1/* 2 * hello-3.c - Illustrating the __init, __initdata and __exit macros. 3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> /* Needed for the macros */ +4#include <linux/init.h> /* Needed for the macros */ 5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* Needed for pr_info() */ 6#include <linux/module.h> /* Needed by all modules */ 7 @@ -541,7 +541,7 @@ example.1/* 2 * hello-4.c - Demonstrates module documentation. 3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> /* Needed for the macros */ +4#include <linux/init.h> /* Needed for the macros */ 5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* Needed for pr_info() */ 6#include <linux/module.h> /* Needed by all modules */ 7 @@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ parameters: a variable name and a free form string describing that variable. 13static int myint = 420; 14static long int mylong = 9999; 15static char *mystring = "blah"; -16static int myintArray[2] = {420, 420}; +16static int myintarray[2] = { 420, 420 }; 17static int arr_argc = 0; 18 19/* module_param(foo, int, 0000) @@ -653,60 +653,61 @@ parameters: a variable name and a free form string describing that variable. 38 * of elements of the array initialized by the user at module loading time. 39 * The fourth argument is the permission bits. 40 */ -41module_param_array(myintArray, int, &arr_argc, 0000); -42MODULE_PARM_DESC(myintArray, "An array of integers"); +41module_param_array(myintarray, int, &arr_argc, 0000); +42MODULE_PARM_DESC(myintarray, "An array of integers"); 43 44static int __init hello_5_init(void) 45{ 46 int i; -47 pr_info("Hello, world 5\n=============\n"); -48 pr_info("myshort is a short integer: %hd\n", myshort); -49 pr_info("myint is an integer: %d\n", myint); -50 pr_info("mylong is a long integer: %ld\n", mylong); -51 pr_info("mystring is a string: %s\n", mystring); -52 -53 for (i = 0; i < (sizeof myintArray / sizeof(int)); i++) -54 pr_info("myintArray[%d] = %d\n", i, myintArray[i]); -55 -56 pr_info("got %d arguments for myintArray.\n", arr_argc); -57 return 0; -58} -59 -60static void __exit hello_5_exit(void) -61{ -62 pr_info("Goodbye, world 5\n"); -63} -64 -65module_init(hello_5_init); -66module_exit(hello_5_exit);+47 +48 pr_info("Hello, world 5\n=============\n"); +49 pr_info("myshort is a short integer: %hd\n", myshort); +50 pr_info("myint is an integer: %d\n", myint); +51 pr_info("mylong is a long integer: %ld\n", mylong); +52 pr_info("mystring is a string: %s\n", mystring); +53 +54 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(myintarray); i++) +55 pr_info("myintarray[%d] = %d\n", i, myintarray[i]); +56 +57 pr_info("got %d arguments for myintarray.\n", arr_argc); +58 return 0; +59} +60 +61static void __exit hello_5_exit(void) +62{ +63 pr_info("Goodbye, world 5\n"); +64} +65 +66module_init(hello_5_init); +67module_exit(hello_5_exit);
I would recommend playing around with this code:
-1$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mystring="bebop" myintArray=-1 -2myshort is a short integer: 1 -3myint is an integer: 420 -4mylong is a long integer: 9999 -5mystring is a string: bebop -6myintArray[0] = -1 -7myintArray[1] = 420 -8got 1 arguments for myintArray. -9 -10$ sudo rmmod hello-5 -11Goodbye, world 5 -12 -13$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mystring="supercalifragilisticexpialidocious" myintArray=-1,-1 -14myshort is a short integer: 1 -15myint is an integer: 420 -16mylong is a long integer: 9999 -17mystring is a string: supercalifragilisticexpialidocious -18myintArray[0] = -1 -19myintArray[1] = -1 -20got 2 arguments for myintArray. -21 -22$ sudo rmmod hello-5 -23Goodbye, world 5 -24 -25$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mylong=hello -26hello-5.o: invalid argument syntax for mylong: 'h'+
1$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mystring="bebop" myintArray=-1 +2myshort is a short integer: 1 +3myint is an integer: 420 +4mylong is a long integer: 9999 +5mystring is a string: bebop +6myintArray[0] = -1 +7myintArray[1] = 420 +8got 1 arguments for myintArray. +9 +10$ sudo rmmod hello-5 +11Goodbye, world 5 +12 +13$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mystring="supercalifragilisticexpialidocious" myintArray=-1,-1 +14myshort is a short integer: 1 +15myint is an integer: 420 +16mylong is a long integer: 9999 +17mystring is a string: supercalifragilisticexpialidocious +18myintArray[0] = -1 +19myintArray[1] = -1 +20got 2 arguments for myintArray. +21 +22$ sudo rmmod hello-5 +23Goodbye, world 5 +24 +25$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mylong=hello +26hello-5.o: invalid argument syntax for mylong: 'h'
Here is an example of such a kernel module.
-1/* -2 * start.c - Illustration of multi filed modules -3 */ +1/* +2 * start.c - Illustration of multi filed modules +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ -6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ +6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ 7 -8int init_module(void) +8int init_module(void) 9{ -10 pr_info("Hello, world - this is the kernel speaking\n"); -11 return 0; +10 pr_info("Hello, world - this is the kernel speaking\n"); +11 return 0; 12} 13 -14MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+14MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
The next file:
-1/* -2 * stop.c - Illustration of multi filed modules -3 */ +1/* +2 * stop.c - Illustration of multi filed modules +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ -6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ +6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ 7 -8void cleanup_module() +8void cleanup_module() 9{ -10 pr_info("Short is the life of a kernel module\n"); +10 pr_info("Short is the life of a kernel module\n"); 11} 12 -13MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+13MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
And finally, the makefile:
@@ -755,10 +756,10 @@ files. 7startstop-objs := start.o stop.o 8 9all: -10 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules +10 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules 11 12clean: -13 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean +13 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean @@ -842,7 +843,7 @@ chapter. version as your current kernel. Then, find the configuration file which was used to compile your precompiled kernel. Usually, this is available in your current boot directory, under a name like config-5.14.x. You may just want to copy it to your kernel source -tree:
cp /boot/config-`uname -r` .config
+tree: cp /boot/config-`uname -r` .config
.
Let’s focus again on the previous error message: a closer look at the version magic
strings suggests that, even with two configuration files which are exactly the same, a
@@ -870,8 +871,8 @@ EXTRAVERSION = -rc2
available in /lib/modules/5.14.0-rc2/build. A simple command as following
should suffice.
- 1cp /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build/Makefile linux-`uname -r`
-Here linux-`uname -r`
+ 1cp /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build/Makefile linux-`uname -r`
+Here linux-`uname -r`
is the Linux kernel source you are attempting to build.
Now, please run make
to update configuration and version headers and objects:
@@ -968,12 +969,12 @@ data into strings and write the string data using the low-level system call
? It is easy! Compile the following program:
- 1#include <stdio.h>
+ 1#include <stdio.h>
2
-3int main(void)
+3int main(void)
4{
-5 printf("hello");
-6 return 0;
+5 printf("hello");
+6 return 0;
7}
with gcc -Wall -o hello hello.c
. Run the executable with strace ./hello
@@ -982,7 +983,7 @@ handy program that gives you details about what system calls a program is
making, including which call is made, what its arguments are and what it
returns. It is an invaluable tool for figuring out things like what files a program
is trying to access. Towards the end, you will see a line which looks like
- write(1, "hello", 5hello)
+ write(1, "hello", 5hello)
. There it is. The face behind the printf()
mask. You may not be familiar with write, since most people use library functions for file
I/O (like fopen
@@ -1194,43 +1195,43 @@ device. The file_operations
Here is what the definition looks like for kernel 5.4:
- 1struct file_operations {
-2 struct module *owner;
-3 loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int);
-4 ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
-5 ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
-6 ssize_t (*read_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *);
-7 ssize_t (*write_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *);
-8 int (*iopoll)(struct kiocb *kiocb, bool spin);
-9 int (*iterate) (struct file *, struct dir_context *);
-10 int (*iterate_shared) (struct file *, struct dir_context *);
-11 __poll_t (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *);
-12 long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
-13 long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
-14 int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *);
-15 unsigned long mmap_supported_flags;
-16 int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *);
-17 int (*flush) (struct file *, fl_owner_t id);
-18 int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *);
-19 int (*fsync) (struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int datasync);
-20 int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int);
-21 int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
-22 ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t, loff_t *, int);
-23 unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long);
-24 int (*check_flags)(int);
-25 int (*flock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
-26 ssize_t (*splice_write)(struct pipe_inode_info *, struct file *, loff_t *, size_t, unsigned int);
-27 ssize_t (*splice_read)(struct file *, loff_t *, struct pipe_inode_info *, size_t, unsigned int);
-28 int (*setlease)(struct file *, long, struct file_lock **, void **);
-29 long (*fallocate)(struct file *file, int mode, loff_t offset,
+ 1struct file_operations {
+2 struct module *owner;
+3 loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int);
+4 ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
+5 ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
+6 ssize_t (*read_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *);
+7 ssize_t (*write_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *);
+8 int (*iopoll)(struct kiocb *kiocb, bool spin);
+9 int (*iterate) (struct file *, struct dir_context *);
+10 int (*iterate_shared) (struct file *, struct dir_context *);
+11 __poll_t (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *);
+12 long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
+13 long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
+14 int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *);
+15 unsigned long mmap_supported_flags;
+16 int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *);
+17 int (*flush) (struct file *, fl_owner_t id);
+18 int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *);
+19 int (*fsync) (struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int datasync);
+20 int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int);
+21 int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
+22 ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t, loff_t *, int);
+23 unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long);
+24 int (*check_flags)(int);
+25 int (*flock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
+26 ssize_t (*splice_write)(struct pipe_inode_info *, struct file *, loff_t *, size_t, unsigned int);
+27 ssize_t (*splice_read)(struct file *, loff_t *, struct pipe_inode_info *, size_t, unsigned int);
+28 int (*setlease)(struct file *, long, struct file_lock **, void **);
+29 long (*fallocate)(struct file *file, int mode, loff_t offset,
30 loff_t len);
-31 void (*show_fdinfo)(struct seq_file *m, struct file *f);
-32 ssize_t (*copy_file_range)(struct file *, loff_t, struct file *,
-33 loff_t, size_t, unsigned int);
-34 loff_t (*remap_file_range)(struct file *file_in, loff_t pos_in,
-35 struct file *file_out, loff_t pos_out,
-36 loff_t len, unsigned int remap_flags);
-37 int (*fadvise)(struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int);
+31 void (*show_fdinfo)(struct seq_file *m, struct file *f);
+32 ssize_t (*copy_file_range)(struct file *, loff_t, struct file *,
+33 loff_t, size_t, unsigned int);
+34 loff_t (*remap_file_range)(struct file *file_in, loff_t pos_in,
+35 struct file *file_out, loff_t pos_out,
+36 loff_t len, unsigned int remap_flags);
+37 int (*fadvise)(struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int);
38} __randomize_layout;
Some operations are not implemented by a driver. For example, a driver that handles
a video card will not need to read from a directory structure. The corresponding entries
@@ -1245,7 +1246,7 @@ new way of assigning to the structure looks like:
- 1struct file_operations fops = {
+ 1struct file_operations fops = {
2 read: device_read,
3 write: device_write,
4 open: device_open,
@@ -1257,7 +1258,7 @@ You should use this syntax in case someone wants to port your driver. It will he
with compatibility:
- 1struct file_operations fops = {
+ 1struct file_operations fops = {
2 .read = device_read,
3 .write = device_write,
4 .open = device_open,
@@ -1267,7 +1268,7 @@ with compatibility:
the structure which you do not explicitly assign will be initialized to
NULL
by gcc.
- An instance of struct file_operations
+
An instance of struct file_operations
containing pointers to functions that are used to implement
read
, write
@@ -1284,7 +1285,7 @@ the structure which you do not explicitly assign will be initialized to
Each device is represented in the kernel by a file structure, which is defined
in include/linux/fs.h. Be aware that a file is a kernel level structure and
never appears in a user space program. It is not the same thing as a
- FILE
+ FILE
, which is defined by glibc and would never appear in a kernel space
function. Also, its name is a bit misleading; it represents an abstract open
‘file’, not a file on a disk, which is represented by a structure named
@@ -1316,11 +1317,11 @@ using the register_chrdev
function, defined by include/linux/fs.h.
- 1int register_chrdev(unsigned int major, const char *name, struct file_operations *fops);
+ 1int register_chrdev(unsigned int major, const char *name, struct file_operations *fops);
where unsigned int major is the major number you want to request,
- const char *name
+ const char *name
is the name of the device as it will appear in /proc/devices and
- struct file_operations *fops
+ struct file_operations *fops
is a pointer to the file_operations
table for your driver. A negative return value means the
registration failed. Note that we didn’t pass the minor number to
@@ -1403,162 +1404,160 @@ file.
1cat /proc/devices
(or open the file with a program) and the driver will put the number of times the
device file has been read from into the file. We do not support writing to the file (like
- echo "hi" > /dev/hello
+ echo "hi" > /dev/hello
), but catch these attempts and tell the user that the operation is not supported.
Don’t worry if you don’t see what we do with the data we read into the buffer; we
don’t do much with it. We simply read in the data and print a message
acknowledging that we received it.
- 1/*
-2 * chardev.c: Creates a read-only char device that says how many times
-3 * you have read from the dev file
-4 */
+ 1/*
+2 * chardev.c: Creates a read-only char device that says how many times
+3 * you have read from the dev file
+4 */
5
-6#include <linux/cdev.h>
-7#include <linux/delay.h>
-8#include <linux/device.h>
-9#include <linux/fs.h>
-10#include <linux/init.h>
-11#include <linux/irq.h>
-12#include <linux/kernel.h>
-13#include <linux/module.h>
-14#include <linux/poll.h>
+6#include <linux/cdev.h>
+7#include <linux/delay.h>
+8#include <linux/device.h>
+9#include <linux/fs.h>
+10#include <linux/init.h>
+11#include <linux/irq.h>
+12#include <linux/kernel.h>
+13#include <linux/module.h>
+14#include <linux/poll.h>
15
-16/* Prototypes - this would normally go in a .h file */
-17static int device_open(struct inode *, struct file *);
-18static int device_release(struct inode *, struct file *);
-19static ssize_t device_read(struct file *, char *, size_t, loff_t *);
-20static ssize_t device_write(struct file *, const char *, size_t, loff_t *);
+16/* Prototypes - this would normally go in a .h file */
+17static int device_open(struct inode *, struct file *);
+18static int device_release(struct inode *, struct file *);
+19static ssize_t device_read(struct file *, char *, size_t, loff_t *);
+20static ssize_t device_write(struct file *, const char *, size_t, loff_t *);
21
-22#define SUCCESS 0
-23#define DEVICE_NAME "chardev" /* Dev name as it appears in /proc/devices */
-24#define BUF_LEN 80 /* Max length of the message from the device */
+22#define SUCCESS 0
+23#define DEVICE_NAME "chardev" /* Dev name as it appears in /proc/devices */
+24#define BUF_LEN 80 /* Max length of the message from the device */
25
-26/* Global variables are declared as static, so are global within the file. */
+26/* Global variables are declared as static, so are global within the file. */
27
-28static int major; /* major number assigned to our device driver */
-29static int open_device_cnt = 0; /* Is device open?
-30 * Used to prevent multiple access to device */
-31static char msg[BUF_LEN]; /* The msg the device will give when asked */
-32static char *msg_ptr;
+28static int major; /* major number assigned to our device driver */
+29static int open_device_cnt = 0; /* Is device open?
+30 * Used to prevent multiple access to device */
+31static char msg[BUF_LEN]; /* The msg the device will give when asked */
+32static char *msg_ptr;
33
-34static struct class *cls;
+34static struct class *cls;
35
-36static struct file_operations chardev_fops = {
+36static struct file_operations chardev_fops = {
37 .read = device_read,
38 .write = device_write,
39 .open = device_open,
40 .release = device_release,
41};
42
-43static int __init chardev_init(void)
+43static int __init chardev_init(void)
44{
45 major = register_chrdev(0, DEVICE_NAME, &chardev_fops);
46
-47 if (major < 0) {
-48 pr_alert("Registering char device failed with %d\n", major);
-49 return major;
+47 if (major < 0) {
+48 pr_alert("Registering char device failed with %d\n", major);
+49 return major;
50 }
51
-52 pr_info("I was assigned major number %d.\n", major);
+52 pr_info("I was assigned major number %d.\n", major);
53
54 cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_NAME);
55 device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(major, 0), NULL, DEVICE_NAME);
56
-57 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME);
+57 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME);
58
-59 return SUCCESS;
+59 return SUCCESS;
60}
61
-62static void __exit chardev_exit(void)
+62static void __exit chardev_exit(void)
63{
64 device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(major, 0));
65 class_destroy(cls);
66
-67 /* Unregister the device */
+67 /* Unregister the device */
68 unregister_chrdev(major, DEVICE_NAME);
69}
70
-71/* Methods */
+71/* Methods */
72
-73/* Called when a process tries to open the device file, like
-74 * "sudo cat /dev/chardev"
-75 */
-76static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
+73/* Called when a process tries to open the device file, like
+74 * "sudo cat /dev/chardev"
+75 */
+76static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
77{
-78 static int counter = 0;
+78 static int counter = 0;
79
-80 if (open_device_cnt)
-81 return -EBUSY;
+80 if (open_device_cnt)
+81 return -EBUSY;
82
83 open_device_cnt++;
-84 sprintf(msg, "I already told you %d times Hello world!\n", counter++);
+84 sprintf(msg, "I already told you %d times Hello world!\n", counter++);
85 msg_ptr = msg;
86 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE);
87
-88 return SUCCESS;
+88 return SUCCESS;
89}
90
-91/* Called when a process closes the device file. */
-92static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
+91/* Called when a process closes the device file. */
+92static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
93{
-94 open_device_cnt--; /* We're now ready for our next caller */
+94 open_device_cnt--; /* We're now ready for our next caller */
95
-96 /* Decrement the usage count, or else once you opened the file, you will
-97 * never get get rid of the module.
-98 */
+96 /* Decrement the usage count, or else once you opened the file, you will
+97 * never get get rid of the module.
+98 */
99 module_put(THIS_MODULE);
100
-101 return SUCCESS;
+101 return SUCCESS;
102}
103
-104/* Called when a process, which already opened the dev file, attempts to
-105 * read from it.
-106 */
-107static ssize_t device_read(struct file *filp, /* see include/linux/fs.h */
-108 char *buffer, /* buffer to fill with data */
-109 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */
+104/* Called when a process, which already opened the dev file, attempts to
+105 * read from it.
+106 */
+107static ssize_t device_read(struct file *filp, /* see include/linux/fs.h */
+108 char *buffer, /* buffer to fill with data */
+109 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */
110 loff_t *offset)
111{
-112 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */
-113 int bytes_read = 0;
+112 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */
+113 int bytes_read = 0;
114
-115 /* If we are at the end of message, return 0 signifying end of file. */
-116 if (*msg_ptr == 0)
-117 return 0;
+115 /* If we are at the end of message, return 0 signifying end of file. */
+116 if (*msg_ptr == 0)
+117 return 0;
118
-119 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */
-120 while (length && *msg_ptr) {
-121 /* The buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel
-122 * segment so "*" assignment won't work. We have to use
-123 * put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to
-124 * the user data segment.
-125 */
+119 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */
+120 while (length && *msg_ptr) {
+121 /* The buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel
+122 * segment so "*" assignment won't work. We have to use
+123 * put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to
+124 * the user data segment.
+125 */
126 put_user(*(msg_ptr++), buffer++);
127
128 length--;
129 bytes_read++;
130 }
131
-132 /* Most read functions return the number of bytes put into the buffer. */
-133 return bytes_read;
+132 /* Most read functions return the number of bytes put into the buffer. */
+133 return bytes_read;
134}
135
-136/* Called when a process writes to dev file: echo "hi" > /dev/hello */
-137static ssize_t device_write(struct file *filp,
-138 const char *buff,
-139 size_t len,
-140 loff_t *off)
-141{
-142 pr_alert("Sorry, this operation is not supported.\n");
-143 return -EINVAL;
-144}
-145
-146module_init(chardev_init);
-147module_exit(chardev_exit);
-148
-149MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+136/* Called when a process writes to dev file: echo "hi" > /dev/hello */
+137static ssize_t device_write(struct file *filp, const char *buff, size_t len,
+138 loff_t *off)
+139{
+140 pr_alert("Sorry, this operation is not supported.\n");
+141 return -EINVAL;
+142}
+143
+144module_init(chardev_init);
+145module_exit(chardev_exit);
+146
+147MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
6.6 Writing Modules for Multiple Kernel Versions
@@ -1619,7 +1618,7 @@ function procfile_read
.
The /proc/helloworld is created when the module is loaded with the function
proc_create
-. The return value is a struct proc_dir_entry
+. The return value is a struct proc_dir_entry
, and it will be used to configure the file /proc/helloworld (for example, the owner
of this file). A null return value means that the creation has failed.
Every time the file /proc/helloworld is read, the function
@@ -1642,78 +1641,75 @@ HelloWorld!
- 1/*
-2 * procfs1.c
-3 */
+ 1/*
+2 * procfs1.c
+3 */
4
-5#include <linux/kernel.h>
-6#include <linux/module.h>
-7#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
-8#include <linux/uaccess.h>
-9#include <linux/version.h>
+5#include <linux/kernel.h>
+6#include <linux/module.h>
+7#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
+8#include <linux/uaccess.h>
+9#include <linux/version.h>
10
-11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0)
-12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS
-13#endif
+11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0)
+12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS
+13#endif
14
-15#define procfs_name "helloworld"
+15#define procfs_name "helloworld"
16
-17struct proc_dir_entry *Our_Proc_File;
+17struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file;
18
-19
-20ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *filePointer,
-21 char *buffer,
-22 size_t buffer_length,
-23 loff_t *offset)
-24{
-25 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n";
-26 int len = sizeof(s);
-27 ssize_t ret = len;
-28
-29 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) {
-30 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n");
-31 ret = 0;
-32 } else {
-33 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", filePointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name);
-34 *offset += len;
-35 }
+19ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *filePointer, char *buffer,
+20 size_t buffer_length, loff_t *offset)
+21{
+22 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n";
+23 int len = sizeof(s);
+24 ssize_t ret = len;
+25
+26 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) {
+27 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n");
+28 ret = 0;
+29 } else {
+30 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", filePointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name);
+31 *offset += len;
+32 }
+33
+34 return ret;
+35}
36
-37 return ret;
-38}
-39
-40#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS
-41static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = {
-42 .proc_read = procfile_read,
-43};
-44#else
-45static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = {
-46 .read = procfile_read,
-47};
-48#endif
-49
-50static int __init procfs1_init(void)
-51{
-52 Our_Proc_File = proc_create(procfs_name, 0644, NULL, &proc_file_fops);
-53 if (NULL == Our_Proc_File) {
-54 proc_remove(Our_Proc_File);
-55 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", procfs_name);
-56 return -ENOMEM;
-57 }
-58
-59 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", procfs_name);
-60 return 0;
-61}
-62
-63static void __exit procfs1_exit(void)
-64{
-65 proc_remove(Our_Proc_File);
-66 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", procfs_name);
-67}
+37#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS
+38static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = {
+39 .proc_read = procfile_read,
+40};
+41#else
+42static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = {
+43 .read = procfile_read,
+44};
+45#endif
+46
+47static int __init procfs1_init(void)
+48{
+49 our_proc_file = proc_create(procfs_name, 0644, NULL, &proc_file_fops);
+50 if (NULL == our_proc_file) {
+51 proc_remove(our_proc_file);
+52 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", procfs_name);
+53 return -ENOMEM;
+54 }
+55
+56 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", procfs_name);
+57 return 0;
+58}
+59
+60static void __exit procfs1_exit(void)
+61{
+62 proc_remove(our_proc_file);
+63 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", procfs_name);
+64}
+65
+66module_init(procfs1_init);
+67module_exit(procfs1_exit);
68
-69module_init(procfs1_init);
-70module_exit(procfs1_exit);
-71
-72MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+69MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
7.1 The proc_ops Structure
@@ -1769,105 +1765,101 @@ need to import data because it comes from user space, but not for the read funct
because data is already in kernel space.
