some sample prompts by running `fish_config prompt`. `fish` also supports RPROMPT through `fish_right_prompt`.
|
|
|
|
\subsection tut-path $PATH
|
|
|
|
`$PATH` is an environment variable containing the directories in which `fish` searches for commands. Instead of separating entries with a colon, $PATH is a list. You can modify $PATH in a few ways:
|
|
|
|
-# By modifying the `$fish_user_paths` variable, which is automatically appended to `$PATH`. For example, to permanently add `/usr/local/bin` to your `$PATH`, you could write:
|
|
|
|
\fish{cli-dark}
|
|
> <b>set</b> <i>-U fish_user_paths $fish_user_paths /usr/local/bin</i>
|
|
\endfish
|
|
|
|
-# Directly in config.fish (see below).
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="tut_startup">Startup (Where's .bashrc?)</h2>
|
|
|
|
`fish` starts by executing commands in `~/.config/fish/config.fish`. You can create it if it does not exist.
|
|
|
|
It is possible to directly create functions and variables in `config.fish` file, using the commands shown above. For example:
|
|
|
|
\fish{cli-dark}
|
|
> <b>cat</b> <i>~/.config/fish/config.fish</i>
|
|
|
|
set -x PATH $PATH /sbin/
|
|
|
|
function ll
|
|
ls -lh $argv
|
|
end
|
|
\endfish
|
|
|
|
However, it is more common and efficient to use <i>autoloading functions</i> and <i>universal variables</i>.
|
|
|
|
\subsection tut-autoload Autoloading Functions
|
|
|
|
When `fish` encounters a command, it attempts to <i>autoload</i> a function for that command, by looking for a file with the name of that command in `~/.config/fish/functions/`.
|
|
|
|
For example, if you wanted to have a function `ll`, you would add a text file `ll.fish` to `~/.config/fish/functions`:
|
|
|
|
\fish{cli-dark}
|
|
> <b>cat</b> <i>~/.config/fish/functions/ll.fish</i>
|
|
function ll
|
|
ls -lh $argv
|
|
end
|
|
\endfish
|
|
|
|
This is the preferred way to define your prompt as well:
|
|
|
|
\fish{cli-dark}
|
|
> <b>cat</b> <i>~/.config/fish/functions/fish_prompt.fish</i>
|
|
function fish_prompt
|
|
echo (pwd) '> '
|
|
end
|
|
\endfish
|
|
|
|
See the documentation for <a href="commands.html#funced">funced</a> and <a href="commands.html#funcsave">funcsave</a> for ways to create these files automatically.
|
|
|
|
\subsection tut-universal Universal Variables
|
|
|
|
A universal variable is a variable whose value is shared across all instances of `fish`, now and in the future - even after a reboot. You can make a variable universal with `set -U`:
|
|
|
|
\fish{cli-dark}
|
|
> <b>set</b> <i>-U EDITOR vim</i>
|
|
\endfish
|
|
|
|
Now in another shell:
|
|
|
|
\fish{cli-dark}
|
|
> <b>echo</b> <i>$EDITOR</i>
|
|
vim
|
|
\endfish
|
|
|
|
\subsection tut-more Ready for more?
|
|
|
|
If you want to learn more about fish, there is <a href="index.html">lots of detailed documentation</a>, an <a href="https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/fish-users">official mailing list</a>, the IRC channel \#fish on `irc.oftc.net`, and the <a href="http://github.com/fish-shell/fish-shell/">github page</a>.
|
|
|
|
\htmlonly[block]
|
|
</div>
|
|
\endhtmlonly
|
|
*/
|