- 1/*
-2 * procfs2.c - create a "file" in /proc
-3 */
+ 1/*
+2 * procfs2.c - create a "file" in /proc
+3 */
4
-5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */
-6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */
-7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use the proc fs */
-8#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for copy_from_user */
-9#include <linux/version.h>
+5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */
+6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */
+7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use the proc fs */
+8#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for copy_from_user */
+9#include <linux/version.h>
10
-11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0)
-12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS
-13#endif
+11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0)
+12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS
+13#endif
14
-15#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 1024
-16#define PROCFS_NAME "buffer1k"
+15#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 1024
+16#define PROCFS_NAME "buffer1k"
17
-18/* This structure hold information about the /proc file */
-19static struct proc_dir_entry *Our_Proc_File;
+18/* This structure hold information about the /proc file */
+19static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file;
20
-21/* The buffer used to store character for this module */
-22static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE];
+21/* The buffer used to store character for this module */
+22static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE];
23
-24/* The size of the buffer */
-25static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0;
+24/* The size of the buffer */
+25static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0;
26
-27/* This function is called then the /proc file is read */
-28ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *filePointer,
-29 char *buffer,
-30 size_t buffer_length,
-31 loff_t *offset)
-32{
-33 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n";
-34 int len = sizeof(s);
-35 ssize_t ret = len;
-36
-37 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) {
-38 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n");
-39 ret = 0;
-40 } else {
-41 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", filePointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name);
-42 *offset += len;
-43 }
-44
-45 return ret;
-46}
-47
-48/* This function is called with the /proc file is written. */
-49static ssize_t procfile_write(struct file *file,
-50 const char *buff,
-51 size_t len,
-52 loff_t *off)
-53{
-54 procfs_buffer_size = len;
-55 if (procfs_buffer_size > PROCFS_MAX_SIZE)
-56 procfs_buffer_size = PROCFS_MAX_SIZE;
-57
-58 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buff, procfs_buffer_size))
-59 return -EFAULT;
+27/* This function is called then the /proc file is read */
+28ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *filePointer, char *buffer,
+29 size_t buffer_length, loff_t *offset)
+30{
+31 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n";
+32 int len = sizeof(s);
+33 ssize_t ret = len;
+34
+35 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) {
+36 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n");
+37 ret = 0;
+38 } else {
+39 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", filePointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name);
+40 *offset += len;
+41 }
+42
+43 return ret;
+44}
+45
+46/* This function is called with the /proc file is written. */
+47static ssize_t procfile_write(struct file *file, const char *buff, size_t len,
+48 loff_t *off)
+49{
+50 procfs_buffer_size = len;
+51 if (procfs_buffer_size > PROCFS_MAX_SIZE)
+52 procfs_buffer_size = PROCFS_MAX_SIZE;
+53
+54 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buff, procfs_buffer_size))
+55 return -EFAULT;
+56
+57 procfs_buffer[procfs_buffer_size] = '\0';
+58 return procfs_buffer_size;
+59}
60
-61 procfs_buffer[procfs_buffer_size] = '\0';
-62 return procfs_buffer_size;
-63}
-64
-65#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS
-66static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = {
-67 .proc_read = procfile_read,
-68 .proc_write = procfile_write,
-69};
-70#else
-71static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = {
-72 .read = procfile_read,
-73 .write = procfile_write,
-74};
-75#endif
-76
-77static int __init procfs2_init(void)
-78{
-79 Our_Proc_File = proc_create(PROCFS_NAME, 0644, NULL, &proc_file_fops);
-80 if (NULL == Our_Proc_File) {
-81 proc_remove(Our_Proc_File);
-82 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROCFS_NAME);
-83 return -ENOMEM;
-84 }
+61#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS
+62static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = {
+63 .proc_read = procfile_read,
+64 .proc_write = procfile_write,
+65};
+66#else
+67static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = {
+68 .read = procfile_read,
+69 .write = procfile_write,
+70};
+71#endif
+72
+73static int __init procfs2_init(void)
+74{
+75 our_proc_file = proc_create(PROCFS_NAME, 0644, NULL, &proc_file_fops);
+76 if (NULL == our_proc_file) {
+77 proc_remove(our_proc_file);
+78 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROCFS_NAME);
+79 return -ENOMEM;
+80 }
+81
+82 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_NAME);
+83 return 0;
+84}
85
-86 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_NAME);
-87 return 0;
-88}
-89
-90static void __exit procfs2_exit(void)
-91{
-92 proc_remove(Our_Proc_File);
-93 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_NAME);
-94}
-95
-96module_init(procfs2_init);
-97module_exit(procfs2_exit);
-98
-99MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+86static void __exit procfs2_exit(void)
+87{
+88 proc_remove(our_proc_file);
+89 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_NAME);
+90}
+91
+92module_init(procfs2_init);
+93module_exit(procfs2_exit);
+94
+95MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
7.3 Manage /proc file with standard filesystem
@@ -1877,20 +1869,20 @@ functions, like permissions.
In Linux, there is a standard mechanism for file system registration.
Since every file system has to have its own functions to handle inode and file
operations, there is a special structure to hold pointers to all those functions,
- struct inode_operations
-, which includes a pointer to struct proc_ops
+ struct inode_operations
+, which includes a pointer to struct proc_ops
.
The difference between file and inode operations is that file operations deal with
the file itself whereas inode operations deal with ways of referencing the file, such as
creating links to it.
In /proc, whenever we register a new file, we’re allowed to specify which
- struct inode_operations
+ struct inode_operations
will be used to access to it. This is the mechanism we use, a
- struct inode_operations
+ struct inode_operations
- which includes a pointer to a struct proc_ops
+ which includes a pointer to a struct proc_ops
which includes pointers to our procf_read
and procfs_write
functions.
@@ -1911,113 +1903,113 @@ if a process writes something to the kernel, then the kernel receives it as
input.
- 1/*
-2 * procfs3.c
-3 */
+ 1/*
+2 * procfs3.c
+3 */
4
-5#include <linux/kernel.h>
-6#include <linux/module.h>
-7#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
-8#include <linux/sched.h>
-9#include <linux/uaccess.h>
-10#include <linux/version.h>
+5#include <linux/kernel.h>
+6#include <linux/module.h>
+7#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
+8#include <linux/sched.h>
+9#include <linux/uaccess.h>
+10#include <linux/version.h>
11
-12#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0)
-13#define HAVE_PROC_OPS
-14#endif
+12#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0)
+13#define HAVE_PROC_OPS
+14#endif
15
-16#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 2048
-17#define PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME "buffer2k"
+16#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 2048
+17#define PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME "buffer2k"
18
-19struct proc_dir_entry *Our_Proc_File;
-20static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE];
-21static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0;
+19struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file;
+20static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE];
+21static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0;
22
-23static ssize_t procfs_read(struct file *filp,
-24 char *buffer,
-25 size_t length,
-26 loff_t *offset)
-27{
-28 static int finished = 0;
-29 if (finished) {
-30 pr_debug("procfs_read: END\n");
-31 finished = 0;
-32 return 0;
-33 }
-34 finished = 1;
-35 if (copy_to_user(buffer, procfs_buffer, procfs_buffer_size))
-36 return -EFAULT;
-37 pr_debug("procfs_read: read %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size);
-38 return procfs_buffer_size;
-39}
-40static ssize_t procfs_write(struct file *file,
-41 const char *buffer,
-42 size_t len,
-43 loff_t *off)
-44{
-45 if (len > PROCFS_MAX_SIZE)
-46 procfs_buffer_size = PROCFS_MAX_SIZE;
-47 else
-48 procfs_buffer_size = len;
-49 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buffer, procfs_buffer_size))
-50 return -EFAULT;
-51 pr_debug("procfs_write: write %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size);
-52 return procfs_buffer_size;
+23static ssize_t procfs_read(struct file *filp, char *buffer, size_t length,
+24 loff_t *offset)
+25{
+26 static int finished = 0;
+27
+28 if (finished) {
+29 pr_debug("procfs_read: END\n");
+30 finished = 0;
+31 return 0;
+32 }
+33 finished = 1;
+34
+35 if (copy_to_user(buffer, procfs_buffer, procfs_buffer_size))
+36 return -EFAULT;
+37
+38 pr_debug("procfs_read: read %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size);
+39 return procfs_buffer_size;
+40}
+41static ssize_t procfs_write(struct file *file, const char *buffer, size_t len,
+42 loff_t *off)
+43{
+44 if (len > PROCFS_MAX_SIZE)
+45 procfs_buffer_size = PROCFS_MAX_SIZE;
+46 else
+47 procfs_buffer_size = len;
+48 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buffer, procfs_buffer_size))
+49 return -EFAULT;
+50
+51 pr_debug("procfs_write: write %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size);
+52 return procfs_buffer_size;
53}
-54int procfs_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
+54int procfs_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
55{
56 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE);
-57 return 0;
+57 return 0;
58}
-59int procfs_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
+59int procfs_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
60{
61 module_put(THIS_MODULE);
-62 return 0;
+62 return 0;
63}
64
-65#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS
-66static struct proc_ops File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File = {
+65#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS
+66static struct proc_ops file_ops_4_our_proc_file = {
67 .proc_read = procfs_read,
68 .proc_write = procfs_write,
69 .proc_open = procfs_open,
70 .proc_release = procfs_close,
71};
-72#else
-73static const struct file_operations File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File = {
+72#else
+73static const struct file_operations file_ops_4_our_proc_file = {
74 .read = procfs_read,
75 .write = procfs_write,
76 .open = procfs_open,
77 .release = procfs_close,
78};
-79#endif
+79#endif
80
-81static int __init procfs3_init(void)
+81static int __init procfs3_init(void)
82{
-83 Our_Proc_File = proc_create(PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME, 0644, NULL,
-84 &File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File);
-85 if (Our_Proc_File == NULL) {
+83 our_proc_file = proc_create(PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME, 0644, NULL,
+84 &file_ops_4_our_proc_file);
+85 if (our_proc_file == NULL) {
86 remove_proc_entry(PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL);
-87 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n",
+87 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n",
88 PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME);
-89 return -ENOMEM;
+89 return -ENOMEM;
90 }
-91 proc_set_size(Our_Proc_File, 80);
-92 proc_set_user(Our_Proc_File, GLOBAL_ROOT_UID, GLOBAL_ROOT_GID);
+91 proc_set_size(our_proc_file, 80);
+92 proc_set_user(our_proc_file, GLOBAL_ROOT_UID, GLOBAL_ROOT_GID);
93
-94 pr_debug("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME);
-95 return 0;
+94 pr_debug("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME);
+95 return 0;
96}
97
-98static void __exit procfs3_exit(void)
+98static void __exit procfs3_exit(void)
99{
100 remove_proc_entry(PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL);
-101 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME);
+101 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME);
102}
103
104module_init(procfs3_init);
105module_exit(procfs3_exit);
106
-107MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+107MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
Still hungry for procfs examples? Well, first of all keep in mind, there are rumors
around, claiming that procfs is on its way out, consider using sysfs instead. Consider
using this mechanism, in case you want to document something kernel related
@@ -2082,123 +2074,124 @@ of function stop()
, and some others. But nothing to write in the /proc file. Of course, you can still use
the same way as in the previous example.
- 1/*
-2 * procfs4.c - create a "file" in /proc
-3 * This program uses the seq_file library to manage the /proc file.
-4 */
+ 1/*
+2 * procfs4.c - create a "file" in /proc
+3 * This program uses the seq_file library to manage the /proc file.
+4 */
5
-6#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */
-7#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */
-8#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */
-9#include <linux/seq_file.h> /* for seq_file */
-10#include <linux/version.h>
+6#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */
+7#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */
+8#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */
+9#include <linux/seq_file.h> /* for seq_file */
+10#include <linux/version.h>
11
-12#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0)
-13#define HAVE_PROC_OPS
-14#endif
+12#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0)
+13#define HAVE_PROC_OPS
+14#endif
15
-16#define PROC_NAME "iter"
+16#define PROC_NAME "iter"
17
-18/* This function is called at the beginning of a sequence.
-19 * ie, when:
-20 * - the /proc file is read (first time)
-21 * - after the function stop (end of sequence)
-22 */
-23static void *my_seq_start(struct seq_file *s, loff_t *pos)
+18/* This function is called at the beginning of a sequence.
+19 * ie, when:
+20 * - the /proc file is read (first time)
+21 * - after the function stop (end of sequence)
+22 */
+23static void *my_seq_start(struct seq_file *s, loff_t *pos)
24{
-25 static unsigned long counter = 0;
+25 static unsigned long counter = 0;
26
-27 /* beginning a new sequence? */
-28 if (*pos == 0) {
-29 /* yes => return a non null value to begin the sequence */
-30 return &counter;
+27 /* beginning a new sequence? */
+28 if (*pos == 0) {
+29 /* yes => return a non null value to begin the sequence */
+30 return &counter;
31 }
-32 /* no => it is the end of the sequence, return end to stop reading */
-33 *pos = 0;
-34 return NULL;
-35}
-36
-37/* This function is called after the beginning of a sequence.
-38 * It is called untill the return is NULL (this ends the sequence).
-39 */
-40static void *my_seq_next(struct seq_file *s, void *v, loff_t *pos)
-41{
-42 unsigned long *tmp_v = (unsigned long *) v;
-43 (*tmp_v)++;
-44 (*pos)++;
-45 return NULL;
-46}
-47
-48/* This function is called at the end of a sequence. */
-49static void my_seq_stop(struct seq_file *s, void *v)
-50{
-51 /* nothing to do, we use a static value in start() */
-52}
-53
-54/* This function is called for each "step" of a sequence. */
-55static int my_seq_show(struct seq_file *s, void *v)
-56{
-57 loff_t *spos = (loff_t *) v;
-58
-59 seq_printf(s, "%Ld\n", *spos);
-60 return 0;
-61}
-62
-63/* This structure gather "function" to manage the sequence */
-64static struct seq_operations my_seq_ops = {
-65 .start = my_seq_start,
-66 .next = my_seq_next,
-67 .stop = my_seq_stop,
-68 .show = my_seq_show,
-69};
-70
-71/* This function is called when the /proc file is open. */
-72static int my_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
-73{
-74 return seq_open(file, &my_seq_ops);
-75};
-76
-77/* This structure gather "function" that manage the /proc file */
-78#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS
-79static const struct proc_ops my_file_ops = {
-80 .proc_open = my_open,
-81 .proc_read = seq_read,
-82 .proc_lseek = seq_lseek,
-83 .proc_release = seq_release,
-84};
-85#else
-86static const struct file_operations my_file_ops = {
-87 .open = my_open,
-88 .read = seq_read,
-89 .llseek = seq_lseek,
-90 .release = seq_release,
-91};
-92#endif
-93
-94static int __init procfs4_init(void)
-95{
-96 struct proc_dir_entry *entry;
-97
-98 entry = proc_create(PROC_NAME, 0, NULL, &my_file_ops);
-99 if (entry == NULL) {
-100 remove_proc_entry(PROC_NAME, NULL);
-101 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_NAME);
-102 return -ENOMEM;
-103 }
-104
-105 return 0;
-106}
-107
-108static void __exit procfs4_exit(void)
-109{
-110 remove_proc_entry(PROC_NAME, NULL);
-111 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_NAME);
-112}
-113
-114module_init(procfs4_init);
-115module_exit(procfs4_exit);
-116
-117MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+32
+33 /* no => it is the end of the sequence, return end to stop reading */
+34 *pos = 0;
+35 return NULL;
+36}
+37
+38/* This function is called after the beginning of a sequence.
+39 * It is called untill the return is NULL (this ends the sequence).
+40 */
+41static void *my_seq_next(struct seq_file *s, void *v, loff_t *pos)
+42{
+43 unsigned long *tmp_v = (unsigned long *)v;
+44 (*tmp_v)++;
+45 (*pos)++;
+46 return NULL;
+47}
+48
+49/* This function is called at the end of a sequence. */
+50static void my_seq_stop(struct seq_file *s, void *v)
+51{
+52 /* nothing to do, we use a static value in start() */
+53}
+54
+55/* This function is called for each "step" of a sequence. */
+56static int my_seq_show(struct seq_file *s, void *v)
+57{
+58 loff_t *spos = (loff_t *)v;
+59
+60 seq_printf(s, "%Ld\n", *spos);
+61 return 0;
+62}
+63
+64/* This structure gather "function" to manage the sequence */
+65static struct seq_operations my_seq_ops = {
+66 .start = my_seq_start,
+67 .next = my_seq_next,
+68 .stop = my_seq_stop,
+69 .show = my_seq_show,
+70};
+71
+72/* This function is called when the /proc file is open. */
+73static int my_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
+74{
+75 return seq_open(file, &my_seq_ops);
+76};
+77
+78/* This structure gather "function" that manage the /proc file */
+79#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS
+80static const struct proc_ops my_file_ops = {
+81 .proc_open = my_open,
+82 .proc_read = seq_read,
+83 .proc_lseek = seq_lseek,
+84 .proc_release = seq_release,
+85};
+86#else
+87static const struct file_operations my_file_ops = {
+88 .open = my_open,
+89 .read = seq_read,
+90 .llseek = seq_lseek,
+91 .release = seq_release,
+92};
+93#endif
+94
+95static int __init procfs4_init(void)
+96{
+97 struct proc_dir_entry *entry;
+98
+99 entry = proc_create(PROC_NAME, 0, NULL, &my_file_ops);
+100 if (entry == NULL) {
+101 remove_proc_entry(PROC_NAME, NULL);
+102 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_NAME);
+103 return -ENOMEM;
+104 }
+105
+106 return 0;
+107}
+108
+109static void __exit procfs4_exit(void)
+110{
+111 remove_proc_entry(PROC_NAME, NULL);
+112 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_NAME);
+113}
+114
+115module_init(procfs4_init);
+116module_exit(procfs4_exit);
+117
+118MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
If you want more information, you can read this web page:
@@ -2219,98 +2212,94 @@ under the /
accessible via sysfs is given below.
- 1/*
-2 * hello-sysfs.c sysfs example
-3 */
-4#include <linux/fs.h>
-5#include <linux/init.h>
-6#include <linux/kobject.h>
-7#include <linux/module.h>
-8#include <linux/string.h>
-9#include <linux/sysfs.h>
+ 1/*
+2 * hello-sysfs.c sysfs example
+3 */
+4#include <linux/fs.h>
+5#include <linux/init.h>
+6#include <linux/kobject.h>
+7#include <linux/module.h>
+8#include <linux/string.h>
+9#include <linux/sysfs.h>
10
-11static struct kobject *mymodule;
+11static struct kobject *mymodule;
12
-13/* the variable you want to be able to change */
-14static int myvariable = 0;
+13/* the variable you want to be able to change */
+14static int myvariable = 0;
15
-16static ssize_t myvariable_show(struct kobject *kobj,
-17 struct kobj_attribute *attr,
-18 char *buf)
-19{
-20 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", myvariable);
-21}
-22
-23static ssize_t myvariable_store(struct kobject *kobj,
-24 struct kobj_attribute *attr,
-25 char *buf,
-26 size_t count)
-27{
-28 sscanf(buf, "%du", &myvariable);
-29 return count;
-30}
-31
+16static ssize_t myvariable_show(struct kobject *kobj,
+17 struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf)
+18{
+19 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", myvariable);
+20}
+21
+22static ssize_t myvariable_store(struct kobject *kobj,
+23 struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf,
+24 size_t count)
+25{
+26 sscanf(buf, "%du", &myvariable);
+27 return count;
+28}
+29
+30static struct kobj_attribute myvariable_attribute =
+31 __ATTR(myvariable, 0660, myvariable_show, (void *)myvariable_store);
32
-33static struct kobj_attribute myvariable_attribute =
-34 __ATTR(myvariable, 0660, myvariable_show, (void *) myvariable_store);
-35
-36static int __init mymodule_init(void)
-37{
-38 int error = 0;
-39
-40 pr_info("mymodule: initialised\n");
-41
-42 mymodule = kobject_create_and_add("mymodule", kernel_kobj);
-43 if (!mymodule)
-44 return -ENOMEM;
-45
-46 error = sysfs_create_file(mymodule, &myvariable_attribute.attr);
-47 if (error) {
-48 pr_info(
-49 "failed to create the myvariable file "
-50 "in /sys/kernel/mymodule\n");
-51 }
-52
-53 return error;
-54}
-55
-56static void __exit mymodule_exit(void)
-57{
-58 pr_info("mymodule: Exit success\n");
-59 kobject_put(mymodule);
-60}
-61
-62module_init(mymodule_init);
-63module_exit(mymodule_exit);
-64
-65MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+33static int __init mymodule_init(void)
+34{
+35 int error = 0;
+36
+37 pr_info("mymodule: initialised\n");
+38
+39 mymodule = kobject_create_and_add("mymodule", kernel_kobj);
+40 if (!mymodule)
+41 return -ENOMEM;
+42
+43 error = sysfs_create_file(mymodule, &myvariable_attribute.attr);
+44 if (error) {
+45 pr_info("failed to create the myvariable file "
+46 "in /sys/kernel/mymodule\n");
+47 }
+48
+49 return error;
+50}
+51
+52static void __exit mymodule_exit(void)
+53{
+54 pr_info("mymodule: Exit success\n");
+55 kobject_put(mymodule);
+56}
+57
+58module_init(mymodule_init);
+59module_exit(mymodule_exit);
+60
+61MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
Make and install the module:
- 1make
-2sudo insmod hello-sysfs.ko
+ 1make
+2sudo insmod hello-sysfs.ko
Check that it exists:
- 1sudo lsmod | grep hello_sysfs
+ 1sudo lsmod | grep hello_sysfs
What is the current value of myvariable
?
- 1cat /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariable
+ 1cat /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariable
Set the value of myvariable
and check that it changed.
- 1echo "32" > /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariable
-2cat /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariable
+ 1echo "32" > /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariable
+2cat /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariable
Finally, remove the test module:
- 1sudo rmmod hello_sysfs
+ 1sudo rmmod hello_sysfs
9 Talking To Device Files
@@ -2365,482 +2354,473 @@ get yours, you’ll know something is wrong. For more information, consult the k
source tree at Documentation/userspace-api/ioctl/ioctl-number.rst.
- 1/*
-2 * chardev2.c - Create an input/output character device
-3 */
+ 1/*
+2 * chardev2.c - Create an input/output character device
+3 */
4
-5#include <linux/cdev.h>
-6#include <linux/delay.h>
-7#include <linux/device.h>
-8#include <linux/fs.h>
-9#include <linux/init.h>
-10#include <linux/irq.h>
-11#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */
-12#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */
-13#include <linux/poll.h>
+5#include <linux/cdev.h>
+6#include <linux/delay.h>
+7#include <linux/device.h>
+8#include <linux/fs.h>
+9#include <linux/init.h>
+10#include <linux/irq.h>
+11#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */
+12#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */
+13#include <linux/poll.h>
14
-15#include "chardev.h"
-16#define SUCCESS 0
-17#define DEVICE_NAME "char_dev"
-18#define BUF_LEN 80
+15#include "chardev.h"
+16#define SUCCESS 0
+17#define DEVICE_NAME "char_dev"
+18#define BUF_LEN 80
19
-20/* Is the device open right now? Used to prevent concurrent access into
-21 * the same device
-22 */
-23static int Device_Open = 0;
+20/* Is the device open right now? Used to prevent concurrent access into
+21 * the same device
+22 */
+23static int open_device_cnt = 0;
24
-25/* The message the device will give when asked */
-26static char Message[BUF_LEN];
+25/* The message the device will give when asked */
+26static char message[BUF_LEN];
27
-28/* How far did the process reading the message get? Useful if the message
-29 * is larger than the size of the buffer we get to fill in device_read.
-30 */
-31static char *Message_Ptr;
+28/* How far did the process reading the message get? Useful if the message
+29 * is larger than the size of the buffer we get to fill in device_read.
+30 */
+31static char *message_ptr;
32
-33static struct class *cls;
+33static struct class *cls;
34
-35/* This is called whenever a process attempts to open the device file */
-36static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
+35/* This is called whenever a process attempts to open the device file */
+36static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
37{
-38 pr_info("device_open(%p)\n", file);
+38 pr_info("device_open(%p)\n", file);
39
-40 /* We don't want to talk to two processes at the same time. */
-41 if (Device_Open)
-42 return -EBUSY;
+40 /* We don't want to talk to two processes at the same time. */
+41 if (open_device_cnt)
+42 return -EBUSY;
43
-44 Device_Open++;
-45 /* Initialize the message */
-46 Message_Ptr = Message;
+44 open_device_cnt++;
+45 /* Initialize the message */
+46 message_ptr = message;
47 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE);
-48 return SUCCESS;
+48 return SUCCESS;
49}
50
-51static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
+51static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
52{
-53 pr_info("device_release(%p,%p)\n", inode, file);
+53 pr_info("device_release(%p,%p)\n", inode, file);
54
-55 /* We're now ready for our next caller */
-56 Device_Open--;
+55 /* We're now ready for our next caller */
+56 open_device_cnt--;
57
58 module_put(THIS_MODULE);
-59 return SUCCESS;
+59 return SUCCESS;
60}
61
-62/* This function is called whenever a process which has already opened the
-63 * device file attempts to read from it.
-64 */
-65static ssize_t device_read(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */
-66 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to be filled */
-67 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */
+62/* This function is called whenever a process which has already opened the
+63 * device file attempts to read from it.
+64 */
+65static ssize_t device_read(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */
+66 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to be filled */
+67 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */
68 loff_t *offset)
69{
-70 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */
-71 int bytes_read = 0;
+70 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */
+71 int bytes_read = 0;
72
-73 pr_info("device_read(%p,%p,%ld)\n", file, buffer, length);
+73 pr_info("device_read(%p,%p,%ld)\n", file, buffer, length);
74
-75 /* If at the end of message, return 0 (which signifies end of file). */
-76 if (*Message_Ptr == 0)
-77 return 0;
+75 /* If at the end of message, return 0 (which signifies end of file). */
+76 if (*message_ptr == 0)
+77 return 0;
78
-79 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */
-80 while (length && *Message_Ptr) {
-81 /* Because the buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel
-82 * data segment, assignment would not work. Instead, we have to
-83 * use put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to
-84 * the user data segment.
-85 */
-86 put_user(*(Message_Ptr++), buffer++);
+79 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */
+80 while (length && *message_ptr) {
+81 /* Because the buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel
+82 * data segment, assignment would not work. Instead, we have to
+83 * use put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to
+84 * the user data segment.
+85 */
+86 put_user(*(message_ptr++), buffer++);
87 length--;
88 bytes_read++;
89 }
90
-91 pr_info("Read %d bytes, %ld left\n", bytes_read, length);
+91 pr_info("Read %d bytes, %ld left\n", bytes_read, length);
92
-93 /* Read functions are supposed to return the number of bytes actually
-94 * inserted into the buffer.
-95 */
-96 return bytes_read;
+93 /* Read functions are supposed to return the number of bytes actually
+94 * inserted into the buffer.
+95 */
+96 return bytes_read;
97}
98
-99/* called when somebody tries to write into our device file. */
-100static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file,
-101 const char __user *buffer,
-102 size_t length,
-103 loff_t *offset)
-104{
-105 int i;
+99/* called when somebody tries to write into our device file. */
+100static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer,
+101 size_t length, loff_t *offset)
+102{
+103 int i;
+104
+105 pr_info("device_write(%p,%s,%ld)", file, buffer, length);
106
-107 pr_info("device_write(%p,%s,%ld)", file, buffer, length);
-108
-109 for (i = 0; i < length && i < BUF_LEN; i++)
-110 get_user(Message[i], buffer + i);
+107 for (i = 0; i < length && i < BUF_LEN; i++)
+108 get_user(message[i], buffer + i);
+109
+110 message_ptr = message;
111
-112 Message_Ptr = Message;
-113
-114 /* Again, return the number of input characters used. */
-115 return i;
-116}
-117
-118/* This function is called whenever a process tries to do an ioctl on our
-119 * device file. We get two extra parameters (additional to the inode and file
-120 * structures, which all device functions get): the number of the ioctl called
-121 * and the parameter given to the ioctl function.
-122 *
-123 * If the ioctl is write or read/write (meaning output is returned to the
-124 * calling process), the ioctl call returns the output of this function.
-125 */
-126long device_ioctl(struct file *file, /* ditto */
-127 unsigned int ioctl_num, /* number and param for ioctl */
-128 unsigned long ioctl_param)
-129{
-130 int i;
-131 char *temp;
-132 char ch;
-133
-134 /* Switch according to the ioctl called */
-135 switch (ioctl_num) {
-136 case IOCTL_SET_MSG:
-137 /* Receive a pointer to a message (in user space) and set that to
-138 * be the device's message. Get the parameter given to ioctl by
-139 * the process.
-140 */
-141 temp = (char *) ioctl_param;
-142
-143 /* Find the length of the message */
-144 get_user(ch, temp);
-145 for (i = 0; ch && i < BUF_LEN; i++, temp++)
-146 get_user(ch, temp);
-147
-148 device_write(file, (char *) ioctl_param, i, 0);
-149 break;
-150
-151 case IOCTL_GET_MSG:
-152 /* Give the current message to the calling process - the parameter
-153 * we got is a pointer, fill it.
-154 */
-155 i = device_read(file, (char *) ioctl_param, 99, 0);
-156
-157 /* Put a zero at the end of the buffer, so it will be properly
-158 * terminated.
-159 */
-160 put_user('\0', (char *) ioctl_param + i);
-161 break;
-162
-163 case IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE:
-164 /* This ioctl is both input (ioctl_param) and output (the return
-165 * value of this function).
-166 */
-167 return Message[ioctl_param];
-168 break;
-169 }
-170
-171 return SUCCESS;
-172}
+112 /* Again, return the number of input characters used. */
+113 return i;
+114}
+115
+116/* This function is called whenever a process tries to do an ioctl on our
+117 * device file. We get two extra parameters (additional to the inode and file
+118 * structures, which all device functions get): the number of the ioctl called
+119 * and the parameter given to the ioctl function.
+120 *
+121 * If the ioctl is write or read/write (meaning output is returned to the
+122 * calling process), the ioctl call returns the output of this function.
+123 */
+124long device_ioctl(struct file *file, /* ditto */
+125 unsigned int ioctl_num, /* number and param for ioctl */
+126 unsigned long ioctl_param)
+127{
+128 int i;
+129 char *temp;
+130 char ch;
+131
+132 /* Switch according to the ioctl called */
+133 switch (ioctl_num) {
+134 case IOCTL_SET_MSG:
+135 /* Receive a pointer to a message (in user space) and set that to
+136 * be the device's message. Get the parameter given to ioctl by
+137 * the process.
+138 */
+139 temp = (char *)ioctl_param;
+140
+141 /* Find the length of the message */
+142 get_user(ch, temp);
+143 for (i = 0; ch && i < BUF_LEN; i++, temp++)
+144 get_user(ch, temp);
+145
+146 device_write(file, (char *)ioctl_param, i, 0);
+147 break;
+148
+149 case IOCTL_GET_MSG:
+150 /* Give the current message to the calling process - the parameter
+151 * we got is a pointer, fill it.
+152 */
+153 i = device_read(file, (char *)ioctl_param, 99, 0);
+154
+155 /* Put a zero at the end of the buffer, so it will be properly
+156 * terminated.
+157 */
+158 put_user('\0', (char *)ioctl_param + i);
+159 break;
+160
+161 case IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE:
+162 /* This ioctl is both input (ioctl_param) and output (the return
+163 * value of this function).
+164 */
+165 return message[ioctl_param];
+166 break;
+167 }
+168
+169 return SUCCESS;
+170}
+171
+172/* Module Declarations */
173
-174/* Module Declarations */
-175
-176/* This structure will hold the functions to be called when a process does
-177 * something to the device we created. Since a pointer to this structure
-178 * is kept in the devices table, it can't be local to init_module. NULL is
-179 * for unimplemented functions.
-180 */
-181struct file_operations Fops = {
-182 .read = device_read,
-183 .write = device_write,
-184 .unlocked_ioctl = device_ioctl,
-185 .open = device_open,
-186 .release = device_release, /* a.k.a. close */
-187};
-188
-189/* Initialize the module - Register the character device */
-190static int __init chardev2_init(void)
-191{
-192 /* Register the character device (atleast try) */
-193 int ret_val = register_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME, &Fops);
-194
-195 /* Negative values signify an error */
-196 if (ret_val < 0) {
-197 pr_alert("%s failed with %d\n",
-198 "Sorry, registering the character device ", ret_val);
-199 return ret_val;
-200 }
-201
-202 cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_FILE_NAME);
-203 device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(MAJOR_NUM, 0), NULL, DEVICE_FILE_NAME);
+174/* This structure will hold the functions to be called when a process does
+175 * something to the device we created. Since a pointer to this structure
+176 * is kept in the devices table, it can't be local to init_module. NULL is
+177 * for unimplemented functions.
+178 */
+179struct file_operations fops = {
+180 .read = device_read,
+181 .write = device_write,
+182 .unlocked_ioctl = device_ioctl,
+183 .open = device_open,
+184 .release = device_release, /* a.k.a. close */
+185};
+186
+187/* Initialize the module - Register the character device */
+188static int __init chardev2_init(void)
+189{
+190 /* Register the character device (atleast try) */
+191 int ret_val = register_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME, &fops);
+192
+193 /* Negative values signify an error */
+194 if (ret_val < 0) {
+195 pr_alert("%s failed with %d\n",
+196 "Sorry, registering the character device ", ret_val);
+197 return ret_val;
+198 }
+199
+200 cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_FILE_NAME);
+201 device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(MAJOR_NUM, 0), NULL, DEVICE_FILE_NAME);
+202
+203 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_FILE_NAME);
204
-205 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_FILE_NAME);
-206
-207 return 0;
-208}
-209
-210/* Cleanup - unregister the appropriate file from /proc */
-211static void __exit chardev2_exit(void)
-212{
-213 device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(MAJOR_NUM, 0));
-214 class_destroy(cls);
-215
-216 /* Unregister the device */
-217 unregister_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME);
-218}
-219
-220module_init(chardev2_init);
-221module_exit(chardev2_exit);
-222
-223MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+205 return 0;
+206}
+207
+208/* Cleanup - unregister the appropriate file from /proc */
+209static void __exit chardev2_exit(void)
+210{
+211 device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(MAJOR_NUM, 0));
+212 class_destroy(cls);
+213
+214 /* Unregister the device */
+215 unregister_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME);
+216}
+217
+218module_init(chardev2_init);
+219module_exit(chardev2_exit);
+220
+221MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
- 1/*
-2 * chardev.h - the header file with the ioctl definitions.
-3 *
-4 * The declarations here have to be in a header file, because they need
-5 * to be known both to the kernel module (in chardev.c) and the process
-6 * calling ioctl (ioctl.c).
-7 */
-8
-9#ifndef CHARDEV_H
-10#define CHARDEV_H
-11
-12#include <linux/ioctl.h>
-13
-14/* The major device number. We can not rely on dynamic registration
-15 * any more, because ioctls need to know it.
-16 */
-17#define MAJOR_NUM 100
-18
-19/* Set the message of the device driver */
-20#define IOCTL_SET_MSG _IOW(MAJOR_NUM, 0, char *)
-21/* _IOW means that we are creating an ioctl command number for passing
-22 * information from a user process to the kernel module.
-23 *
-24 * The first arguments, MAJOR_NUM, is the major device number we are using.
-25 *
-26 * The second argument is the number of the command (there could be several
-27 * with different meanings).
-28 *
-29 * The third argument is the type we want to get from the process to the
-30 * kernel.
-31 */
-32
-33/* Get the message of the device driver */
-34#define IOCTL_GET_MSG _IOR(MAJOR_NUM, 1, char *)
-35/* This IOCTL is used for output, to get the message of the device driver.
-36 * However, we still need the buffer to place the message in to be input,
-37 * as it is allocated by the process.
-38 */
-39
-40/* Get the n'th byte of the message */
-41#define IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE _IOWR(MAJOR_NUM, 2, int)
-42/* The IOCTL is used for both input and output. It receives from the user
-43 * a number, n, and returns Message[n].
-44 */
-45
-46/* The name of the device file */
-47#define DEVICE_FILE_NAME "char_dev"
-48
-49#endif
+ 1/*
+2 * chardev.h - the header file with the ioctl definitions.
+3 *
+4 * The declarations here have to be in a header file, because they need
+5 * to be known both to the kernel module (in chardev.c) and the process
+6 * calling ioctl (ioctl.c).
+7 */
+8
+9#ifndef CHARDEV_H
+10#define CHARDEV_H
+11
+12#include <linux/ioctl.h>
+13
+14/* The major device number. We can not rely on dynamic registration
+15 * any more, because ioctls need to know it.
+16 */
+17#define MAJOR_NUM 100
+18
+19/* Set the message of the device driver */
+20#define IOCTL_SET_MSG _IOW(MAJOR_NUM, 0, char *)
+21/* _IOW means that we are creating an ioctl command number for passing
+22 * information from a user process to the kernel module.
+23 *
+24 * The first arguments, MAJOR_NUM, is the major device number we are using.
+25 *
+26 * The second argument is the number of the command (there could be several
+27 * with different meanings).
+28 *
+29 * The third argument is the type we want to get from the process to the
+30 * kernel.
+31 */
+32
+33/* Get the message of the device driver */
+34#define IOCTL_GET_MSG _IOR(MAJOR_NUM, 1, char *)
+35/* This IOCTL is used for output, to get the message of the device driver.
+36 * However, we still need the buffer to place the message in to be input,
+37 * as it is allocated by the process.
+38 */
+39
+40/* Get the n'th byte of the message */
+41#define IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE _IOWR(MAJOR_NUM, 2, int)
+42/* The IOCTL is used for both input and output. It receives from the user
+43 * a number, n, and returns message[n].
+44 */
+45
+46/* The name of the device file */
+47#define DEVICE_FILE_NAME "char_dev"
+48
+49#endif
- 1/*
-2 * ioctl.c
-3 */
-4#include <linux/cdev.h>
-5#include <linux/fs.h>
-6#include <linux/init.h>
-7#include <linux/ioctl.h>
-8#include <linux/module.h>
-9#include <linux/slab.h>
-10#include <linux/uaccess.h>
-11
-12struct ioctl_arg {
-13 unsigned int reg;
-14 unsigned int val;
-15};
-16
-17/* Documentation/ioctl/ioctl-number.txt */
-18#define IOC_MAGIC '\x66'
-19
-20#define IOCTL_VALSET _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 0, struct ioctl_arg)
-21#define IOCTL_VALGET _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 1, struct ioctl_arg)
-22#define IOCTL_VALGET_NUM _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 2, int)
-23#define IOCTL_VALSET_NUM _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 3, int)
-24
-25#define IOCTL_VAL_MAXNR 3
-26#define DRIVER_NAME "ioctltest"
-27
-28static unsigned int test_ioctl_major = 0;
-29static unsigned int num_of_dev = 1;
-30static struct cdev test_ioctl_cdev;
-31static int ioctl_num = 0;
-32
-33struct test_ioctl_data {
-34 unsigned char val;
-35 rwlock_t lock;
-36};
-37
-38static long test_ioctl_ioctl(struct file *filp,
-39 unsigned int cmd,
-40 unsigned long arg)
-41{
-42 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data;
-43 int retval = 0;
-44 unsigned char val;
-45 struct ioctl_arg data;
-46 memset(&data, 0, sizeof(data));
-47
-48 switch (cmd) {
-49 case IOCTL_VALSET:
-50 if (copy_from_user(&data, (int __user *) arg, sizeof(data))) {
-51 retval = -EFAULT;
-52 goto done;
-53 }
-54
-55 pr_alert("IOCTL set val:%x .\n", data.val);
-56 write_lock(&ioctl_data->lock);
-57 ioctl_data->val = data.val;
-58 write_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock);
-59 break;
-60
-61 case IOCTL_VALGET:
-62 read_lock(&ioctl_data->lock);
-63 val = ioctl_data->val;
-64 read_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock);
-65 data.val = val;
-66
-67 if (copy_to_user((int __user *) arg, &data, sizeof(data))) {
-68 retval = -EFAULT;
-69 goto done;
-70 }
-71
-72 break;
-73
-74 case IOCTL_VALGET_NUM:
-75 retval = __put_user(ioctl_num, (int __user *) arg);
-76 break;
-77
-78 case IOCTL_VALSET_NUM:
-79 ioctl_num = arg;
-80 break;
-81
-82 default:
-83 retval = -ENOTTY;
-84 }
-85
-86done:
-87 return retval;
-88}
-89
-90ssize_t test_ioctl_read(struct file *filp,
-91 char __user *buf,
-92 size_t count,
-93 loff_t *f_pos)
-94{
-95 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data;
-96 unsigned char val;
-97 int retval;
-98 int i = 0;
-99 read_lock(&ioctl_data->lock);
-100 val = ioctl_data->val;
-101 read_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock);
-102
-103 for (; i < count; i++) {
-104 if (copy_to_user(&buf[i], &val, 1)) {
-105 retval = -EFAULT;
-106 goto out;
-107 }
-108 }
-109
-110 retval = count;
-111out:
-112 return retval;
-113}
-114
-115static int test_ioctl_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
-116{
-117 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__);
-118
-119 if (filp->private_data) {
-120 kfree(filp->private_data);
-121 filp->private_data = NULL;
-122 }
-123
-124 return 0;
-125}
-126
-127static int test_ioctl_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
-128{
-129 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data;
-130 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__);
-131 ioctl_data = kmalloc(sizeof(struct test_ioctl_data), GFP_KERNEL);
-132
-133 if (ioctl_data == NULL) {
-134 return -ENOMEM;
-135 }
-136
-137 rwlock_init(&ioctl_data->lock);
-138 ioctl_data->val = 0xFF;
-139 filp->private_data = ioctl_data;
-140 return 0;
-141}
-142
-143struct file_operations fops = {
-144 .owner = THIS_MODULE,
-145 .open = test_ioctl_open,
-146 .release = test_ioctl_close,
-147 .read = test_ioctl_read,
-148 .unlocked_ioctl = test_ioctl_ioctl,
-149};
-150
-151static int ioctl_init(void)
-152{
-153 dev_t dev = MKDEV(test_ioctl_major, 0);
-154 int alloc_ret = 0;
-155 int cdev_ret = 0;
-156 alloc_ret = alloc_chrdev_region(&dev, 0, num_of_dev, DRIVER_NAME);
-157
-158 if (alloc_ret) {
-159 goto error;
-160 }
-161
-162 test_ioctl_major = MAJOR(dev);
-163 cdev_init(&test_ioctl_cdev, &fops);
-164 cdev_ret = cdev_add(&test_ioctl_cdev, dev, num_of_dev);
-165
-166 if (cdev_ret) {
-167 goto error;
-168 }
-169
-170 pr_alert("%s driver(major: %d) installed.\n", DRIVER_NAME,
-171 test_ioctl_major);
-172 return 0;
-173error:
-174
-175 if (cdev_ret == 0) {
-176 cdev_del(&test_ioctl_cdev);
-177 }
-178
-179 if (alloc_ret == 0) {
-180 unregister_chrdev_region(dev, num_of_dev);
-181 }
-182
-183 return -1;
-184}
-185
-186static void ioctl_exit(void)
-187{
-188 dev_t dev = MKDEV(test_ioctl_major, 0);
-189 cdev_del(&test_ioctl_cdev);
-190 unregister_chrdev_region(dev, num_of_dev);
-191 pr_alert("%s driver removed.\n", DRIVER_NAME);
-192}
-193
-194module_init(ioctl_init);
-195module_exit(ioctl_exit);
-196
-197MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
-198MODULE_DESCRIPTION("This is test_ioctl module");
+ 1/*
+2 * ioctl.c
+3 */
+4#include <linux/cdev.h>
+5#include <linux/fs.h>
+6#include <linux/init.h>
+7#include <linux/ioctl.h>
+8#include <linux/module.h>
+9#include <linux/slab.h>
+10#include <linux/uaccess.h>
+11
+12struct ioctl_arg {
+13 unsigned int reg;
+14 unsigned int val;
+15};
+16
+17/* Documentation/ioctl/ioctl-number.txt */
+18#define IOC_MAGIC '\x66'
+19
+20#define IOCTL_VALSET _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 0, struct ioctl_arg)
+21#define IOCTL_VALGET _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 1, struct ioctl_arg)
+22#define IOCTL_VALGET_NUM _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 2, int)
+23#define IOCTL_VALSET_NUM _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 3, int)
+24
+25#define IOCTL_VAL_MAXNR 3
+26#define DRIVER_NAME "ioctltest"
+27
+28static unsigned int test_ioctl_major = 0;
+29static unsigned int num_of_dev = 1;
+30static struct cdev test_ioctl_cdev;
+31static int ioctl_num = 0;
+32
+33struct test_ioctl_data {
+34 unsigned char val;
+35 rwlock_t lock;
+36};
+37
+38static long test_ioctl_ioctl(struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd,
+39 unsigned long arg)
+40{
+41 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data;
+42 int retval = 0;
+43 unsigned char val;
+44 struct ioctl_arg data;
+45 memset(&data, 0, sizeof(data));
+46
+47 switch (cmd) {
+48 case IOCTL_VALSET:
+49 if (copy_from_user(&data, (int __user *)arg, sizeof(data))) {
+50 retval = -EFAULT;
+51 goto done;
+52 }
+53
+54 pr_alert("IOCTL set val:%x .\n", data.val);
+55 write_lock(&ioctl_data->lock);
+56 ioctl_data->val = data.val;
+57 write_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock);
+58 break;
+59
+60 case IOCTL_VALGET:
+61 read_lock(&ioctl_data->lock);
+62 val = ioctl_data->val;
+63 read_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock);
+64 data.val = val;
+65
+66 if (copy_to_user((int __user *)arg, &data, sizeof(data))) {
+67 retval = -EFAULT;
+68 goto done;
+69 }
+70
+71 break;
+72
+73 case IOCTL_VALGET_NUM:
+74 retval = __put_user(ioctl_num, (int __user *)arg);
+75 break;
+76
+77 case IOCTL_VALSET_NUM:
+78 ioctl_num = arg;
+79 break;
+80
+81 default:
+82 retval = -ENOTTY;
+83 }
+84
+85done:
+86 return retval;
+87}
+88
+89ssize_t test_ioctl_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buf, size_t count,
+90 loff_t *f_pos)
+91{
+92 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data;
+93 unsigned char val;
+94 int retval;
+95 int i = 0;
+96
+97 read_lock(&ioctl_data->lock);
+98 val = ioctl_data->val;
+99 read_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock);
+100
+101 for (; i < count; i++) {
+102 if (copy_to_user(&buf[i], &val, 1)) {
+103 retval = -EFAULT;
+104 goto out;
+105 }
+106 }
+107
+108 retval = count;
+109out:
+110 return retval;
+111}
+112
+113static int test_ioctl_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
+114{
+115 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__);
+116
+117 if (filp->private_data) {
+118 kfree(filp->private_data);
+119 filp->private_data = NULL;
+120 }
+121
+122 return 0;
+123}
+124
+125static int test_ioctl_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
+126{
+127 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data;
+128
+129 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__);
+130 ioctl_data = kmalloc(sizeof(struct test_ioctl_data), GFP_KERNEL);
+131
+132 if (ioctl_data == NULL)
+133 return -ENOMEM;
+134
+135 rwlock_init(&ioctl_data->lock);
+136 ioctl_data->val = 0xFF;
+137 filp->private_data = ioctl_data;
+138
+139 return 0;
+140}
+141
+142struct file_operations fops = {
+143 .owner = THIS_MODULE,
+144 .open = test_ioctl_open,
+145 .release = test_ioctl_close,
+146 .read = test_ioctl_read,
+147 .unlocked_ioctl = test_ioctl_ioctl,
+148};
+149
+150static int ioctl_init(void)
+151{
+152 dev_t dev = MKDEV(test_ioctl_major, 0);
+153 int alloc_ret = 0;
+154 int cdev_ret = 0;
+155 alloc_ret = alloc_chrdev_region(&dev, 0, num_of_dev, DRIVER_NAME);
+156
+157 if (alloc_ret)
+158 goto error;
+159
+160 test_ioctl_major = MAJOR(dev);
+161 cdev_init(&test_ioctl_cdev, &fops);
+162 cdev_ret = cdev_add(&test_ioctl_cdev, dev, num_of_dev);
+163
+164 if (cdev_ret)
+165 goto error;
+166
+167 pr_alert("%s driver(major: %d) installed.\n", DRIVER_NAME,
+168 test_ioctl_major);
+169 return 0;
+170error:
+171 if (cdev_ret == 0)
+172 cdev_del(&test_ioctl_cdev);
+173 if (alloc_ret == 0)
+174 unregister_chrdev_region(dev, num_of_dev);
+175 return -1;
+176}
+177
+178static void ioctl_exit(void)
+179{
+180 dev_t dev = MKDEV(test_ioctl_major, 0);
+181
+182 cdev_del(&test_ioctl_cdev);
+183 unregister_chrdev_region(dev, num_of_dev);
+184 pr_alert("%s driver removed.\n", DRIVER_NAME);
+185}
+186
+187module_init(ioctl_init);
+188module_exit(ioctl_exit);
+189
+190MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+191MODULE_DESCRIPTION("This is test_ioctl module");
@@ -3107,239 +3087,235 @@ patch and the README. Depending on your kernel version, you might even need to
hand apply the patch.
- 1/*
-2 * syscall.c
-3 *
-4 * System call "stealing" sample.
-5 *
-6 * Disables page protection at a processor level by changing the 16th bit
-7 * in the cr0 register (could be Intel specific).
-8 *
-9 * Based on example by Peter Jay Salzman and
-10 * https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=139406
-11 */
+ 1/*
+2 * syscall.c
+3 *
+4 * System call "stealing" sample.
+5 *
+6 * Disables page protection at a processor level by changing the 16th bit
+7 * in the cr0 register (could be Intel specific).
+8 *
+9 * Based on example by Peter Jay Salzman and
+10 * https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=139406
+11 */
12
-13#include <linux/delay.h>
-14#include <linux/kernel.h>
-15#include <linux/module.h>
-16#include <linux/moduleparam.h> /* which will have params */
-17#include <linux/unistd.h> /* The list of system calls */
-18#include <linux/version.h>
+13#include <linux/delay.h>
+14#include <linux/kernel.h>
+15#include <linux/module.h>
+16#include <linux/moduleparam.h> /* which will have params */
+17#include <linux/unistd.h> /* The list of system calls */
+18#include <linux/version.h>
19
-20/* For the current (process) structure, we need this to know who the
-21 * current user is.
-22 */
-23#include <linux/sched.h>
-24#include <linux/uaccess.h>
+20/* For the current (process) structure, we need this to know who the
+21 * current user is.
+22 */
+23#include <linux/sched.h>
+24#include <linux/uaccess.h>
25
-26
-27/* The way we access "sys_call_table" varies as kernel internal changes.
-28 * - ver <= 5.4 : manual symbol lookup
-29 * - 5.4 < ver < 5.7 : kallsyms_lookup_name
-30 * - 5.7 <= ver : Kprobes or specific kernel module parameter
-31 */
-32
-33/* The in-kernel calls to the ksys_close() syscall were removed in Linux v5.11+.
-34 */
-35#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(5, 7, 0))
-36
-37#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE <= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 4, 0)
-38#define HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE 1
-39#include <linux/syscalls.h> /* For ksys_close() */
-40#else
-41#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For kallsyms_lookup_name */
-42#endif
-43
-44#else
-45
-46#if defined(CONFIG_KPROBES)
-47#define HAVE_KPROBES 1
-48#include <linux/kprobes.h>
-49#else
-50#define HAVE_PARAM 1
-51#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For sprint_symbol */
-52/* The address of the sys_call_table, which can be obtained with looking up
-53 * "/boot/System.map" or "/proc/kallsyms". When the kernel version is v5.7+,
-54 * without CONFIG_KPROBES, you can input the parameter or the module will look
-55 * up all the memory.
-56 */
-57static unsigned long sym = 0;
-58module_param(sym, ulong, 0644);
-59#endif
-60
-61#endif
-62
-63unsigned long **sys_call_table;
-64
-65/* UID we want to spy on - will be filled from the command line. */
-66static int uid;
-67module_param(uid, int, 0644);
-68
-69/* A pointer to the original system call. The reason we keep this, rather
-70 * than call the original function (sys_open), is because somebody else
-71 * might have replaced the system call before us. Note that this is not
-72 * 100% safe, because if another module replaced sys_open before us,
-73 * then when we are inserted, we will call the function in that module -
-74 * and it might be removed before we are.
-75 *
-76 * Another reason for this is that we can not get sys_open.
-77 * It is a static variable, so it is not exported.
-78 */
-79asmlinkage int (*original_call)(const char *, int, int);
-80
-81/* The function we will replace sys_open (the function called when you
-82 * call the open system call) with. To find the exact prototype, with
-83 * the number and type of arguments, we find the original function first
-84 * (it is at fs/open.c).
-85 *
-86 * In theory, this means that we are tied to the current version of the
-87 * kernel. In practice, the system calls almost never change (it would
-88 * wreck havoc and require programs to be recompiled, since the system
-89 * calls are the interface between the kernel and the processes).
-90 */
-91asmlinkage int our_sys_open(const char *filename, int flags, int mode)
-92{
-93 int i = 0;
-94 char ch;
-95
-96 /* Report the file, if relevant */
-97 pr_info("Opened file by %d: ", uid);
-98 do {
-99 get_user(ch, filename + i);
-100 i++;
-101 pr_info("%c", ch);
-102 } while (ch != 0);
-103 pr_info("\n");
-104
-105 /* Call the original sys_open - otherwise, we lose the ability to
-106 * open files.
-107 */
-108 return original_call(filename, flags, mode);
-109}
-110
-111static unsigned long **aquire_sys_call_table(void)
-112{
-113#ifdef HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE
-114 unsigned long int offset = PAGE_OFFSET;
-115 unsigned long **sct;
-116
-117 while (offset < ULLONG_MAX) {
-118 sct = (unsigned long **) offset;
-119
-120 if (sct[__NR_close] == (unsigned long *) ksys_close)
-121 return sct;
-122
-123 offset += sizeof(void *);
-124 }
-125
-126 return NULL;
-127#endif
-128
-129#ifdef HAVE_PARAM
-130 const char sct_name[15] = "sys_call_table";
-131 char symbol[40] = {0};
-132
-133 if (sym == 0) {
-134 pr_alert(
-135 "For Linux v5.7+, Kprobes is the preferable way to get "
-136 "symbol.\n");
-137 pr_info(
-138 "If Kprobes is absent, you have to specify the address of "
-139 "sys_call_table symbol\n");
-140 pr_info(
-141 "by /boot/System.map or /proc/kallsyms, which contains all the "
-142 "symbol addresses, into sym parameter.\n");
-143 return NULL;
-144 }
-145 sprint_symbol(symbol, sym);
-146 if (!strncmp(sct_name, symbol, sizeof(sct_name) - 1))
-147 return (unsigned long **) sym;
-148
-149 return NULL;
-150#endif
-151
-152#ifdef HAVE_KPROBES
-153 unsigned long (*kallsyms_lookup_name)(const char *name);
-154 struct kprobe kp = {
-155 .symbol_name = "kallsyms_lookup_name",
-156 };
-157
-158 if (register_kprobe(&kp) < 0)
-159 return NULL;
-160 kallsyms_lookup_name = (unsigned long (*)(const char *name)) kp.addr;
-161 unregister_kprobe(&kp);
-162#endif
-163
-164 return (unsigned long **) kallsyms_lookup_name("sys_call_table");
-165}
-166
-167#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 3, 0)
-168static inline void __write_cr0(unsigned long cr0)
-169{
-170 asm volatile("mov %0,%%cr0" : "+r"(cr0) : : "memory");
-171}
-172#else
-173#define __write_cr0 write_cr0
-174#endif
-175
-176static void enable_write_protection(void)
-177{
-178 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0();
-179 set_bit(16, &cr0);
-180 __write_cr0(cr0);
-181}
-182
-183static void disable_write_protection(void)
-184{
-185 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0();
-186 clear_bit(16, &cr0);
-187 __write_cr0(cr0);
-188}
-189
-190static int __init syscall_start(void)
-191{
-192 if (!(sys_call_table = aquire_sys_call_table()))
-193 return -1;
-194
-195 disable_write_protection();
-196
-197 /* keep track of the original open function */
-198 original_call = (void *) sys_call_table[__NR_open];
-199
-200 /* use our open function instead */
-201 sys_call_table[__NR_open] = (unsigned long *) our_sys_open;
+26/* The way we access "sys_call_table" varies as kernel internal changes.
+27 * - ver <= 5.4 : manual symbol lookup
+28 * - 5.4 < ver < 5.7 : kallsyms_lookup_name
+29 * - 5.7 <= ver : Kprobes or specific kernel module parameter
+30 */
+31
+32/* The in-kernel calls to the ksys_close() syscall were removed in Linux v5.11+.
+33 */
+34#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(5, 7, 0))
+35
+36#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE <= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 4, 0)
+37#define HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE 1
+38#include <linux/syscalls.h> /* For ksys_close() */
+39#else
+40#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For kallsyms_lookup_name */
+41#endif
+42
+43#else
+44
+45#if defined(CONFIG_KPROBES)
+46#define HAVE_KPROBES 1
+47#include <linux/kprobes.h>
+48#else
+49#define HAVE_PARAM 1
+50#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For sprint_symbol */
+51/* The address of the sys_call_table, which can be obtained with looking up
+52 * "/boot/System.map" or "/proc/kallsyms". When the kernel version is v5.7+,
+53 * without CONFIG_KPROBES, you can input the parameter or the module will look
+54 * up all the memory.
+55 */
+56static unsigned long sym = 0;
+57module_param(sym, ulong, 0644);
+58#endif /* CONFIG_KPROBES */
+59
+60#endif /* Version < v5.7 */
+61
+62unsigned long **sys_call_table;
+63
+64/* UID we want to spy on - will be filled from the command line. */
+65static int uid;
+66module_param(uid, int, 0644);
+67
+68/* A pointer to the original system call. The reason we keep this, rather
+69 * than call the original function (sys_open), is because somebody else
+70 * might have replaced the system call before us. Note that this is not
+71 * 100% safe, because if another module replaced sys_open before us,
+72 * then when we are inserted, we will call the function in that module -
+73 * and it might be removed before we are.
+74 *
+75 * Another reason for this is that we can not get sys_open.
+76 * It is a static variable, so it is not exported.
+77 */
+78asmlinkage int (*original_call)(const char *, int, int);
+79
+80/* The function we will replace sys_open (the function called when you
+81 * call the open system call) with. To find the exact prototype, with
+82 * the number and type of arguments, we find the original function first
+83 * (it is at fs/open.c).
+84 *
+85 * In theory, this means that we are tied to the current version of the
+86 * kernel. In practice, the system calls almost never change (it would
+87 * wreck havoc and require programs to be recompiled, since the system
+88 * calls are the interface between the kernel and the processes).
+89 */
+90asmlinkage int our_sys_open(const char *filename, int flags, int mode)
+91{
+92 int i = 0;
+93 char ch;
+94
+95 /* Report the file, if relevant */
+96 pr_info("Opened file by %d: ", uid);
+97 do {
+98 get_user(ch, filename + i);
+99 i++;
+100 pr_info("%c", ch);
+101 } while (ch != 0);
+102 pr_info("\n");
+103
+104 /* Call the original sys_open - otherwise, we lose the ability to
+105 * open files.
+106 */
+107 return original_call(filename, flags, mode);
+108}
+109
+110static unsigned long **aquire_sys_call_table(void)
+111{
+112#ifdef HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE
+113 unsigned long int offset = PAGE_OFFSET;
+114 unsigned long **sct;
+115
+116 while (offset < ULLONG_MAX) {
+117 sct = (unsigned long **)offset;
+118
+119 if (sct[__NR_close] == (unsigned long *)ksys_close)
+120 return sct;
+121
+122 offset += sizeof(void *);
+123 }
+124
+125 return NULL;
+126#endif
+127
+128#ifdef HAVE_PARAM
+129 const char sct_name[15] = "sys_call_table";
+130 char symbol[40] = { 0 };
+131
+132 if (sym == 0) {
+133 pr_alert("For Linux v5.7+, Kprobes is the preferable way to get "
+134 "symbol.\n");
+135 pr_info("If Kprobes is absent, you have to specify the address of "
+136 "sys_call_table symbol\n");
+137 pr_info("by /boot/System.map or /proc/kallsyms, which contains all the "
+138 "symbol addresses, into sym parameter.\n");
+139 return NULL;
+140 }
+141 sprint_symbol(symbol, sym);
+142 if (!strncmp(sct_name, symbol, sizeof(sct_name) - 1))
+143 return (unsigned long **)sym;
+144
+145 return NULL;
+146#endif
+147
+148#ifdef HAVE_KPROBES
+149 unsigned long (*kallsyms_lookup_name)(const char *name);
+150 struct kprobe kp = {
+151 .symbol_name = "kallsyms_lookup_name",
+152 };
+153
+154 if (register_kprobe(&kp) < 0)
+155 return NULL;
+156 kallsyms_lookup_name = (unsigned long (*)(const char *name))kp.addr;
+157 unregister_kprobe(&kp);
+158#endif
+159
+160 return (unsigned long **)kallsyms_lookup_name("sys_call_table");
+161}
+162
+163#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 3, 0)
+164static inline void __write_cr0(unsigned long cr0)
+165{
+166 asm volatile("mov %0,%%cr0" : "+r"(cr0) : : "memory");
+167}
+168#else
+169#define __write_cr0 write_cr0
+170#endif
+171
+172static void enable_write_protection(void)
+173{
+174 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0();
+175 set_bit(16, &cr0);
+176 __write_cr0(cr0);
+177}
+178
+179static void disable_write_protection(void)
+180{
+181 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0();
+182 clear_bit(16, &cr0);
+183 __write_cr0(cr0);
+184}
+185
+186static int __init syscall_start(void)
+187{
+188 if (!(sys_call_table = aquire_sys_call_table()))
+189 return -1;
+190
+191 disable_write_protection();
+192
+193 /* keep track of the original open function */
+194 original_call = (void *)sys_call_table[__NR_open];
+195
+196 /* use our open function instead */
+197 sys_call_table[__NR_open] = (unsigned long *)our_sys_open;
+198
+199 enable_write_protection();
+200
+201 pr_info("Spying on UID:%d\n", uid);
202
-203 enable_write_protection();
-204
-205 pr_info("Spying on UID:%d\n", uid);
-206
-207 return 0;
-208}
-209
-210static void __exit syscall_end(void)
-211{
-212 if (!sys_call_table)
-213 return;
-214
-215 /* Return the system call back to normal */
-216 if (sys_call_table[__NR_open] != (unsigned long *) our_sys_open) {
-217 pr_alert("Somebody else also played with the ");
-218 pr_alert("open system call\n");
-219 pr_alert("The system may be left in ");
-220 pr_alert("an unstable state.\n");
-221 }
+203 return 0;
+204}
+205
+206static void __exit syscall_end(void)
+207{
+208 if (!sys_call_table)
+209 return;
+210
+211 /* Return the system call back to normal */
+212 if (sys_call_table[__NR_open] != (unsigned long *)our_sys_open) {
+213 pr_alert("Somebody else also played with the ");
+214 pr_alert("open system call\n");
+215 pr_alert("The system may be left in ");
+216 pr_alert("an unstable state.\n");
+217 }
+218
+219 disable_write_protection();
+220 sys_call_table[__NR_open] = (unsigned long *)original_call;
+221 enable_write_protection();
222
-223 disable_write_protection();
-224 sys_call_table[__NR_open] = (unsigned long *) original_call;
-225 enable_write_protection();
-226
-227 msleep(2000);
-228}
-229
-230module_init(syscall_start);
-231module_exit(syscall_end);
-232
-233MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+223 msleep(2000);
+224}
+225
+226module_init(syscall_start);
+227module_exit(syscall_end);
+228
+229MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
11 Blocking Processes and threads
@@ -3444,286 +3420,286 @@ $
- 1/*
-2 * sleep.c - create a /proc file, and if several processes try to open it
-3 * at the same time, put all but one to sleep.
-4 */
+ 1/*
+2 * sleep.c - create a /proc file, and if several processes try to open it
+3 * at the same time, put all but one to sleep.
+4 */
5
-6#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */
-7#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */
-8#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */
-9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For putting processes to sleep and
-10 waking them up */
-11#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */
-12#include <linux/version.h>
+6#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */
+7#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */
+8#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */
+9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For putting processes to sleep and
+10 waking them up */
+11#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */
+12#include <linux/version.h>
13
-14#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0)
-15#define HAVE_PROC_OPS
-16#endif
+14#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0)
+15#define HAVE_PROC_OPS
+16#endif
17
-18/* Here we keep the last message received, to prove that we can process our
-19 * input.
-20 */
-21#define MESSAGE_LENGTH 80
-22static char Message[MESSAGE_LENGTH];
+18/* Here we keep the last message received, to prove that we can process our
+19 * input.
+20 */
+21#define MESSAGE_LENGTH 80
+22static char message[MESSAGE_LENGTH];
23
-24static struct proc_dir_entry *Our_Proc_File;
-25#define PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME "sleep"
+24static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file;
+25#define PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME "sleep"
26
-27/* Since we use the file operations struct, we can't use the special proc
-28 * output provisions - we have to use a standard read function, which is this
-29 * function.
-30 */
-31static ssize_t module_output(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */
-32 char *buf, /* The buffer to put data to
-33 (in the user segment) */
-34 size_t len, /* The length of the buffer */
+27/* Since we use the file operations struct, we can't use the special proc
+28 * output provisions - we have to use a standard read function, which is this
+29 * function.
+30 */
+31static ssize_t module_output(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */
+32 char *buf, /* The buffer to put data to
+33 (in the user segment) */
+34 size_t len, /* The length of the buffer */
35 loff_t *offset)
36{
-37 static int finished = 0;
-38 int i;
-39 char message[MESSAGE_LENGTH + 30];
+37 static int finished = 0;
+38 int i;
+39 char output_msg[MESSAGE_LENGTH + 30];
40
-41 /* Return 0 to signify end of file - that we have nothing more to say
-42 * at this point.
-43 */
-44 if (finished) {
+41 /* Return 0 to signify end of file - that we have nothing more to say
+42 * at this point.
+43 */
+44 if (finished) {
45 finished = 0;
-46 return 0;
+46 return 0;
47 }
48
-49 sprintf(message, "Last input:%s\n", Message);
-50 for (i = 0; i < len && message[i]; i++)
-51 put_user(message[i], buf + i);
+49 sprintf(output_msg, "Last input:%s\n", message);
+50 for (i = 0; i < len && output_msg[i]; i++)
+51 put_user(output_msg[i], buf + i);
52
53 finished = 1;
-54 return i; /* Return the number of bytes "read" */
+54 return i; /* Return the number of bytes "read" */
55}
56
-57/* This function receives input from the user when the user writes to the
-58 * /proc file.
-59 */
-60static ssize_t module_input(struct file *file, /* The file itself */
-61 const char *buf, /* The buffer with input */
-62 size_t length, /* The buffer's length */
-63 loff_t *offset) /* offset to file - ignore */
+57/* This function receives input from the user when the user writes to the
+58 * /proc file.
+59 */
+60static ssize_t module_input(struct file *file, /* The file itself */
+61 const char *buf, /* The buffer with input */
+62 size_t length, /* The buffer's length */
+63 loff_t *offset) /* offset to file - ignore */
64{
-65 int i;
+65 int i;
66
-67 /* Put the input into Message, where module_output will later be able
-68 * to use it.
-69 */
-70 for (i = 0; i < MESSAGE_LENGTH - 1 && i < length; i++)
-71 get_user(Message[i], buf + i);
-72 /* we want a standard, zero terminated string */
-73 Message[i] = '\0';
+67 /* Put the input into Message, where module_output will later be able
+68 * to use it.
+69 */
+70 for (i = 0; i < MESSAGE_LENGTH - 1 && i < length; i++)
+71 get_user(message[i], buf + i);
+72 /* we want a standard, zero terminated string */
+73 message[i] = '\0';
74
-75 /* We need to return the number of input characters used */
-76 return i;
+75 /* We need to return the number of input characters used */
+76 return i;
77}
78
-79/* 1 if the file is currently open by somebody */
-80int Already_Open = 0;
+79/* 1 if the file is currently open by somebody */
+80int already_open = 0;
81
-82/* Queue of processes who want our file */
-83DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(WaitQ);
+82/* Queue of processes who want our file */
+83DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(waitq);
84
-85/* Called when the /proc file is opened */
-86static int module_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
+85/* Called when the /proc file is opened */
+86static int module_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
87{
-88 /* If the file's flags include O_NONBLOCK, it means the process does not
-89 * want to wait for the file. In this case, if the file is already open,
-90 * we should fail with -EAGAIN, meaning "you will have to try again",
-91 * instead of blocking a process which would rather stay awake.
-92 */
-93 if ((file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) && Already_Open)
-94 return -EAGAIN;
+88 /* If the file's flags include O_NONBLOCK, it means the process does not
+89 * want to wait for the file. In this case, if the file is already open,
+90 * we should fail with -EAGAIN, meaning "you will have to try again",
+91 * instead of blocking a process which would rather stay awake.
+92 */
+93 if ((file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) && already_open)
+94 return -EAGAIN;
95
-96 /* This is the correct place for try_module_get(THIS_MODULE) because if
-97 * a process is in the loop, which is within the kernel module,
-98 * the kernel module must not be removed.
-99 */
+96 /* This is the correct place for try_module_get(THIS_MODULE) because if
+97 * a process is in the loop, which is within the kernel module,
+98 * the kernel module must not be removed.
+99 */
100 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE);
101
-102 /* If the file is already open, wait until it is not. */
-103 while (Already_Open) {
-104 int i, is_sig = 0;
+102 /* If the file is already open, wait until it is not. */
+103 while (already_open) {
+104 int i, is_sig = 0;
105
-106 /* This function puts the current process, including any system
-107 * calls, such as us, to sleep. Execution will be resumed right
-108 * after the function call, either because somebody called
-109 * wake_up(&WaitQ) (only module_close does that, when the file
-110 * is closed) or when a signal, such as Ctrl-C, is sent
-111 * to the process
-112 */
-113 wait_event_interruptible(WaitQ, !Already_Open);
+106 /* This function puts the current process, including any system
+107 * calls, such as us, to sleep. Execution will be resumed right
+108 * after the function call, either because somebody called
+109 * wake_up(&waitq) (only module_close does that, when the file
+110 * is closed) or when a signal, such as Ctrl-C, is sent
+111 * to the process
+112 */
+113 wait_event_interruptible(waitq, !already_open);
114
-115 /* If we woke up because we got a signal we're not blocking,
-116 * return -EINTR (fail the system call). This allows processes
-117 * to be killed or stopped.
-118 */
-119 for (i = 0; i < _NSIG_WORDS && !is_sig; i++)
+115 /* If we woke up because we got a signal we're not blocking,
+116 * return -EINTR (fail the system call). This allows processes
+117 * to be killed or stopped.
+118 */
+119 for (i = 0; i < _NSIG_WORDS && !is_sig; i++)
120 is_sig = current->pending.signal.sig[i] & ~current->blocked.sig[i];
121
-122 if (is_sig) {
-123 /* It is important to put module_put(THIS_MODULE) here, because
-124 * for processes where the open is interrupted there will never
-125 * be a corresponding close. If we do not decrement the usage
-126 * count here, we will be left with a positive usage count
-127 * which we will have no way to bring down to zero, giving us
-128 * an immortal module, which can only be killed by rebooting
-129 * the machine.
-130 */
+122 if (is_sig) {
+123 /* It is important to put module_put(THIS_MODULE) here, because
+124 * for processes where the open is interrupted there will never
+125 * be a corresponding close. If we do not decrement the usage
+126 * count here, we will be left with a positive usage count
+127 * which we will have no way to bring down to zero, giving us
+128 * an immortal module, which can only be killed by rebooting
+129 * the machine.
+130 */
131 module_put(THIS_MODULE);
-132 return -EINTR;
+132 return -EINTR;
133 }
134 }
135
-136 /* If we got here, Already_Open must be zero. */
+136 /* If we got here, already_open must be zero. */
137
-138 /* Open the file */
-139 Already_Open = 1;
-140 return 0; /* Allow the access */
+138 /* Open the file */
+139 already_open = 1;
+140 return 0; /* Allow the access */
141}
142
-143/* Called when the /proc file is closed */
-144int module_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
+143/* Called when the /proc file is closed */
+144int module_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
145{
-146 /* Set Already_Open to zero, so one of the processes in the WaitQ will
-147 * be able to set Already_Open back to one and to open the file. All
-148 * the other processes will be called when Already_Open is back to one,
-149 * so they'll go back to sleep.
-150 */
-151 Already_Open = 0;
+146 /* Set already_open to zero, so one of the processes in the waitq will
+147 * be able to set already_open back to one and to open the file. All
+148 * the other processes will be called when already_open is back to one,
+149 * so they'll go back to sleep.
+150 */
+151 already_open = 0;
152
-153 /* Wake up all the processes in WaitQ, so if anybody is waiting for the
-154 * file, they can have it.
-155 */
-156 wake_up(&WaitQ);
+153 /* Wake up all the processes in waitq, so if anybody is waiting for the
+154 * file, they can have it.
+155 */
+156 wake_up(&waitq);
157
158 module_put(THIS_MODULE);
159
-160 return 0; /* success */
+160 return 0; /* success */
161}
162
-163/* Structures to register as the /proc file, with pointers to all the relevant
-164 * functions.
-165 */
+163/* Structures to register as the /proc file, with pointers to all the relevant
+164 * functions.
+165 */
166
-167/* File operations for our proc file. This is where we place pointers to all
-168 * the functions called when somebody tries to do something to our file. NULL
-169 * means we don't want to deal with something.
-170 */
-171#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS
-172static const struct proc_ops File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File = {
-173 .proc_read = module_output, /* "read" from the file */
-174 .proc_write = module_input, /* "write" to the file */
-175 .proc_open = module_open, /* called when the /proc file is opened */
-176 .proc_release = module_close, /* called when it's closed */
+167/* File operations for our proc file. This is where we place pointers to all
+168 * the functions called when somebody tries to do something to our file. NULL
+169 * means we don't want to deal with something.
+170 */
+171#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS
+172static const struct proc_ops file_ops_4_our_proc_file = {
+173 .proc_read = module_output, /* "read" from the file */
+174 .proc_write = module_input, /* "write" to the file */
+175 .proc_open = module_open, /* called when the /proc file is opened */
+176 .proc_release = module_close, /* called when it's closed */
177};
-178#else
-179static const struct file_operations File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File = {
+178#else
+179static const struct file_operations file_ops_4_our_proc_file = {
180 .read = module_output,
181 .write = module_input,
182 .open = module_open,
183 .release = module_close,
184};
-185#endif
+185#endif
186
-187/* Initialize the module - register the proc file */
-188static int __init sleep_init(void)
+187/* Initialize the module - register the proc file */
+188static int __init sleep_init(void)
189{
-190 Our_Proc_File =
-191 proc_create(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, 0644, NULL, &File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File);
-192 if (Our_Proc_File == NULL) {
+190 our_proc_file =
+191 proc_create(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, 0644, NULL, &file_ops_4_our_proc_file);
+192 if (our_proc_file == NULL) {
193 remove_proc_entry(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL);
-194 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME);
-195 return -ENOMEM;
+194 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME);
+195 return -ENOMEM;
196 }
-197 proc_set_size(Our_Proc_File, 80);
-198 proc_set_user(Our_Proc_File, GLOBAL_ROOT_UID, GLOBAL_ROOT_GID);
+197 proc_set_size(our_proc_file, 80);
+198 proc_set_user(our_proc_file, GLOBAL_ROOT_UID, GLOBAL_ROOT_GID);
199
-200 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME);
+200 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME);
201
-202 return 0;
+202 return 0;
203}
204
-205/* Cleanup - unregister our file from /proc. This could get dangerous if
-206 * there are still processes waiting in WaitQ, because they are inside our
-207 * open function, which will get unloaded. I'll explain how to avoid removal
-208 * of a kernel module in such a case in chapter 10.
-209 */
-210static void __exit sleep_exit(void)
+205/* Cleanup - unregister our file from /proc. This could get dangerous if
+206 * there are still processes waiting in waitq, because they are inside our
+207 * open function, which will get unloaded. I'll explain how to avoid removal
+208 * of a kernel module in such a case in chapter 10.
+209 */
+210static void __exit sleep_exit(void)
211{
212 remove_proc_entry(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL);
-213 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME);
+213 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME);
214}
215
216module_init(sleep_init);
217module_exit(sleep_exit);
218
-219MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+219MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
- 1/*
-2 * cat_nonblock.c - open a file and display its contents, but exit rather than
-3 * wait for input.
-4 */
-5#include <errno.h> /* for errno */
-6#include <fcntl.h> /* for open */
-7#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */
-8#include <stdlib.h> /* for exit */
-9#include <unistd.h> /* for read */
+ 1/*
+2 * cat_nonblock.c - open a file and display its contents, but exit rather than
+3 * wait for input.
+4 */
+5#include <errno.h> /* for errno */
+6#include <fcntl.h> /* for open */
+7#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */
+8#include <stdlib.h> /* for exit */
+9#include <unistd.h> /* for read */
10
-11#define MAX_BYTES 1024 * 4
+11#define MAX_BYTES 1024 * 4
12
-13int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+13int main(int argc, char *argv[])
14{
-15 int fd; /* The file descriptor for the file to read */
-16 size_t bytes; /* The number of bytes read */
-17 char buffer[MAX_BYTES]; /* The buffer for the bytes */
+15 int fd; /* The file descriptor for the file to read */
+16 size_t bytes; /* The number of bytes read */
+17 char buffer[MAX_BYTES]; /* The buffer for the bytes */
18
-19 /* Usage */
-20 if (argc != 2) {
-21 printf("Usage: %s <filename>\n", argv[0]);
-22 puts("Reads the content of a file, but doesn't wait for input");
+19 /* Usage */
+20 if (argc != 2) {
+21 printf("Usage: %s <filename>\n", argv[0]);
+22 puts("Reads the content of a file, but doesn't wait for input");
23 exit(-1);
24 }
25
-26 /* Open the file for reading in non blocking mode */
+26 /* Open the file for reading in non blocking mode */
27 fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK);
28
-29 /* If open failed */
-30 if (fd == -1) {
-31 puts(errno == EAGAIN ? "Open would block" : "Open failed");
+29 /* If open failed */
+30 if (fd == -1) {
+31 puts(errno == EAGAIN ? "Open would block" : "Open failed");
32 exit(-1);
33 }
34
-35 /* Read the file and output its contents */
-36 do {
-37 /* Read characters from the file */
+35 /* Read the file and output its contents */
+36 do {
+37 /* Read characters from the file */
38 bytes = read(fd, buffer, MAX_BYTES);
39
-40 /* If there's an error, report it and die */
-41 if (bytes == -1) {
-42 if (errno == EAGAIN)
-43 puts("Normally I'd block, but you told me not to");
-44 else
-45 puts("Another read error");
+40 /* If there's an error, report it and die */
+41 if (bytes == -1) {
+42 if (errno == EAGAIN)
+43 puts("Normally I'd block, but you told me not to");
+44 else
+45 puts("Another read error");
46 exit(-1);
47 }
48
-49 /* Print the characters */
-50 if (bytes > 0) {
-51 for (int i = 0; i < bytes; i++)
+49 /* Print the characters */
+50 if (bytes > 0) {
+51 for (int i = 0; i < bytes; i++)
52 putchar(buffer[i]);
53 }
54
-55 /* While there are no errors and the file isn't over */
-56 } while (bytes > 0);
+55 /* While there are no errors and the file isn't over */
+56 } while (bytes > 0);
57
-58 return 0;
+58 return 0;
59}
@@ -3739,82 +3715,82 @@ another.
- 1/*
-2 * completions.c
-3 */
-4#include <linux/completion.h>
-5#include <linux/init.h>
-6#include <linux/kernel.h>
-7#include <linux/kthread.h>
-8#include <linux/module.h>
+ 1/*
+2 * completions.c
+3 */
+4#include <linux/completion.h>
+5#include <linux/init.h>
+6#include <linux/kernel.h>
+7#include <linux/kthread.h>
+8#include <linux/module.h>
9
-10static struct {
-11 struct completion crank_comp;
-12 struct completion flywheel_comp;
+10static struct {
+11 struct completion crank_comp;
+12 struct completion flywheel_comp;
13} machine;
14
-15static int machine_crank_thread(void *arg)
+15static int machine_crank_thread(void *arg)
16{
-17 pr_info("Turn the crank\n");
+17 pr_info("Turn the crank\n");
18
19 complete_all(&machine.crank_comp);
20 complete_and_exit(&machine.crank_comp, 0);
21}
22
-23static int machine_flywheel_spinup_thread(void *arg)
+23static int machine_flywheel_spinup_thread(void *arg)
24{
25 wait_for_completion(&machine.crank_comp);
26
-27 pr_info("Flywheel spins up\n");
+27 pr_info("Flywheel spins up\n");
28
29 complete_all(&machine.flywheel_comp);
30 complete_and_exit(&machine.flywheel_comp, 0);
31}
32
-33static int completions_init(void)
+33static int completions_init(void)
34{
-35 struct task_struct *crank_thread;
-36 struct task_struct *flywheel_thread;
+35 struct task_struct *crank_thread;
+36 struct task_struct *flywheel_thread;
37
-38 pr_info("completions example\n");
+38 pr_info("completions example\n");
39
40 init_completion(&machine.crank_comp);
41 init_completion(&machine.flywheel_comp);
42
-43 crank_thread = kthread_create(machine_crank_thread, NULL, "KThread Crank");
-44 if (IS_ERR(crank_thread))
-45 goto ERROR_THREAD_1;
+43 crank_thread = kthread_create(machine_crank_thread, NULL, "KThread Crank");
+44 if (IS_ERR(crank_thread))
+45 goto ERROR_THREAD_1;
46
47 flywheel_thread = kthread_create(machine_flywheel_spinup_thread, NULL,
-48 "KThread Flywheel");
-49 if (IS_ERR(flywheel_thread))
-50 goto ERROR_THREAD_2;
+48 "KThread Flywheel");
+49 if (IS_ERR(flywheel_thread))
+50 goto ERROR_THREAD_2;
51
52 wake_up_process(flywheel_thread);
53 wake_up_process(crank_thread);
54
-55 return 0;
+55 return 0;
56
57ERROR_THREAD_2:
58 kthread_stop(crank_thread);
59ERROR_THREAD_1:
60
-61 return -1;
+61 return -1;
62}
63
-64void completions_exit(void)
+64void completions_exit(void)
65{
66 wait_for_completion(&machine.crank_comp);
67 wait_for_completion(&machine.flywheel_comp);
68
-69 pr_info("completions exit\n");
+69 pr_info("completions exit\n");
70}
71
72module_init(completions_init);
73module_exit(completions_exit);
74
-75MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Completions example");
-76MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+75MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Completions example");
+76MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
The machine
structure stores the completion states for the two threads. At the exit
point of each thread the respective completion state is updated, and
@@ -3844,47 +3820,47 @@ might deploy them in userland. This may be all that is needed to avoid collision
most cases.
- 1/*
-2 * example_mutex.c
-3 */
-4#include <linux/init.h>
-5#include <linux/kernel.h>
-6#include <linux/module.h>
-7#include <linux/mutex.h>
+ 1/*
+2 * example_mutex.c
+3 */
+4#include <linux/init.h>
+5#include <linux/kernel.h>
+6#include <linux/module.h>
+7#include <linux/mutex.h>
8
9DEFINE_MUTEX(mymutex);
10
-11static int example_mutex_init(void)
+11static int example_mutex_init(void)
12{
-13 int ret;
+13 int ret;
14
-15 pr_info("example_mutex init\n");
+15 pr_info("example_mutex init\n");
16
17 ret = mutex_trylock(&mymutex);
-18 if (ret != 0) {
-19 pr_info("mutex is locked\n");
+18 if (ret != 0) {
+19 pr_info("mutex is locked\n");
20
-21 if (mutex_is_locked(&mymutex) == 0)
-22 pr_info("The mutex failed to lock!\n");
+21 if (mutex_is_locked(&mymutex) == 0)
+22 pr_info("The mutex failed to lock!\n");
23
24 mutex_unlock(&mymutex);
-25 pr_info("mutex is unlocked\n");
-26 } else
-27 pr_info("Failed to lock\n");
+25 pr_info("mutex is unlocked\n");
+26 } else
+27 pr_info("Failed to lock\n");
28
-29 return 0;
+29 return 0;
30}
31
-32static void example_mutex_exit(void)
+32static void example_mutex_exit(void)
33{
-34 pr_info("example_mutex exit\n");
+34 pr_info("example_mutex exit\n");
35}
36
37module_init(example_mutex_init);
38module_exit(example_mutex_exit);
39
-40MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Mutex example");
-41MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+40MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Mutex example");
+41MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
12.2 Spinlocks
@@ -3902,69 +3878,69 @@ they will not be forgotten and will activate when the unlock happens, using the
variable to retain their state.
-
1/* -2 * example_spinlock.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> -5#include <linux/interrupt.h> -6#include <linux/kernel.h> -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/spinlock.h> +1/* +2 * example_spinlock.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> +5#include <linux/interrupt.h> +6#include <linux/kernel.h> +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/spinlock.h> 9 10DEFINE_SPINLOCK(sl_static); 11spinlock_t sl_dynamic; 12 -13static void example_spinlock_static(void) +13static void example_spinlock_static(void) 14{ -15 unsigned long flags; +15 unsigned long flags; 16 17 spin_lock_irqsave(&sl_static, flags); -18 pr_info("Locked static spinlock\n"); +18 pr_info("Locked static spinlock\n"); 19 -20 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this -21 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. -22 */ +20 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this +21 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. +22 */ 23 24 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&sl_static, flags); -25 pr_info("Unlocked static spinlock\n"); +25 pr_info("Unlocked static spinlock\n"); 26} 27 -28static void example_spinlock_dynamic(void) +28static void example_spinlock_dynamic(void) 29{ -30 unsigned long flags; +30 unsigned long flags; 31 32 spin_lock_init(&sl_dynamic); 33 spin_lock_irqsave(&sl_dynamic, flags); -34 pr_info("Locked dynamic spinlock\n"); +34 pr_info("Locked dynamic spinlock\n"); 35 -36 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this -37 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. -38 */ +36 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this +37 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. +38 */ 39 40 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&sl_dynamic, flags); -41 pr_info("Unlocked dynamic spinlock\n"); +41 pr_info("Unlocked dynamic spinlock\n"); 42} 43 -44static int example_spinlock_init(void) +44static int example_spinlock_init(void) 45{ -46 pr_info("example spinlock started\n"); +46 pr_info("example spinlock started\n"); 47 48 example_spinlock_static(); 49 example_spinlock_dynamic(); 50 -51 return 0; +51 return 0; 52} 53 -54static void example_spinlock_exit(void) +54static void example_spinlock_exit(void) 55{ -56 pr_info("example spinlock exit\n"); +56 pr_info("example spinlock exit\n"); 57} 58 59module_init(example_spinlock_init); 60module_exit(example_spinlock_exit); 61 -62MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Spinlock example"); -63MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+62MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Spinlock example"); +63MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
-
1/* -2 * example_rwlock.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/interrupt.h> -5#include <linux/kernel.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> +1/* +2 * example_rwlock.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/interrupt.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> 7 8DEFINE_RWLOCK(myrwlock); 9 -10static void example_read_lock(void) +10static void example_read_lock(void) 11{ -12 unsigned long flags; +12 unsigned long flags; 13 14 read_lock_irqsave(&myrwlock, flags); -15 pr_info("Read Locked\n"); +15 pr_info("Read Locked\n"); 16 -17 /* Read from something */ +17 /* Read from something */ 18 19 read_unlock_irqrestore(&myrwlock, flags); -20 pr_info("Read Unlocked\n"); +20 pr_info("Read Unlocked\n"); 21} 22 -23static void example_write_lock(void) +23static void example_write_lock(void) 24{ -25 unsigned long flags; +25 unsigned long flags; 26 27 write_lock_irqsave(&myrwlock, flags); -28 pr_info("Write Locked\n"); +28 pr_info("Write Locked\n"); 29 -30 /* Write to something */ +30 /* Write to something */ 31 32 write_unlock_irqrestore(&myrwlock, flags); -33 pr_info("Write Unlocked\n"); +33 pr_info("Write Unlocked\n"); 34} 35 -36static int example_rwlock_init(void) +36static int example_rwlock_init(void) 37{ -38 pr_info("example_rwlock started\n"); +38 pr_info("example_rwlock started\n"); 39 40 example_read_lock(); 41 example_write_lock(); 42 -43 return 0; +43 return 0; 44} 45 -46static void example_rwlock_exit(void) +46static void example_rwlock_exit(void) 47{ -48 pr_info("example_rwlock exit\n"); +48 pr_info("example_rwlock exit\n"); 49} 50 51module_init(example_rwlock_init); 52module_exit(example_rwlock_exit); 53 -54MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Read/Write locks example"); -55MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+54MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Read/Write locks example"); +55MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
Of course, if you know for sure that there are no functions triggered by irqs
which could possibly interfere with your logic then you can use the simpler
read_lock(&myrwlock)
@@ -4048,80 +4024,80 @@ and was not overwritten by some other shenanigans. An example is shown
below.
-
1/* -2 * example_atomic.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/interrupt.h> -5#include <linux/kernel.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> +@@ -4145,80 +4121,80 @@ a pointer to a string write function, which we use to write a string to the tty.1/* +2 * example_atomic.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/interrupt.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> 7 -8#define BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN "%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c" -9#define BYTE_TO_BINARY(byte) \ -10 (byte & 0x80 ? '1' : '0'), (byte & 0x40 ? '1' : '0'), \ -11 (byte & 0x20 ? '1' : '0'), (byte & 0x10 ? '1' : '0'), \ -12 (byte & 0x08 ? '1' : '0'), (byte & 0x04 ? '1' : '0'), \ -13 (byte & 0x02 ? '1' : '0'), (byte & 0x01 ? '1' : '0') +8#define BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN "%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c" +9#define BYTE_TO_BINARY(byte) \ +10 (byte & 0x80 ? '1' : '0'), (byte & 0x40 ? '1' : '0'), \ +11 (byte & 0x20 ? '1' : '0'), (byte & 0x10 ? '1' : '0'), \ +12 (byte & 0x08 ? '1' : '0'), (byte & 0x04 ? '1' : '0'), \ +13 (byte & 0x02 ? '1' : '0'), (byte & 0x01 ? '1' : '0') 14 -15static void atomic_add_subtract(void) +15static void atomic_add_subtract(void) 16{ 17 atomic_t debbie; 18 atomic_t chris = ATOMIC_INIT(50); 19 20 atomic_set(&debbie, 45); 21 -22 /* subtract one */ +22 /* subtract one */ 23 atomic_dec(&debbie); 24 25 atomic_add(7, &debbie); 26 -27 /* add one */ +27 /* add one */ 28 atomic_inc(&debbie); 29 -30 pr_info("chris: %d, debbie: %d\n", atomic_read(&chris), +30 pr_info("chris: %d, debbie: %d\n", atomic_read(&chris), 31 atomic_read(&debbie)); 32} 33 -34static void atomic_bitwise(void) +34static void atomic_bitwise(void) 35{ -36 unsigned long word = 0; +36 unsigned long word = 0; 37 -38 pr_info("Bits 0: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +38 pr_info("Bits 0: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 39 set_bit(3, &word); 40 set_bit(5, &word); -41 pr_info("Bits 1: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +41 pr_info("Bits 1: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 42 clear_bit(5, &word); -43 pr_info("Bits 2: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +43 pr_info("Bits 2: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 44 change_bit(3, &word); 45 -46 pr_info("Bits 3: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); -47 if (test_and_set_bit(3, &word)) -48 pr_info("wrong\n"); -49 pr_info("Bits 4: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +46 pr_info("Bits 3: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +47 if (test_and_set_bit(3, &word)) +48 pr_info("wrong\n"); +49 pr_info("Bits 4: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 50 51 word = 255; -52 pr_info("Bits 5: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +52 pr_info("Bits 5: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 53} 54 -55static int example_atomic_init(void) +55static int example_atomic_init(void) 56{ -57 pr_info("example_atomic started\n"); +57 pr_info("example_atomic started\n"); 58 59 atomic_add_subtract(); 60 atomic_bitwise(); 61 -62 return 0; +62 return 0; 63} 64 -65static void example_atomic_exit(void) +65static void example_atomic_exit(void) 66{ -67 pr_info("example_atomic exit\n"); +67 pr_info("example_atomic exit\n"); 68} 69 70module_init(example_atomic_init); 71module_exit(example_atomic_exit); 72 -73MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Atomic operations example"); -74MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+73MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Atomic operations example"); +74MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
-
1/* -2 * print_string.c - Send output to the tty we're running on, regardless if -3 * it is through X11, telnet, etc. We do this by printing the string to the -4 * tty associated with the current task. -5 */ -6#include <linux/init.h> -7#include <linux/kernel.h> -8#include <linux/module.h> -9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For current */ -10#include <linux/tty.h> /* For the tty declarations */ +1/* +2 * print_string.c - Send output to the tty we're running on, regardless if +3 * it is through X11, telnet, etc. We do this by printing the string to the +4 * tty associated with the current task. +5 */ +6#include <linux/init.h> +7#include <linux/kernel.h> +8#include <linux/module.h> +9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For current */ +10#include <linux/tty.h> /* For the tty declarations */ 11 -12static void print_string(char *str) +12static void print_string(char *str) 13{ -14 /* The tty for the current task */ -15 struct tty_struct *my_tty = get_current_tty(); +14 /* The tty for the current task */ +15 struct tty_struct *my_tty = get_current_tty(); 16 -17 /* If my_tty is NULL, the current task has no tty you can print to (i.e., -18 * if it is a daemon). If so, there is nothing we can do. -19 */ -20 if (my_tty) { -21 const struct tty_operations *ttyops = my_tty->driver->ops; -22 /* my_tty->driver is a struct which holds the tty's functions, -23 * one of which (write) is used to write strings to the tty. -24 * It can be used to take a string either from the user's or -25 * kernel's memory segment. -26 * -27 * The function's 1st parameter is the tty to write to, because the -28 * same function would normally be used for all tty's of a certain -29 * type. -30 * The 2nd parameter is a pointer to a string. -31 * The 3rd parameter is the length of the string. -32 * -33 * As you will see below, sometimes it's necessary to use -34 * preprocessor stuff to create code that works for different -35 * kernel versions. The (naive) approach we've taken here does not -36 * scale well. The right way to deal with this is described in -37 * section 2 of -38 * linux/Documentation/SubmittingPatches -39 */ -40 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, /* The tty itself */ -41 str, /* String */ -42 strlen(str)); /* Length */ +17 /* If my_tty is NULL, the current task has no tty you can print to (i.e., +18 * if it is a daemon). If so, there is nothing we can do. +19 */ +20 if (my_tty) { +21 const struct tty_operations *ttyops = my_tty->driver->ops; +22 /* my_tty->driver is a struct which holds the tty's functions, +23 * one of which (write) is used to write strings to the tty. +24 * It can be used to take a string either from the user's or +25 * kernel's memory segment. +26 * +27 * The function's 1st parameter is the tty to write to, because the +28 * same function would normally be used for all tty's of a certain +29 * type. +30 * The 2nd parameter is a pointer to a string. +31 * The 3rd parameter is the length of the string. +32 * +33 * As you will see below, sometimes it's necessary to use +34 * preprocessor stuff to create code that works for different +35 * kernel versions. The (naive) approach we've taken here does not +36 * scale well. The right way to deal with this is described in +37 * section 2 of +38 * linux/Documentation/SubmittingPatches +39 */ +40 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, /* The tty itself */ +41 str, /* String */ +42 strlen(str)); /* Length */ 43 -44 /* ttys were originally hardware devices, which (usually) strictly -45 * followed the ASCII standard. In ASCII, to move to a new line you -46 * need two characters, a carriage return and a line feed. On Unix, -47 * the ASCII line feed is used for both purposes - so we can not -48 * just use \n, because it would not have a carriage return and the -49 * next line will start at the column right after the line feed. -50 * -51 * This is why text files are different between Unix and MS Windows. -52 * In CP/M and derivatives, like MS-DOS and MS Windows, the ASCII -53 * standard was strictly adhered to, and therefore a newline requirs -54 * both a LF and a CR. -55 */ -56 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, "\015\012", 2); +44 /* ttys were originally hardware devices, which (usually) strictly +45 * followed the ASCII standard. In ASCII, to move to a new line you +46 * need two characters, a carriage return and a line feed. On Unix, +47 * the ASCII line feed is used for both purposes - so we can not +48 * just use \n, because it would not have a carriage return and the +49 * next line will start at the column right after the line feed. +50 * +51 * This is why text files are different between Unix and MS Windows. +52 * In CP/M and derivatives, like MS-DOS and MS Windows, the ASCII +53 * standard was strictly adhered to, and therefore a newline requirs +54 * both a LF and a CR. +55 */ +56 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, "\015\012", 2); 57 } 58} 59 -60static int __init print_string_init(void) +60static int __init print_string_init(void) 61{ -62 print_string("The module has been inserted. Hello world!"); -63 return 0; +62 print_string("The module has been inserted. Hello world!"); +63 return 0; 64} 65 -66static void __exit print_string_exit(void) +66static void __exit print_string_exit(void) 67{ -68 print_string("The module has been removed. Farewell world!"); +68 print_string("The module has been removed. Farewell world!"); 69} 70 71module_init(print_string_init); 72module_exit(print_string_exit); 73 -74MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+74MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
-
1/* -2 * kbleds.c - Blink keyboard leds until the module is unloaded. -3 */ +@@ -4357,50 +4332,50 @@ better suited to running multiple things in a sequence. function continues to the exit point.1/* +2 * kbleds.c - Blink keyboard leds until the module is unloaded. +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/init.h> -6#include <linux/kd.h> /* For KDSETLED */ -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/tty.h> /* For fg_console, MAX_NR_CONSOLES */ -9#include <linux/vt.h> -10#include <linux/vt_kern.h> /* for fg_console */ +5#include <linux/init.h> +6#include <linux/kd.h> /* For KDSETLED */ +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/tty.h> /* For fg_console, MAX_NR_CONSOLES */ +9#include <linux/vt.h> +10#include <linux/vt_kern.h> /* for fg_console */ 11 -12#include <linux/console_struct.h> /* For vc_cons */ +12#include <linux/console_struct.h> /* For vc_cons */ 13 -14MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Example module illustrating the use of Keyboard LEDs."); +14MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Example module illustrating the use of Keyboard LEDs."); 15 -16struct timer_list my_timer; -17struct tty_driver *my_driver; -18char kbledstatus = 0; +16struct timer_list my_timer; +17struct tty_driver *my_driver; +18char kbledstatus = 0; 19 -20#define BLINK_DELAY HZ / 5 -21#define ALL_LEDS_ON 0x07 -22#define RESTORE_LEDS 0xFF +20#define BLINK_DELAY HZ / 5 +21#define ALL_LEDS_ON 0x07 +22#define RESTORE_LEDS 0xFF 23 -24/* Function my_timer_func blinks the keyboard LEDs periodically by invoking -25 * command KDSETLED of ioctl() on the keyboard driver. To learn more on virtual -26 * terminal ioctl operations, please see file: -27 * drivers/tty/vt/vt_ioctl.c, function vt_ioctl(). -28 * -29 * The argument to KDSETLED is alternatively set to 7 (thus causing the led -30 * mode to be set to LED_SHOW_IOCTL, and all the leds are lit) and to 0xFF -31 * (any value above 7 switches back the led mode to LED_SHOW_FLAGS, thus -32 * the LEDs reflect the actual keyboard status). To learn more on this, -33 * please see file: drivers/tty/vt/keyboard.c, function setledstate(). -34 */ +24/* Function my_timer_func blinks the keyboard LEDs periodically by invoking +25 * command KDSETLED of ioctl() on the keyboard driver. To learn more on virtual +26 * terminal ioctl operations, please see file: +27 * drivers/tty/vt/vt_ioctl.c, function vt_ioctl(). +28 * +29 * The argument to KDSETLED is alternatively set to 7 (thus causing the led +30 * mode to be set to LED_SHOW_IOCTL, and all the leds are lit) and to 0xFF +31 * (any value above 7 switches back the led mode to LED_SHOW_FLAGS, thus +32 * the LEDs reflect the actual keyboard status). To learn more on this, +33 * please see file: drivers/tty/vt/keyboard.c, function setledstate(). +34 */ 35 -36static void my_timer_func(unsigned long ptr) +36static void my_timer_func(unsigned long ptr) 37{ -38 unsigned long *pstatus = (unsigned long *) ptr; -39 struct tty_struct *t = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty; +38 unsigned long *pstatus = (unsigned long *)ptr; +39 struct tty_struct *t = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty; 40 -41 if (*pstatus == ALL_LEDS_ON) +41 if (*pstatus == ALL_LEDS_ON) 42 *pstatus = RESTORE_LEDS; -43 else +43 else 44 *pstatus = ALL_LEDS_ON; 45 46 (my_driver->ops->ioctl)(t, KDSETLED, *pstatus); @@ -4283,44 +4259,43 @@ loaded, starts blinking the keyboard LEDs until it is unloaded. 49 add_timer(&my_timer); 50} 51 -52static int __init kbleds_init(void) +52static int __init kbleds_init(void) 53{ -54 int i; +54 int i; 55 -56 pr_info("kbleds: loading\n"); -57 pr_info("kbleds: fgconsole is %x\n", fg_console); -58 for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_CONSOLES; i++) { -59 if (!vc_cons[i].d) -60 break; -61 pr_info("poet_atkm: console[%i/%i] #%i, tty %lx\n", i, MAX_NR_CONSOLES, -62 vc_cons[i].d->vc_num, (unsigned long) vc_cons[i].d->port.tty); +56 pr_info("kbleds: loading\n"); +57 pr_info("kbleds: fgconsole is %x\n", fg_console); +58 for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_CONSOLES; i++) { +59 if (!vc_cons[i].d) +60 break; +61 pr_info("poet_atkm: console[%i/%i] #%i, tty %lx\n", i, MAX_NR_CONSOLES, +62 vc_cons[i].d->vc_num, (unsigned long)vc_cons[i].d->port.tty); 63 } -64 pr_info("kbleds: finished scanning consoles\n"); +64 pr_info("kbleds: finished scanning consoles\n"); 65 66 my_driver = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty->driver; -67 pr_info("kbleds: tty driver magic %x\n", my_driver->magic); +67 pr_info("kbleds: tty driver magic %x\n", my_driver->magic); 68 -69 /* Set up the LED blink timer the first time. */ -70 timer_setup(&my_timer, (void *) &my_timer_func, -71 (unsigned long) &kbledstatus); -72 my_timer.expires = jiffies + BLINK_DELAY; -73 add_timer(&my_timer); -74 -75 return 0; -76} -77 -78static void __exit kbleds_cleanup(void) -79{ -80 pr_info("kbleds: unloading...\n"); -81 del_timer(&my_timer); -82 (my_driver->ops->ioctl)(vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty, KDSETLED, -83 RESTORE_LEDS); -84} -85 -86module_init(kbleds_init); -87module_exit(kbleds_cleanup); -88 -89MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+69 /* Set up the LED blink timer the first time. */ +70 timer_setup(&my_timer, (void *)&my_timer_func, (unsigned long)&kbledstatus); +71 my_timer.expires = jiffies + BLINK_DELAY; +72 add_timer(&my_timer); +73 +74 return 0; +75} +76 +77static void __exit kbleds_cleanup(void) +78{ +79 pr_info("kbleds: unloading...\n"); +80 del_timer(&my_timer); +81 (my_driver->ops->ioctl)(vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty, KDSETLED, +82 RESTORE_LEDS); +83} +84 +85module_init(kbleds_init); +86module_exit(kbleds_cleanup); +87 +88MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
-
1/* -2 * example_tasklet.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/delay.h> -5#include <linux/interrupt.h> -6#include <linux/kernel.h> -7#include <linux/module.h> +1/* +2 * example_tasklet.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/delay.h> +5#include <linux/interrupt.h> +6#include <linux/kernel.h> +7#include <linux/module.h> 8 -9/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibiity. -10 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ -11 */ -12#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD -13#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) -14#endif +9/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibiity. +10 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ +11 */ +12#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD +13#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) +14#endif 15 -16static void tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) +16static void tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) 17{ -18 pr_info("Example tasklet starts\n"); +18 pr_info("Example tasklet starts\n"); 19 mdelay(5000); -20 pr_info("Example tasklet ends\n"); +20 pr_info("Example tasklet ends\n"); 21} 22 23DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(mytask, tasklet_fn); 24 -25static int example_tasklet_init(void) +25static int example_tasklet_init(void) 26{ -27 pr_info("tasklet example init\n"); +27 pr_info("tasklet example init\n"); 28 tasklet_schedule(&mytask); 29 mdelay(200); -30 pr_info("Example tasklet init continues...\n"); -31 return 0; +30 pr_info("Example tasklet init continues...\n"); +31 return 0; 32} 33 -34static void example_tasklet_exit(void) +34static void example_tasklet_exit(void) 35{ -36 pr_info("tasklet example exit\n"); +36 pr_info("tasklet example exit\n"); 37 tasklet_kill(&mytask); 38} 39 40module_init(example_tasklet_init); 41module_exit(example_tasklet_exit); 42 -43MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Tasklet example"); -44MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+43MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Tasklet example"); +44MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
So with this example loaded dmesg
should show:
@@ -4433,40 +4408,39 @@ the macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD
Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS) to execute work within the queue.
-
1/* -2 * sched.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> -6#include <linux/workqueue.h> +1/* +2 * sched.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> +6#include <linux/workqueue.h> 7 -8static struct workqueue_struct *queue = NULL; -9static struct work_struct work; +8static struct workqueue_struct *queue = NULL; +9static struct work_struct work; 10 -11static void work_handler(struct work_struct *data) +11static void work_handler(struct work_struct *data) 12{ -13 pr_info("work handler function.\n"); +13 pr_info("work handler function.\n"); 14} 15 -16static int __init sched_init(void) +16static int __init sched_init(void) 17{ -18 queue = alloc_workqueue("HELLOWORLD", WQ_UNBOUND, 1); +18 queue = alloc_workqueue("HELLOWORLD", WQ_UNBOUND, 1); 19 INIT_WORK(&work, work_handler); 20 schedule_work(&work); -21 -22 return 0; -23} -24 -25static void __exit sched_exit(void) -26{ -27 destroy_workqueue(queue); -28} -29 -30module_init(sched_init); -31module_exit(sched_exit); -32 -33MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -34MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Workqueue example");+21 return 0; +22} +23 +24static void __exit sched_exit(void) +25{ +26 destroy_workqueue(queue); +27} +28 +29module_init(sched_init); +30module_exit(sched_exit); +31 +32MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +33MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Workqueue example");
-
1/* -2 * intrpt.c - Handling GPIO with interrupts -3 * -4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) -5 * from: -6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples -7 * -8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off. -9 */ +1/* +2 * intrpt.c - Handling GPIO with interrupts +3 * +4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) +5 * from: +6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples +7 * +8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off. +9 */ 10 -11#include <linux/gpio.h> -12#include <linux/interrupt.h> -13#include <linux/kernel.h> -14#include <linux/module.h> +11#include <linux/gpio.h> +12#include <linux/interrupt.h> +13#include <linux/kernel.h> +14#include <linux/module.h> 15 -16static int button_irqs[] = {-1, -1}; +16static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; 17 -18/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. -19 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -20 */ -21static struct gpio leds[] = {{4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1"}}; +18/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. +19 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +20 */ +21static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; 22 -23/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS -24 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -25 */ -26static struct gpio buttons[] = {{17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON"}, -27 {18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON"}}; +23/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS +24 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +25 */ +26static struct gpio buttons[] = { { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, +27 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" } }; 28 -29/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed. */ -30static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) +29/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed. */ +30static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) 31{ -32 /* first button */ -33 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +32 /* first button */ +33 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 34 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 1); -35 /* second button */ -36 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +35 /* second button */ +36 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 37 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); 38 -39 return IRQ_HANDLED; +39 return IRQ_HANDLED; 40} 41 -42static int __init intrpt_init(void) +42static int __init intrpt_init(void) 43{ -44 int ret = 0; +44 int ret = 0; 45 -46 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +46 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 47 -48 /* register LED gpios */ +48 /* register LED gpios */ 49 ret = gpio_request_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 50 -51 if (ret) { -52 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); -53 return ret; +51 if (ret) { +52 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); +53 return ret; 54 } 55 -56 /* register BUTTON gpios */ +56 /* register BUTTON gpios */ 57 ret = gpio_request_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 58 -59 if (ret) { -60 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -61 goto fail1; +59 if (ret) { +60 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +61 goto fail1; 62 } 63 -64 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); +64 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); 65 66 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[0].gpio); 67 -68 if (ret < 0) { -69 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -70 goto fail2; +68 if (ret < 0) { +69 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +70 goto fail2; 71 } 72 73 button_irqs[0] = ret; 74 -75 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); +75 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); 76 77 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[0], button_isr, 78 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -79 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); +79 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); 80 -81 if (ret) { -82 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -83 goto fail2; +81 if (ret) { +82 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +83 goto fail2; 84 } 85 -86 -87 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[1].gpio); -88 -89 if (ret < 0) { -90 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -91 goto fail2; -92 } -93 -94 button_irqs[1] = ret; -95 -96 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); -97 -98 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[1], button_isr, -99 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -100 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); -101 -102 if (ret) { -103 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -104 goto fail3; -105 } -106 -107 return 0; -108 -109/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ -110fail3: -111 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); -112 -113fail2: -114 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); -115 -116fail1: -117 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); -118 -119 return ret; -120} -121 -122static void __exit intrpt_exit(void) -123{ -124 int i; -125 -126 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); -127 -128 /* free irqs */ -129 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); -130 free_irq(button_irqs[1], NULL); -131 -132 /* turn all LEDs off */ -133 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) -134 gpio_set_value(leds[i].gpio, 0); -135 -136 /* unregister */ -137 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); -138 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); -139} -140 -141module_init(intrpt_init); -142module_exit(intrpt_exit); -143 -144MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -145MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Handle some GPIO interrupts");+86 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[1].gpio); +87 +88 if (ret < 0) { +89 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +90 goto fail2; +91 } +92 +93 button_irqs[1] = ret; +94 +95 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); +96 +97 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[1], button_isr, +98 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, +99 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); +100 +101 if (ret) { +102 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +103 goto fail3; +104 } +105 +106 return 0; +107 +108/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ +109fail3: +110 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); +111 +112fail2: +113 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); +114 +115fail1: +116 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); +117 +118 return ret; +119} +120 +121static void __exit intrpt_exit(void) +122{ +123 int i; +124 +125 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +126 +127 /* free irqs */ +128 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); +129 free_irq(button_irqs[1], NULL); +130 +131 /* turn all LEDs off */ +132 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) +133 gpio_set_value(leds[i].gpio, 0); +134 +135 /* unregister */ +136 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); +137 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); +138} +139 +140module_init(intrpt_init); +141module_exit(intrpt_exit); +142 +143MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +144MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Handle some GPIO interrupts");
1/* -2 * bottomhalf.c - Top and bottom half interrupt handling -3 * -4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) -5 * from: -6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples -7 * -8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off -9 */ +1/* +2 * bottomhalf.c - Top and bottom half interrupt handling +3 * +4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) +5 * from: +6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples +7 * +8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off +9 */ 10 -11#include <linux/delay.h> -12#include <linux/gpio.h> -13#include <linux/interrupt.h> -14#include <linux/kernel.h> -15#include <linux/module.h> +11#include <linux/delay.h> +12#include <linux/gpio.h> +13#include <linux/interrupt.h> +14#include <linux/kernel.h> +15#include <linux/module.h> 16 -17/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibiity. -18 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ -19 */ -20#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD -21#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) -22#endif +17/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibiity. +18 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ +19 */ +20#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD +21#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) +22#endif 23 -24static int button_irqs[] = {-1, -1}; +24static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; 25 -26/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. -27 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -28 */ -29static struct gpio leds[] = {{4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1"}}; +26/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. +27 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +28 */ +29static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; 30 -31/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS -32 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -33 */ -34static struct gpio buttons[] = { -35 {17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON"}, -36 {18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON"}, +31/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS +32 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +33 */ +34static struct gpio buttons[] = { +35 { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, +36 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" }, 37}; 38 -39/* Tasklet containing some non-trivial amount of processing */ -40static void bottomhalf_tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) +39/* Tasklet containing some non-trivial amount of processing */ +40static void bottomhalf_tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) 41{ -42 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet starts\n"); -43 /* do something which takes a while */ +42 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet starts\n"); +43 /* do something which takes a while */ 44 mdelay(500); -45 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet ends\n"); +45 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet ends\n"); 46} 47 48DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(buttontask, bottomhalf_tasklet_fn); 49 -50/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed */ -51static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) +50/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed */ +51static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) 52{ -53 /* Do something quickly right now */ -54 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +53 /* Do something quickly right now */ +54 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 55 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 1); -56 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +56 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 57 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); 58 -59 /* Do the rest at leisure via the scheduler */ +59 /* Do the rest at leisure via the scheduler */ 60 tasklet_schedule(&buttontask); 61 -62 return IRQ_HANDLED; +62 return IRQ_HANDLED; 63} 64 -65static int __init bottomhalf_init(void) +65static int __init bottomhalf_init(void) 66{ -67 int ret = 0; +67 int ret = 0; 68 -69 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +69 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 70 -71 /* register LED gpios */ +71 /* register LED gpios */ 72 ret = gpio_request_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 73 -74 if (ret) { -75 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); -76 return ret; +74 if (ret) { +75 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); +76 return ret; 77 } 78 -79 /* register BUTTON gpios */ +79 /* register BUTTON gpios */ 80 ret = gpio_request_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 81 -82 if (ret) { -83 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -84 goto fail1; +82 if (ret) { +83 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +84 goto fail1; 85 } 86 -87 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); +87 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); 88 89 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[0].gpio); 90 -91 if (ret < 0) { -92 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -93 goto fail2; +91 if (ret < 0) { +92 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +93 goto fail2; 94 } 95 96 button_irqs[0] = ret; 97 -98 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); +98 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); 99 100 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[0], button_isr, 101 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -102 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); +102 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); 103 -104 if (ret) { -105 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -106 goto fail2; +104 if (ret) { +105 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +106 goto fail2; 107 } 108 -109 -110 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[1].gpio); -111 -112 if (ret < 0) { -113 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -114 goto fail2; -115 } -116 -117 button_irqs[1] = ret; -118 -119 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); -120 -121 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[1], button_isr, -122 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -123 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); -124 -125 if (ret) { -126 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -127 goto fail3; -128 } -129 -130 return 0; -131 -132/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ -133fail3: -134 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); -135 -136fail2: -137 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); -138 -139fail1: -140 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); -141 -142 return ret; -143} -144 -145static void __exit bottomhalf_exit(void) -146{ -147 int i; -148 -149 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); -150 -151 /* free irqs */ -152 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); -153 free_irq(button_irqs[1], NULL); -154 -155 /* turn all LEDs off */ -156 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) -157 gpio_set_value(leds[i].gpio, 0); -158 -159 /* unregister */ -160 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); -161 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); -162} -163 -164module_init(bottomhalf_init); -165module_exit(bottomhalf_exit); -166 -167MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -168MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Interrupt with top and bottom half");+109 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[1].gpio); +110 +111 if (ret < 0) { +112 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +113 goto fail2; +114 } +115 +116 button_irqs[1] = ret; +117 +118 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); +119 +120 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[1], button_isr, +121 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, +122 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); +123 +124 if (ret) { +125 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +126 goto fail3; +127 } +128 +129 return 0; +130 +131/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ +132fail3: +133 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); +134 +135fail2: +136 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); +137 +138fail1: +139 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); +140 +141 return ret; +142} +143 +144static void __exit bottomhalf_exit(void) +145{ +146 int i; +147 +148 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +149 +150 /* free irqs */ +151 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); +152 free_irq(button_irqs[1], NULL); +153 +154 /* turn all LEDs off */ +155 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) +156 gpio_set_value(leds[i].gpio, 0); +157 +158 /* unregister */ +159 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); +160 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); +161} +162 +163module_init(bottomhalf_init); +164module_exit(bottomhalf_exit); +165 +166MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +167MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Interrupt with top and bottom half");
-
1/* -2 * cryptosha256.c -3 */ -4#include <crypto/internal/hash.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> +1/* +2 * cryptosha256.c +3 */ +4#include <crypto/internal/hash.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> 6 -7#define SHA256_LENGTH 32 +7#define SHA256_LENGTH 32 8 -9static void show_hash_result(char *plaintext, char *hash_sha256) +9static void show_hash_result(char *plaintext, char *hash_sha256) 10{ -11 int i; -12 char str[SHA256_LENGTH * 2 + 1]; +11 int i; +12 char str[SHA256_LENGTH * 2 + 1]; 13 -14 pr_info("sha256 test for string: \"%s\"\n", plaintext); -15 for (i = 0; i < SHA256_LENGTH; i++) -16 sprintf(&str[i * 2], "%02x", (unsigned char) hash_sha256[i]); +14 pr_info("sha256 test for string: \"%s\"\n", plaintext); +15 for (i = 0; i < SHA256_LENGTH; i++) +16 sprintf(&str[i * 2], "%02x", (unsigned char)hash_sha256[i]); 17 str[i * 2] = 0; -18 pr_info("%s\n", str); +18 pr_info("%s\n", str); 19} 20 -21int cryptosha256_init(void) +21int cryptosha256_init(void) 22{ -23 char *plaintext = "This is a test"; -24 char hash_sha256[SHA256_LENGTH]; -25 struct crypto_shash *sha256; -26 struct shash_desc *shash; +23 char *plaintext = "This is a test"; +24 char hash_sha256[SHA256_LENGTH]; +25 struct crypto_shash *sha256; +26 struct shash_desc *shash; 27 -28 sha256 = crypto_alloc_shash("sha256", 0, 0); -29 if (IS_ERR(sha256)) -30 return -1; +28 sha256 = crypto_alloc_shash("sha256", 0, 0); +29 if (IS_ERR(sha256)) +30 return -1; 31 -32 shash = kmalloc(sizeof(struct shash_desc) + crypto_shash_descsize(sha256), +32 shash = kmalloc(sizeof(struct shash_desc) + crypto_shash_descsize(sha256), 33 GFP_KERNEL); -34 if (!shash) -35 return -ENOMEM; +34 if (!shash) +35 return -ENOMEM; 36 37 shash->tfm = sha256; 38 -39 if (crypto_shash_init(shash)) -40 return -1; +39 if (crypto_shash_init(shash)) +40 return -1; 41 -42 if (crypto_shash_update(shash, plaintext, strlen(plaintext))) -43 return -1; +42 if (crypto_shash_update(shash, plaintext, strlen(plaintext))) +43 return -1; 44 -45 if (crypto_shash_final(shash, hash_sha256)) -46 return -1; +45 if (crypto_shash_final(shash, hash_sha256)) +46 return -1; 47 48 kfree(shash); 49 crypto_free_shash(sha256); 50 51 show_hash_result(plaintext, hash_sha256); 52 -53 return 0; +53 return 0; 54} 55 -56void cryptosha256_exit(void) {} -57 -58module_init(cryptosha256_init); -59module_exit(cryptosha256_exit); -60 -61MODULE_DESCRIPTION("sha256 hash test"); -62MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+56void cryptosha256_exit(void) +57{ +58} +59 +60module_init(cryptosha256_init); +61module_exit(cryptosha256_exit); +62 +63MODULE_DESCRIPTION("sha256 hash test"); +64MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
Make and install the module:
-
1make -2sudo insmod cryptosha256.ko -3dmesg+
1make +2sudo insmod cryptosha256.ko +3dmesg
And you should see that the hash was calculated for the test string.
Finally, remove the test module:
-
1sudo rmmod cryptosha256+
1sudo rmmod cryptosha256
1/* -2 * cryptosk.c -3 */ -4#include <crypto/internal/skcipher.h> -5#include <linux/crypto.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/random.h> -8#include <linux/scatterlist.h> +1/* +2 * cryptosk.c +3 */ +4#include <crypto/internal/skcipher.h> +5#include <linux/crypto.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/random.h> +8#include <linux/scatterlist.h> 9 -10#define SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH 32 -11#define CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE 16 +10#define SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH 32 +11#define CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE 16 12 -13struct tcrypt_result { -14 struct completion completion; -15 int err; +13struct tcrypt_result { +14 struct completion completion; +15 int err; 16}; 17 -18struct skcipher_def { -19 struct scatterlist sg; -20 struct crypto_skcipher *tfm; -21 struct skcipher_request *req; -22 struct tcrypt_result result; -23 char *scratchpad; -24 char *ciphertext; -25 char *ivdata; +18struct skcipher_def { +19 struct scatterlist sg; +20 struct crypto_skcipher *tfm; +21 struct skcipher_request *req; +22 struct tcrypt_result result; +23 char *scratchpad; +24 char *ciphertext; +25 char *ivdata; 26}; 27 -28static struct skcipher_def sk; +28static struct skcipher_def sk; 29 -30static void test_skcipher_finish(struct skcipher_def *sk) +30static void test_skcipher_finish(struct skcipher_def *sk) 31{ -32 if (sk->tfm) +32 if (sk->tfm) 33 crypto_free_skcipher(sk->tfm); -34 if (sk->req) +34 if (sk->req) 35 skcipher_request_free(sk->req); -36 if (sk->ivdata) +36 if (sk->ivdata) 37 kfree(sk->ivdata); -38 if (sk->scratchpad) +38 if (sk->scratchpad) 39 kfree(sk->scratchpad); -40 if (sk->ciphertext) +40 if (sk->ciphertext) 41 kfree(sk->ciphertext); 42} 43 -44static int test_skcipher_result(struct skcipher_def *sk, int rc) +44static int test_skcipher_result(struct skcipher_def *sk, int rc) 45{ -46 switch (rc) { -47 case 0: -48 break; -49 case -EINPROGRESS || -EBUSY: +46 switch (rc) { +47 case 0: +48 break; +49 case -EINPROGRESS || -EBUSY: 50 rc = wait_for_completion_interruptible(&sk->result.completion); -51 if (!rc && !sk->result.err) { +51 if (!rc && !sk->result.err) { 52 reinit_completion(&sk->result.completion); -53 break; +53 break; 54 } -55 pr_info("skcipher encrypt returned with %d result %d\n", rc, +55 pr_info("skcipher encrypt returned with %d result %d\n", rc, 56 sk->result.err); -57 break; -58 default: -59 pr_info("skcipher encrypt returned with %d result %d\n", rc, +57 break; +58 default: +59 pr_info("skcipher encrypt returned with %d result %d\n", rc, 60 sk->result.err); -61 break; +61 break; 62 } 63 64 init_completion(&sk->result.completion); 65 -66 return rc; +66 return rc; 67} 68 -69static void test_skcipher_callback(struct crypto_async_request *req, int error) +69static void test_skcipher_callback(struct crypto_async_request *req, int error) 70{ -71 struct tcrypt_result *result = req->data; +71 struct tcrypt_result *result = req->data; 72 -73 if (error == -EINPROGRESS) -74 return; +73 if (error == -EINPROGRESS) +74 return; 75 76 result->err = error; 77 complete(&result->completion); -78 pr_info("Encryption finished successfully\n"); +78 pr_info("Encryption finished successfully\n"); 79 -80 /* decrypt data */ -81#if 0 -82 memset((void*)sk.scratchpad, '-', CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); -83 ret = crypto_skcipher_decrypt(sk.req); -84 ret = test_skcipher_result(&sk, ret); -85 if (ret) -86 return; +80 /* decrypt data */ +81#if 0 +82 memset((void*)sk.scratchpad, '-', CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); +83 ret = crypto_skcipher_decrypt(sk.req); +84 ret = test_skcipher_result(&sk, ret); +85 if (ret) +86 return; 87 -88 sg_copy_from_buffer(&sk.sg, 1, sk.scratchpad, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); -89 sk.scratchpad[CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE-1] = 0; +88 sg_copy_from_buffer(&sk.sg, 1, sk.scratchpad, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); +89 sk.scratchpad[CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE-1] = 0; 90 -91 pr_info("Decryption request successful\n"); -92 pr_info("Decrypted: %s\n", sk.scratchpad); -93#endif +91 pr_info("Decryption request successful\n"); +92 pr_info("Decrypted: %s\n", sk.scratchpad); +93#endif 94} 95 -96static int test_skcipher_encrypt(char *plaintext, -97 char *password, -98 struct skcipher_def *sk) -99{ -100 int ret = -EFAULT; -101 unsigned char key[SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH]; -102 -103 if (!sk->tfm) { -104 sk->tfm = crypto_alloc_skcipher("cbc-aes-aesni", 0, 0); -105 if (IS_ERR(sk->tfm)) { -106 pr_info("could not allocate skcipher handle\n"); -107 return PTR_ERR(sk->tfm); -108 } -109 } -110 -111 if (!sk->req) { -112 sk->req = skcipher_request_alloc(sk->tfm, GFP_KERNEL); -113 if (!sk->req) { -114 pr_info("could not allocate skcipher request\n"); -115 ret = -ENOMEM; -116 goto out; -117 } -118 } -119 -120 skcipher_request_set_callback(sk->req, CRYPTO_TFM_REQ_MAY_BACKLOG, -121 test_skcipher_callback, &sk->result); -122 -123 /* clear the key */ -124 memset((void *) key, '\0', SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH); -125 -126 /* Use the world's favourite password */ -127 sprintf((char *) key, "%s", password); -128 -129 /* AES 256 with given symmetric key */ -130 if (crypto_skcipher_setkey(sk->tfm, key, SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH)) { -131 pr_info("key could not be set\n"); -132 ret = -EAGAIN; -133 goto out; -134 } -135 pr_info("Symmetric key: %s\n", key); -136 pr_info("Plaintext: %s\n", plaintext); -137 -138 if (!sk->ivdata) { -139 /* see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialization_vector */ -140 sk->ivdata = kmalloc(CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL); -141 if (!sk->ivdata) { -142 pr_info("could not allocate ivdata\n"); -143 goto out; -144 } -145 get_random_bytes(sk->ivdata, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); -146 } -147 -148 if (!sk->scratchpad) { -149 /* The text to be encrypted */ -150 sk->scratchpad = kmalloc(CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL); -151 if (!sk->scratchpad) { -152 pr_info("could not allocate scratchpad\n"); -153 goto out; -154 } -155 } -156 sprintf((char *) sk->scratchpad, "%s", plaintext); -157 -158 sg_init_one(&sk->sg, sk->scratchpad, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); -159 skcipher_request_set_crypt(sk->req, &sk->sg, &sk->sg, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE, -160 sk->ivdata); -161 init_completion(&sk->result.completion); -162 -163 /* encrypt data */ -164 ret = crypto_skcipher_encrypt(sk->req); -165 ret = test_skcipher_result(sk, ret); -166 if (ret) -167 goto out; -168 -169 pr_info("Encryption request successful\n"); -170 -171out: -172 return ret; -173} -174 -175int cryptoapi_init(void) -176{ -177 /* The world's favorite password */ -178 char *password = "password123"; -179 -180 sk.tfm = NULL; -181 sk.req = NULL; -182 sk.scratchpad = NULL; -183 sk.ciphertext = NULL; -184 sk.ivdata = NULL; -185 -186 test_skcipher_encrypt("Testing", password, &sk); -187 return 0; -188} -189 -190void cryptoapi_exit(void) -191{ -192 test_skcipher_finish(&sk); -193} -194 -195module_init(cryptoapi_init); -196module_exit(cryptoapi_exit); -197 -198MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Symmetric key encryption example"); -199MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+96static int test_skcipher_encrypt(char *plaintext, char *password, +97 struct skcipher_def *sk) +98{ +99 int ret = -EFAULT; +100 unsigned char key[SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH]; +101 +102 if (!sk->tfm) { +103 sk->tfm = crypto_alloc_skcipher("cbc-aes-aesni", 0, 0); +104 if (IS_ERR(sk->tfm)) { +105 pr_info("could not allocate skcipher handle\n"); +106 return PTR_ERR(sk->tfm); +107 } +108 } +109 +110 if (!sk->req) { +111 sk->req = skcipher_request_alloc(sk->tfm, GFP_KERNEL); +112 if (!sk->req) { +113 pr_info("could not allocate skcipher request\n"); +114 ret = -ENOMEM; +115 goto out; +116 } +117 } +118 +119 skcipher_request_set_callback(sk->req, CRYPTO_TFM_REQ_MAY_BACKLOG, +120 test_skcipher_callback, &sk->result); +121 +122 /* clear the key */ +123 memset((void *)key, '\0', SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH); +124 +125 /* Use the world's favourite password */ +126 sprintf((char *)key, "%s", password); +127 +128 /* AES 256 with given symmetric key */ +129 if (crypto_skcipher_setkey(sk->tfm, key, SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH)) { +130 pr_info("key could not be set\n"); +131 ret = -EAGAIN; +132 goto out; +133 } +134 pr_info("Symmetric key: %s\n", key); +135 pr_info("Plaintext: %s\n", plaintext); +136 +137 if (!sk->ivdata) { +138 /* see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialization_vector */ +139 sk->ivdata = kmalloc(CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL); +140 if (!sk->ivdata) { +141 pr_info("could not allocate ivdata\n"); +142 goto out; +143 } +144 get_random_bytes(sk->ivdata, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); +145 } +146 +147 if (!sk->scratchpad) { +148 /* The text to be encrypted */ +149 sk->scratchpad = kmalloc(CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL); +150 if (!sk->scratchpad) { +151 pr_info("could not allocate scratchpad\n"); +152 goto out; +153 } +154 } +155 sprintf((char *)sk->scratchpad, "%s", plaintext); +156 +157 sg_init_one(&sk->sg, sk->scratchpad, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); +158 skcipher_request_set_crypt(sk->req, &sk->sg, &sk->sg, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE, +159 sk->ivdata); +160 init_completion(&sk->result.completion); +161 +162 /* encrypt data */ +163 ret = crypto_skcipher_encrypt(sk->req); +164 ret = test_skcipher_result(sk, ret); +165 if (ret) +166 goto out; +167 +168 pr_info("Encryption request successful\n"); +169 +170out: +171 return ret; +172} +173 +174int cryptoapi_init(void) +175{ +176 /* The world's favorite password */ +177 char *password = "password123"; +178 +179 sk.tfm = NULL; +180 sk.req = NULL; +181 sk.scratchpad = NULL; +182 sk.ciphertext = NULL; +183 sk.ivdata = NULL; +184 +185 test_skcipher_encrypt("Testing", password, &sk); +186 return 0; +187} +188 +189void cryptoapi_exit(void) +190{ +191 test_skcipher_finish(&sk); +192} +193 +194module_init(cryptoapi_init); +195module_exit(cryptoapi_exit); +196 +197MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Symmetric key encryption example"); +198MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
-
1/* -2 * devicemodel.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/kernel.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> -6#include <linux/platform_device.h> +1/* +2 * devicemodel.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/kernel.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> +6#include <linux/platform_device.h> 7 -8struct devicemodel_data { -9 char *greeting; -10 int number; +8struct devicemodel_data { +9 char *greeting; +10 int number; 11}; 12 -13static int devicemodel_probe(struct platform_device *dev) +13static int devicemodel_probe(struct platform_device *dev) 14{ -15 struct devicemodel_data *pd = -16 (struct devicemodel_data *) (dev->dev.platform_data); +15 struct devicemodel_data *pd = +16 (struct devicemodel_data *)(dev->dev.platform_data); 17 -18 pr_info("devicemodel probe\n"); -19 pr_info("devicemodel greeting: %s; %d\n", pd->greeting, pd->number); +18 pr_info("devicemodel probe\n"); +19 pr_info("devicemodel greeting: %s; %d\n", pd->greeting, pd->number); 20 -21 /* Your device initialization code */ +21 /* Your device initialization code */ 22 -23 return 0; +23 return 0; 24} 25 -26static int devicemodel_remove(struct platform_device *dev) +26static int devicemodel_remove(struct platform_device *dev) 27{ -28 pr_info("devicemodel example removed\n"); +28 pr_info("devicemodel example removed\n"); 29 -30 /* Your device removal code */ +30 /* Your device removal code */ 31 -32 return 0; +32 return 0; 33} 34 -35static int devicemodel_suspend(struct device *dev) +35static int devicemodel_suspend(struct device *dev) 36{ -37 pr_info("devicemodel example suspend\n"); +37 pr_info("devicemodel example suspend\n"); 38 -39 /* Your device suspend code */ +39 /* Your device suspend code */ 40 -41 return 0; +41 return 0; 42} 43 -44static int devicemodel_resume(struct device *dev) +44static int devicemodel_resume(struct device *dev) 45{ -46 pr_info("devicemodel example resume\n"); +46 pr_info("devicemodel example resume\n"); 47 -48 /* Your device resume code */ +48 /* Your device resume code */ 49 -50 return 0; +50 return 0; 51} 52 -53static const struct dev_pm_ops devicemodel_pm_ops = { +53static const struct dev_pm_ops devicemodel_pm_ops = { 54 .suspend = devicemodel_suspend, 55 .resume = devicemodel_resume, 56 .poweroff = devicemodel_suspend, @@ -5249,10 +5222,10 @@ functions. 59 .restore = devicemodel_resume, 60}; 61 -62static struct platform_driver devicemodel_driver = { +62static struct platform_driver devicemodel_driver = { 63 .driver = 64 { -65 .name = "devicemodel_example", +65 .name = "devicemodel_example", 66 .owner = THIS_MODULE, 67 .pm = &devicemodel_pm_ops, 68 }, @@ -5260,33 +5233,33 @@ functions. 70 .remove = devicemodel_remove, 71}; 72 -73static int devicemodel_init(void) +73static int devicemodel_init(void) 74{ -75 int ret; +75 int ret; 76 -77 pr_info("devicemodel init\n"); +77 pr_info("devicemodel init\n"); 78 79 ret = platform_driver_register(&devicemodel_driver); 80 -81 if (ret) { -82 pr_err("Unable to register driver\n"); -83 return ret; +81 if (ret) { +82 pr_err("Unable to register driver\n"); +83 return ret; 84 } 85 -86 return 0; +86 return 0; 87} 88 -89static void devicemodel_exit(void) +89static void devicemodel_exit(void) 90{ -91 pr_info("devicemodel exit\n"); +91 pr_info("devicemodel exit\n"); 92 platform_driver_unregister(&devicemodel_driver); 93} 94 95module_init(devicemodel_init); 96module_exit(devicemodel_exit); 97 -98MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -99MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Linux Device Model example");+98MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +99MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Linux Device Model example");
1bvl = bvec_alloc(gfp_mask, nr_iovecs, &idx); -2if (unlikely(!bvl)) { +2if (unlikely(!bvl)) { 3 mempool_free(bio, bio_pool); 4 bio = NULL; -5 goto out; +5 goto out; 6}diff --git a/lkmpg-for-ht.css b/lkmpg-for-ht.css index 3199c91..ccbe375 100644 --- a/lkmpg-for-ht.css +++ b/lkmpg-for-ht.css @@ -509,200 +509,200 @@ span#textcolor184{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor185{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor186{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor187{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor188{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor189{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor190{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor188{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor189{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor190{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor191{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor192{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor193{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor194{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor195{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor196{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor197{color:rgb(0,0,255)} 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-span#textcolor1556{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1557{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1558{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1556{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor1557{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1558{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor1559{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor1560{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor1560{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor1561{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor1562{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor1563{color:rgb(163,20,20)} @@ -2033,10 +2033,9 @@ span#textcolor1564{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor1565{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor1566{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor1567{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor1568{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor1568{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor1569{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor1570{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor1571{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor1570{color:rgb(163,20,20)} pre#fancyvrb53{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb53{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb53{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } @@ -2047,110 +2046,111 @@ pre#fancyvrb54{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb54{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb54{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb54{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } +span#textcolor1571{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1572{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1573{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1574{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1575{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1576{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1577{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1578{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1579{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1580{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1581{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1582{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1583{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -#colorbox1584{border: solid 1px rgb(255,0,0);} -#colorbox1584{background-color: rgb(255,255,255);} -span#textcolor1585{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1586{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1587{color:rgb(0,0,255)} 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pre#fancyvrb72{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb72{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb72{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb72{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb72{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } +span#textcolor2802{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2803{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2804{color:rgb(0,0,255)} /* end css.sty */ diff --git a/lkmpg-for-ht.html b/lkmpg-for-ht.html index 2d14fd6..fa36f58 100644 --- a/lkmpg-for-ht.html +++ b/lkmpg-for-ht.html @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
1/* 2 * hello-3.c - Illustrating the __init, __initdata and __exit macros. 3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> /* Needed for the macros */ +4#include <linux/init.h> /* Needed for the macros */ 5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* Needed for pr_info() */ 6#include <linux/module.h> /* Needed by all modules */ 7 @@ -541,7 +541,7 @@ example.1/* 2 * hello-4.c - Demonstrates module documentation. 3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> /* Needed for the macros */ +4#include <linux/init.h> /* Needed for the macros */ 5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* Needed for pr_info() */ 6#include <linux/module.h> /* Needed by all modules */ 7 @@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ parameters: a variable name and a free form string describing that variable. 13static int myint = 420; 14static long int mylong = 9999; 15static char *mystring = "blah"; -16static int myintArray[2] = {420, 420}; +16static int myintarray[2] = { 420, 420 }; 17static int arr_argc = 0; 18 19/* module_param(foo, int, 0000) @@ -653,60 +653,61 @@ parameters: a variable name and a free form string describing that variable. 38 * of elements of the array initialized by the user at module loading time. 39 * The fourth argument is the permission bits. 40 */ -41module_param_array(myintArray, int, &arr_argc, 0000); -42MODULE_PARM_DESC(myintArray, "An array of integers"); +41module_param_array(myintarray, int, &arr_argc, 0000); +42MODULE_PARM_DESC(myintarray, "An array of integers"); 43 44static int __init hello_5_init(void) 45{ 46 int i; -47 pr_info("Hello, world 5\n=============\n"); -48 pr_info("myshort is a short integer: %hd\n", myshort); -49 pr_info("myint is an integer: %d\n", myint); -50 pr_info("mylong is a long integer: %ld\n", mylong); -51 pr_info("mystring is a string: %s\n", mystring); -52 -53 for (i = 0; i < (sizeof myintArray / sizeof(int)); i++) -54 pr_info("myintArray[%d] = %d\n", i, myintArray[i]); -55 -56 pr_info("got %d arguments for myintArray.\n", arr_argc); -57 return 0; -58} -59 -60static void __exit hello_5_exit(void) -61{ -62 pr_info("Goodbye, world 5\n"); -63} -64 -65module_init(hello_5_init); -66module_exit(hello_5_exit);+47 +48 pr_info("Hello, world 5\n=============\n"); +49 pr_info("myshort is a short integer: %hd\n", myshort); +50 pr_info("myint is an integer: %d\n", myint); +51 pr_info("mylong is a long integer: %ld\n", mylong); +52 pr_info("mystring is a string: %s\n", mystring); +53 +54 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(myintarray); i++) +55 pr_info("myintarray[%d] = %d\n", i, myintarray[i]); +56 +57 pr_info("got %d arguments for myintarray.\n", arr_argc); +58 return 0; +59} +60 +61static void __exit hello_5_exit(void) +62{ +63 pr_info("Goodbye, world 5\n"); +64} +65 +66module_init(hello_5_init); +67module_exit(hello_5_exit);
I would recommend playing around with this code:
-1$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mystring="bebop" myintArray=-1 -2myshort is a short integer: 1 -3myint is an integer: 420 -4mylong is a long integer: 9999 -5mystring is a string: bebop -6myintArray[0] = -1 -7myintArray[1] = 420 -8got 1 arguments for myintArray. -9 -10$ sudo rmmod hello-5 -11Goodbye, world 5 -12 -13$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mystring="supercalifragilisticexpialidocious" myintArray=-1,-1 -14myshort is a short integer: 1 -15myint is an integer: 420 -16mylong is a long integer: 9999 -17mystring is a string: supercalifragilisticexpialidocious -18myintArray[0] = -1 -19myintArray[1] = -1 -20got 2 arguments for myintArray. -21 -22$ sudo rmmod hello-5 -23Goodbye, world 5 -24 -25$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mylong=hello -26hello-5.o: invalid argument syntax for mylong: 'h'+
1$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mystring="bebop" myintArray=-1 +2myshort is a short integer: 1 +3myint is an integer: 420 +4mylong is a long integer: 9999 +5mystring is a string: bebop +6myintArray[0] = -1 +7myintArray[1] = 420 +8got 1 arguments for myintArray. +9 +10$ sudo rmmod hello-5 +11Goodbye, world 5 +12 +13$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mystring="supercalifragilisticexpialidocious" myintArray=-1,-1 +14myshort is a short integer: 1 +15myint is an integer: 420 +16mylong is a long integer: 9999 +17mystring is a string: supercalifragilisticexpialidocious +18myintArray[0] = -1 +19myintArray[1] = -1 +20got 2 arguments for myintArray. +21 +22$ sudo rmmod hello-5 +23Goodbye, world 5 +24 +25$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mylong=hello +26hello-5.o: invalid argument syntax for mylong: 'h'
Here is an example of such a kernel module.
-1/* -2 * start.c - Illustration of multi filed modules -3 */ +1/* +2 * start.c - Illustration of multi filed modules +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ -6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ +6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ 7 -8int init_module(void) +8int init_module(void) 9{ -10 pr_info("Hello, world - this is the kernel speaking\n"); -11 return 0; +10 pr_info("Hello, world - this is the kernel speaking\n"); +11 return 0; 12} 13 -14MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+14MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
The next file:
-1/* -2 * stop.c - Illustration of multi filed modules -3 */ +1/* +2 * stop.c - Illustration of multi filed modules +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ -6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ +6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ 7 -8void cleanup_module() +8void cleanup_module() 9{ -10 pr_info("Short is the life of a kernel module\n"); +10 pr_info("Short is the life of a kernel module\n"); 11} 12 -13MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+13MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
And finally, the makefile:
@@ -755,10 +756,10 @@ files. 7startstop-objs := start.o stop.o 8 9all: -10 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules +10 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules 11 12clean: -13 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean +13 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean @@ -842,7 +843,7 @@ chapter. version as your current kernel. Then, find the configuration file which was used to compile your precompiled kernel. Usually, this is available in your current boot directory, under a name like config-5.14.x. You may just want to copy it to your kernel source -tree:
cp /boot/config-`uname -r` .config
+tree: cp /boot/config-`uname -r` .config
.
Let’s focus again on the previous error message: a closer look at the version magic
strings suggests that, even with two configuration files which are exactly the same, a
@@ -870,8 +871,8 @@ EXTRAVERSION = -rc2
available in /lib/modules/5.14.0-rc2/build. A simple command as following
should suffice.
- 1cp /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build/Makefile linux-`uname -r`
-Here linux-`uname -r`
+ 1cp /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build/Makefile linux-`uname -r`
+Here linux-`uname -r`
is the Linux kernel source you are attempting to build.
Now, please run make
to update configuration and version headers and objects:
@@ -968,12 +969,12 @@ data into strings and write the string data using the low-level system call
? It is easy! Compile the following program:
- 1#include <stdio.h>
+ 1#include <stdio.h>
2
-3int main(void)
+3int main(void)
4{
-5 printf("hello");
-6 return 0;
+5 printf("hello");
+6 return 0;
7}
with gcc -Wall -o hello hello.c
. Run the executable with strace ./hello
@@ -982,7 +983,7 @@ handy program that gives you details about what system calls a program is
making, including which call is made, what its arguments are and what it
returns. It is an invaluable tool for figuring out things like what files a program
is trying to access. Towards the end, you will see a line which looks like
- write(1, "hello", 5hello)
+ write(1, "hello", 5hello)
. There it is. The face behind the printf()
mask. You may not be familiar with write, since most people use library functions for file
I/O (like fopen
@@ -1194,43 +1195,43 @@ device. The file_operations
Here is what the definition looks like for kernel 5.4:
- 1struct file_operations {
-2 struct module *owner;
-3 loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int);
-4 ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
-5 ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
-6 ssize_t (*read_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *);
-7 ssize_t (*write_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *);
-8 int (*iopoll)(struct kiocb *kiocb, bool spin);
-9 int (*iterate) (struct file *, struct dir_context *);
-10 int (*iterate_shared) (struct file *, struct dir_context *);
-11 __poll_t (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *);
-12 long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
-13 long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
-14 int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *);
-15 unsigned long mmap_supported_flags;
-16 int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *);
-17 int (*flush) (struct file *, fl_owner_t id);
-18 int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *);
-19 int (*fsync) (struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int datasync);
-20 int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int);
-21 int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
-22 ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t, loff_t *, int);
-23 unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long);
-24 int (*check_flags)(int);
-25 int (*flock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
-26 ssize_t (*splice_write)(struct pipe_inode_info *, struct file *, loff_t *, size_t, unsigned int);
-27 ssize_t (*splice_read)(struct file *, loff_t *, struct pipe_inode_info *, size_t, unsigned int);
-28 int (*setlease)(struct file *, long, struct file_lock **, void **);
-29 long (*fallocate)(struct file *file, int mode, loff_t offset,
+ 1struct file_operations {
+2 struct module *owner;
+3 loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int);
+4 ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
+5 ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
+6 ssize_t (*read_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *);
+7 ssize_t (*write_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *);
+8 int (*iopoll)(struct kiocb *kiocb, bool spin);
+9 int (*iterate) (struct file *, struct dir_context *);
+10 int (*iterate_shared) (struct file *, struct dir_context *);
+11 __poll_t (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *);
+12 long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
+13 long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
+14 int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *);
+15 unsigned long mmap_supported_flags;
+16 int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *);
+17 int (*flush) (struct file *, fl_owner_t id);
+18 int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *);
+19 int (*fsync) (struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int datasync);
+20 int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int);
+21 int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
+22 ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t, loff_t *, int);
+23 unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long);
+24 int (*check_flags)(int);
+25 int (*flock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
+26 ssize_t (*splice_write)(struct pipe_inode_info *, struct file *, loff_t *, size_t, unsigned int);
+27 ssize_t (*splice_read)(struct file *, loff_t *, struct pipe_inode_info *, size_t, unsigned int);
+28 int (*setlease)(struct file *, long, struct file_lock **, void **);
+29 long (*fallocate)(struct file *file, int mode, loff_t offset,
30 loff_t len);
-31 void (*show_fdinfo)(struct seq_file *m, struct file *f);
-32 ssize_t (*copy_file_range)(struct file *, loff_t, struct file *,
-33 loff_t, size_t, unsigned int);
-34 loff_t (*remap_file_range)(struct file *file_in, loff_t pos_in,
-35 struct file *file_out, loff_t pos_out,
-36 loff_t len, unsigned int remap_flags);
-37 int (*fadvise)(struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int);
+31 void (*show_fdinfo)(struct seq_file *m, struct file *f);
+32 ssize_t (*copy_file_range)(struct file *, loff_t, struct file *,
+33 loff_t, size_t, unsigned int);
+34 loff_t (*remap_file_range)(struct file *file_in, loff_t pos_in,
+35 struct file *file_out, loff_t pos_out,
+36 loff_t len, unsigned int remap_flags);
+37 int (*fadvise)(struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int);
38} __randomize_layout;
Some operations are not implemented by a driver. For example, a driver that handles
a video card will not need to read from a directory structure. The corresponding entries
@@ -1245,7 +1246,7 @@ new way of assigning to the structure looks like:
- 1struct file_operations fops = {
+ 1struct file_operations fops = {
2 read: device_read,
3 write: device_write,
4 open: device_open,
@@ -1257,7 +1258,7 @@ You should use this syntax in case someone wants to port your driver. It will he
with compatibility:
- 1struct file_operations fops = {
+ 1struct file_operations fops = {
2 .read = device_read,
3 .write = device_write,
4 .open = device_open,
@@ -1267,7 +1268,7 @@ with compatibility:
the structure which you do not explicitly assign will be initialized to
NULL
by gcc.
- An instance of struct file_operations
+
An instance of struct file_operations
containing pointers to functions that are used to implement
read
, write
@@ -1284,7 +1285,7 @@ the structure which you do not explicitly assign will be initialized to
Each device is represented in the kernel by a file structure, which is defined
in include/linux/fs.h. Be aware that a file is a kernel level structure and
never appears in a user space program. It is not the same thing as a
- FILE
+ FILE
, which is defined by glibc and would never appear in a kernel space
function. Also, its name is a bit misleading; it represents an abstract open
‘file’, not a file on a disk, which is represented by a structure named
@@ -1316,11 +1317,11 @@ using the register_chrdev
function, defined by include/linux/fs.h.
- 1int register_chrdev(unsigned int major, const char *name, struct file_operations *fops);
+ 1int register_chrdev(unsigned int major, const char *name, struct file_operations *fops);
where unsigned int major is the major number you want to request,
- const char *name
+ const char *name
is the name of the device as it will appear in /proc/devices and
- struct file_operations *fops
+ struct file_operations *fops
is a pointer to the file_operations
table for your driver. A negative return value means the
registration failed. Note that we didn’t pass the minor number to
@@ -1403,162 +1404,160 @@ file.
1cat /proc/devices
(or open the file with a program) and the driver will put the number of times the
device file has been read from into the file. We do not support writing to the file (like
- echo "hi" > /dev/hello
+ echo "hi" > /dev/hello
), but catch these attempts and tell the user that the operation is not supported.
Don’t worry if you don’t see what we do with the data we read into the buffer; we
don’t do much with it. We simply read in the data and print a message
acknowledging that we received it.
- 1/*
-2 * chardev.c: Creates a read-only char device that says how many times
-3 * you have read from the dev file
-4 */
+ 1/*
+2 * chardev.c: Creates a read-only char device that says how many times
+3 * you have read from the dev file
+4 */
5
-6#include <linux/cdev.h>
-7#include <linux/delay.h>
-8#include <linux/device.h>
-9#include <linux/fs.h>
-10#include <linux/init.h>
-11#include <linux/irq.h>
-12#include <linux/kernel.h>
-13#include <linux/module.h>
-14#include <linux/poll.h>
+6#include <linux/cdev.h>
+7#include <linux/delay.h>
+8#include <linux/device.h>
+9#include <linux/fs.h>
+10#include <linux/init.h>
+11#include <linux/irq.h>
+12#include <linux/kernel.h>
+13#include <linux/module.h>
+14#include <linux/poll.h>
15
-16/* Prototypes - this would normally go in a .h file */
-17static int device_open(struct inode *, struct file *);
-18static int device_release(struct inode *, struct file *);
-19static ssize_t device_read(struct file *, char *, size_t, loff_t *);
-20static ssize_t device_write(struct file *, const char *, size_t, loff_t *);
+16/* Prototypes - this would normally go in a .h file */
+17static int device_open(struct inode *, struct file *);
+18static int device_release(struct inode *, struct file *);
+19static ssize_t device_read(struct file *, char *, size_t, loff_t *);
+20static ssize_t device_write(struct file *, const char *, size_t, loff_t *);
21
-22#define SUCCESS 0
-23#define DEVICE_NAME "chardev" /* Dev name as it appears in /proc/devices */
-24#define BUF_LEN 80 /* Max length of the message from the device */
+22#define SUCCESS 0
+23#define DEVICE_NAME "chardev" /* Dev name as it appears in /proc/devices */
+24#define BUF_LEN 80 /* Max length of the message from the device */
25
-26/* Global variables are declared as static, so are global within the file. */
+26/* Global variables are declared as static, so are global within the file. */
27
-28static int major; /* major number assigned to our device driver */
-29static int open_device_cnt = 0; /* Is device open?
-30 * Used to prevent multiple access to device */
-31static char msg[BUF_LEN]; /* The msg the device will give when asked */
-32static char *msg_ptr;
+28static int major; /* major number assigned to our device driver */
+29static int open_device_cnt = 0; /* Is device open?
+30 * Used to prevent multiple access to device */
+31static char msg[BUF_LEN]; /* The msg the device will give when asked */
+32static char *msg_ptr;
33
-34static struct class *cls;
+34static struct class *cls;
35
-36static struct file_operations chardev_fops = {
+36static struct file_operations chardev_fops = {
37 .read = device_read,
38 .write = device_write,
39 .open = device_open,
40 .release = device_release,
41};
42
-43static int __init chardev_init(void)
+43static int __init chardev_init(void)
44{
45 major = register_chrdev(0, DEVICE_NAME, &chardev_fops);
46
-47 if (major < 0) {
-48 pr_alert("Registering char device failed with %d\n", major);
-49 return major;
+47 if (major < 0) {
+48 pr_alert("Registering char device failed with %d\n", major);
+49 return major;
50 }
51
-52 pr_info("I was assigned major number %d.\n", major);
+52 pr_info("I was assigned major number %d.\n", major);
53
54 cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_NAME);
55 device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(major, 0), NULL, DEVICE_NAME);
56
-57 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME);
+57 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME);
58
-59 return SUCCESS;
+59 return SUCCESS;
60}
61
-62static void __exit chardev_exit(void)
+62static void __exit chardev_exit(void)
63{
64 device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(major, 0));
65 class_destroy(cls);
66
-67 /* Unregister the device */
+67 /* Unregister the device */
68 unregister_chrdev(major, DEVICE_NAME);
69}
70
-71/* Methods */
+71/* Methods */
72
-73/* Called when a process tries to open the device file, like
-74 * "sudo cat /dev/chardev"
-75 */
-76static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
+73/* Called when a process tries to open the device file, like
+74 * "sudo cat /dev/chardev"
+75 */
+76static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
77{
-78 static int counter = 0;
+78 static int counter = 0;
79
-80 if (open_device_cnt)
-81 return -EBUSY;
+80 if (open_device_cnt)
+81 return -EBUSY;
82
83 open_device_cnt++;
-84 sprintf(msg, "I already told you %d times Hello world!\n", counter++);
+84 sprintf(msg, "I already told you %d times Hello world!\n", counter++);
85 msg_ptr = msg;
86 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE);
87
-88 return SUCCESS;
+88 return SUCCESS;
89}
90
-91/* Called when a process closes the device file. */
-92static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
+91/* Called when a process closes the device file. */
+92static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
93{
-94 open_device_cnt--; /* We're now ready for our next caller */
+94 open_device_cnt--; /* We're now ready for our next caller */
95
-96 /* Decrement the usage count, or else once you opened the file, you will
-97 * never get get rid of the module.
-98 */
+96 /* Decrement the usage count, or else once you opened the file, you will
+97 * never get get rid of the module.
+98 */
99 module_put(THIS_MODULE);
100
-101 return SUCCESS;
+101 return SUCCESS;
102}
103
-104/* Called when a process, which already opened the dev file, attempts to
-105 * read from it.
-106 */
-107static ssize_t device_read(struct file *filp, /* see include/linux/fs.h */
-108 char *buffer, /* buffer to fill with data */
-109 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */
+104/* Called when a process, which already opened the dev file, attempts to
+105 * read from it.
+106 */
+107static ssize_t device_read(struct file *filp, /* see include/linux/fs.h */
+108 char *buffer, /* buffer to fill with data */
+109 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */
110 loff_t *offset)
111{
-112 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */
-113 int bytes_read = 0;
+112 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */
+113 int bytes_read = 0;
114
-115 /* If we are at the end of message, return 0 signifying end of file. */
-116 if (*msg_ptr == 0)
-117 return 0;
+115 /* If we are at the end of message, return 0 signifying end of file. */
+116 if (*msg_ptr == 0)
+117 return 0;
118
-119 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */
-120 while (length && *msg_ptr) {
-121 /* The buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel
-122 * segment so "*" assignment won't work. We have to use
-123 * put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to
-124 * the user data segment.
-125 */
+119 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */
+120 while (length && *msg_ptr) {
+121 /* The buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel
+122 * segment so "*" assignment won't work. We have to use
+123 * put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to
+124 * the user data segment.
+125 */
126 put_user(*(msg_ptr++), buffer++);
127
128 length--;
129 bytes_read++;
130 }
131
-132 /* Most read functions return the number of bytes put into the buffer. */
-133 return bytes_read;
+132 /* Most read functions return the number of bytes put into the buffer. */
+133 return bytes_read;
134}
135
-136/* Called when a process writes to dev file: echo "hi" > /dev/hello */
-137static ssize_t device_write(struct file *filp,
-138 const char *buff,
-139 size_t len,
-140 loff_t *off)
-141{
-142 pr_alert("Sorry, this operation is not supported.\n");
-143 return -EINVAL;
-144}
-145
-146module_init(chardev_init);
-147module_exit(chardev_exit);
-148
-149MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+136/* Called when a process writes to dev file: echo "hi" > /dev/hello */
+137static ssize_t device_write(struct file *filp, const char *buff, size_t len,
+138 loff_t *off)
+139{
+140 pr_alert("Sorry, this operation is not supported.\n");
+141 return -EINVAL;
+142}
+143
+144module_init(chardev_init);
+145module_exit(chardev_exit);
+146
+147MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
6.6 Writing Modules for Multiple Kernel Versions
@@ -1619,7 +1618,7 @@ function procfile_read
.
The /proc/helloworld is created when the module is loaded with the function
proc_create
-. The return value is a struct proc_dir_entry
+. The return value is a struct proc_dir_entry
, and it will be used to configure the file /proc/helloworld (for example, the owner
of this file). A null return value means that the creation has failed.
Every time the file /proc/helloworld is read, the function
@@ -1642,78 +1641,75 @@ HelloWorld!
- 1/*
-2 * procfs1.c
-3 */
+ 1/*
+2 * procfs1.c
+3 */
4
-5#include <linux/kernel.h>
-6#include <linux/module.h>
-7#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
-8#include <linux/uaccess.h>
-9#include <linux/version.h>
+5#include <linux/kernel.h>
+6#include <linux/module.h>
+7#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
+8#include <linux/uaccess.h>
+9#include <linux/version.h>
10
-11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0)
-12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS
-13#endif
+11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0)
+12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS
+13#endif
14
-15#define procfs_name "helloworld"
+15#define procfs_name "helloworld"
16
-17struct proc_dir_entry *Our_Proc_File;
+17struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file;
18
-19
-20ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *filePointer,
-21 char *buffer,
-22 size_t buffer_length,
-23 loff_t *offset)
-24{
-25 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n";
-26 int len = sizeof(s);
-27 ssize_t ret = len;
-28
-29 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) {
-30 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n");
-31 ret = 0;
-32 } else {
-33 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", filePointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name);
-34 *offset += len;
-35 }
+19ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *filePointer, char *buffer,
+20 size_t buffer_length, loff_t *offset)
+21{
+22 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n";
+23 int len = sizeof(s);
+24 ssize_t ret = len;
+25
+26 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) {
+27 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n");
+28 ret = 0;
+29 } else {
+30 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", filePointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name);
+31 *offset += len;
+32 }
+33
+34 return ret;
+35}
36
-37 return ret;
-38}
-39
-40#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS
-41static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = {
-42 .proc_read = procfile_read,
-43};
-44#else
-45static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = {
-46 .read = procfile_read,
-47};
-48#endif
-49
-50static int __init procfs1_init(void)
-51{
-52 Our_Proc_File = proc_create(procfs_name, 0644, NULL, &proc_file_fops);
-53 if (NULL == Our_Proc_File) {
-54 proc_remove(Our_Proc_File);
-55 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", procfs_name);
-56 return -ENOMEM;
-57 }
-58
-59 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", procfs_name);
-60 return 0;
-61}
-62
-63static void __exit procfs1_exit(void)
-64{
-65 proc_remove(Our_Proc_File);
-66 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", procfs_name);
-67}
+37#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS
+38static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = {
+39 .proc_read = procfile_read,
+40};
+41#else
+42static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = {
+43 .read = procfile_read,
+44};
+45#endif
+46
+47static int __init procfs1_init(void)
+48{
+49 our_proc_file = proc_create(procfs_name, 0644, NULL, &proc_file_fops);
+50 if (NULL == our_proc_file) {
+51 proc_remove(our_proc_file);
+52 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", procfs_name);
+53 return -ENOMEM;
+54 }
+55
+56 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", procfs_name);
+57 return 0;
+58}
+59
+60static void __exit procfs1_exit(void)
+61{
+62 proc_remove(our_proc_file);
+63 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", procfs_name);
+64}
+65
+66module_init(procfs1_init);
+67module_exit(procfs1_exit);
68
-69module_init(procfs1_init);
-70module_exit(procfs1_exit);
-71
-72MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+69MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
7.1 The proc_ops Structure
@@ -1769,105 +1765,101 @@ need to import data because it comes from user space, but not for the read funct
because data is already in kernel space.
- 1/*
-2 * procfs2.c - create a "file" in /proc
-3 */
+ 1/*
+2 * procfs2.c - create a "file" in /proc
+3 */
4
-5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */
-6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */
-7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use the proc fs */
-8#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for copy_from_user */
-9#include <linux/version.h>
+5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */
+6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */
+7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use the proc fs */
+8#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for copy_from_user */
+9#include <linux/version.h>
10
-11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0)
-12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS
-13#endif
+11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0)
+12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS
+13#endif
14
-15#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 1024
-16#define PROCFS_NAME "buffer1k"
+15#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 1024
+16#define PROCFS_NAME "buffer1k"
17
-18/* This structure hold information about the /proc file */
-19static struct proc_dir_entry *Our_Proc_File;
+18/* This structure hold information about the /proc file */
+19static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file;
20
-21/* The buffer used to store character for this module */
-22static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE];
+21/* The buffer used to store character for this module */
+22static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE];
23
-24/* The size of the buffer */
-25static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0;
+24/* The size of the buffer */
+25static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0;
26
-27/* This function is called then the /proc file is read */
-28ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *filePointer,
-29 char *buffer,
-30 size_t buffer_length,
-31 loff_t *offset)
-32{
-33 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n";
-34 int len = sizeof(s);
-35 ssize_t ret = len;
-36
-37 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) {
-38 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n");
-39 ret = 0;
-40 } else {
-41 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", filePointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name);
-42 *offset += len;
-43 }
-44
-45 return ret;
-46}
-47
-48/* This function is called with the /proc file is written. */
-49static ssize_t procfile_write(struct file *file,
-50 const char *buff,
-51 size_t len,
-52 loff_t *off)
-53{
-54 procfs_buffer_size = len;
-55 if (procfs_buffer_size > PROCFS_MAX_SIZE)
-56 procfs_buffer_size = PROCFS_MAX_SIZE;
-57
-58 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buff, procfs_buffer_size))
-59 return -EFAULT;
+27/* This function is called then the /proc file is read */
+28ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *filePointer, char *buffer,
+29 size_t buffer_length, loff_t *offset)
+30{
+31 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n";
+32 int len = sizeof(s);
+33 ssize_t ret = len;
+34
+35 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) {
+36 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n");
+37 ret = 0;
+38 } else {
+39 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", filePointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name);
+40 *offset += len;
+41 }
+42
+43 return ret;
+44}
+45
+46/* This function is called with the /proc file is written. */
+47static ssize_t procfile_write(struct file *file, const char *buff, size_t len,
+48 loff_t *off)
+49{
+50 procfs_buffer_size = len;
+51 if (procfs_buffer_size > PROCFS_MAX_SIZE)
+52 procfs_buffer_size = PROCFS_MAX_SIZE;
+53
+54 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buff, procfs_buffer_size))
+55 return -EFAULT;
+56
+57 procfs_buffer[procfs_buffer_size] = '\0';
+58 return procfs_buffer_size;
+59}
60
-61 procfs_buffer[procfs_buffer_size] = '\0';
-62 return procfs_buffer_size;
-63}
-64
-65#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS
-66static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = {
-67 .proc_read = procfile_read,
-68 .proc_write = procfile_write,
-69};
-70#else
-71static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = {
-72 .read = procfile_read,
-73 .write = procfile_write,
-74};
-75#endif
-76
-77static int __init procfs2_init(void)
-78{
-79 Our_Proc_File = proc_create(PROCFS_NAME, 0644, NULL, &proc_file_fops);
-80 if (NULL == Our_Proc_File) {
-81 proc_remove(Our_Proc_File);
-82 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROCFS_NAME);
-83 return -ENOMEM;
-84 }
+61#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS
+62static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = {
+63 .proc_read = procfile_read,
+64 .proc_write = procfile_write,
+65};
+66#else
+67static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = {
+68 .read = procfile_read,
+69 .write = procfile_write,
+70};
+71#endif
+72
+73static int __init procfs2_init(void)
+74{
+75 our_proc_file = proc_create(PROCFS_NAME, 0644, NULL, &proc_file_fops);
+76 if (NULL == our_proc_file) {
+77 proc_remove(our_proc_file);
+78 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROCFS_NAME);
+79 return -ENOMEM;
+80 }
+81
+82 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_NAME);
+83 return 0;
+84}
85
-86 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_NAME);
-87 return 0;
-88}
-89
-90static void __exit procfs2_exit(void)
-91{
-92 proc_remove(Our_Proc_File);
-93 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_NAME);
-94}
-95
-96module_init(procfs2_init);
-97module_exit(procfs2_exit);
-98
-99MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+86static void __exit procfs2_exit(void)
+87{
+88 proc_remove(our_proc_file);
+89 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_NAME);
+90}
+91
+92module_init(procfs2_init);
+93module_exit(procfs2_exit);
+94
+95MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
7.3 Manage /proc file with standard filesystem
@@ -1877,20 +1869,20 @@ functions, like permissions.
In Linux, there is a standard mechanism for file system registration.
Since every file system has to have its own functions to handle inode and file
operations, there is a special structure to hold pointers to all those functions,
- struct inode_operations
-, which includes a pointer to struct proc_ops
+ struct inode_operations
+, which includes a pointer to struct proc_ops
.
The difference between file and inode operations is that file operations deal with
the file itself whereas inode operations deal with ways of referencing the file, such as
creating links to it.
In /proc, whenever we register a new file, we’re allowed to specify which
- struct inode_operations
+ struct inode_operations
will be used to access to it. This is the mechanism we use, a
- struct inode_operations
+ struct inode_operations
- which includes a pointer to a struct proc_ops
+ which includes a pointer to a struct proc_ops
which includes pointers to our procf_read
and procfs_write
functions.
@@ -1911,113 +1903,113 @@ if a process writes something to the kernel, then the kernel receives it as
input.
- 1/*
-2 * procfs3.c
-3 */
+ 1/*
+2 * procfs3.c
+3 */
4
-5#include <linux/kernel.h>
-6#include <linux/module.h>
-7#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
-8#include <linux/sched.h>
-9#include <linux/uaccess.h>
-10#include <linux/version.h>
+5#include <linux/kernel.h>
+6#include <linux/module.h>
+7#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
+8#include <linux/sched.h>
+9#include <linux/uaccess.h>
+10#include <linux/version.h>
11
-12#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0)
-13#define HAVE_PROC_OPS
-14#endif
+12#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0)
+13#define HAVE_PROC_OPS
+14#endif
15
-16#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 2048
-17#define PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME "buffer2k"
+16#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 2048
+17#define PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME "buffer2k"
18
-19struct proc_dir_entry *Our_Proc_File;
-20static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE];
-21static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0;
+19struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file;
+20static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE];
+21static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0;
22
-23static ssize_t procfs_read(struct file *filp,
-24 char *buffer,
-25 size_t length,
-26 loff_t *offset)
-27{
-28 static int finished = 0;
-29 if (finished) {
-30 pr_debug("procfs_read: END\n");
-31 finished = 0;
-32 return 0;
-33 }
-34 finished = 1;
-35 if (copy_to_user(buffer, procfs_buffer, procfs_buffer_size))
-36 return -EFAULT;
-37 pr_debug("procfs_read: read %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size);
-38 return procfs_buffer_size;
-39}
-40static ssize_t procfs_write(struct file *file,
-41 const char *buffer,
-42 size_t len,
-43 loff_t *off)
-44{
-45 if (len > PROCFS_MAX_SIZE)
-46 procfs_buffer_size = PROCFS_MAX_SIZE;
-47 else
-48 procfs_buffer_size = len;
-49 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buffer, procfs_buffer_size))
-50 return -EFAULT;
-51 pr_debug("procfs_write: write %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size);
-52 return procfs_buffer_size;
+23static ssize_t procfs_read(struct file *filp, char *buffer, size_t length,
+24 loff_t *offset)
+25{
+26 static int finished = 0;
+27
+28 if (finished) {
+29 pr_debug("procfs_read: END\n");
+30 finished = 0;
+31 return 0;
+32 }
+33 finished = 1;
+34
+35 if (copy_to_user(buffer, procfs_buffer, procfs_buffer_size))
+36 return -EFAULT;
+37
+38 pr_debug("procfs_read: read %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size);
+39 return procfs_buffer_size;
+40}
+41static ssize_t procfs_write(struct file *file, const char *buffer, size_t len,
+42 loff_t *off)
+43{
+44 if (len > PROCFS_MAX_SIZE)
+45 procfs_buffer_size = PROCFS_MAX_SIZE;
+46 else
+47 procfs_buffer_size = len;
+48 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buffer, procfs_buffer_size))
+49 return -EFAULT;
+50
+51 pr_debug("procfs_write: write %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size);
+52 return procfs_buffer_size;
53}
-54int procfs_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
+54int procfs_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
55{
56 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE);
-57 return 0;
+57 return 0;
58}
-59int procfs_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
+59int procfs_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
60{
61 module_put(THIS_MODULE);
-62 return 0;
+62 return 0;
63}
64
-65#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS
-66static struct proc_ops File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File = {
+65#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS
+66static struct proc_ops file_ops_4_our_proc_file = {
67 .proc_read = procfs_read,
68 .proc_write = procfs_write,
69 .proc_open = procfs_open,
70 .proc_release = procfs_close,
71};
-72#else
-73static const struct file_operations File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File = {
+72#else
+73static const struct file_operations file_ops_4_our_proc_file = {
74 .read = procfs_read,
75 .write = procfs_write,
76 .open = procfs_open,
77 .release = procfs_close,
78};
-79#endif
+79#endif
80
-81static int __init procfs3_init(void)
+81static int __init procfs3_init(void)
82{
-83 Our_Proc_File = proc_create(PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME, 0644, NULL,
-84 &File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File);
-85 if (Our_Proc_File == NULL) {
+83 our_proc_file = proc_create(PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME, 0644, NULL,
+84 &file_ops_4_our_proc_file);
+85 if (our_proc_file == NULL) {
86 remove_proc_entry(PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL);
-87 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n",
+87 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n",
88 PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME);
-89 return -ENOMEM;
+89 return -ENOMEM;
90 }
-91 proc_set_size(Our_Proc_File, 80);
-92 proc_set_user(Our_Proc_File, GLOBAL_ROOT_UID, GLOBAL_ROOT_GID);
+91 proc_set_size(our_proc_file, 80);
+92 proc_set_user(our_proc_file, GLOBAL_ROOT_UID, GLOBAL_ROOT_GID);
93
-94 pr_debug("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME);
-95 return 0;
+94 pr_debug("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME);
+95 return 0;
96}
97
-98static void __exit procfs3_exit(void)
+98static void __exit procfs3_exit(void)
99{
100 remove_proc_entry(PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL);
-101 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME);
+101 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME);
102}
103
104module_init(procfs3_init);
105module_exit(procfs3_exit);
106
-107MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+107MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
Still hungry for procfs examples? Well, first of all keep in mind, there are rumors
around, claiming that procfs is on its way out, consider using sysfs instead. Consider
using this mechanism, in case you want to document something kernel related
@@ -2082,123 +2074,124 @@ of function stop()
, and some others. But nothing to write in the /proc file. Of course, you can still use
the same way as in the previous example.
- 1/*
-2 * procfs4.c - create a "file" in /proc
-3 * This program uses the seq_file library to manage the /proc file.
-4 */
+ 1/*
+2 * procfs4.c - create a "file" in /proc
+3 * This program uses the seq_file library to manage the /proc file.
+4 */
5
-6#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */
-7#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */
-8#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */
-9#include <linux/seq_file.h> /* for seq_file */
-10#include <linux/version.h>
+6#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */
+7#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */
+8#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */
+9#include <linux/seq_file.h> /* for seq_file */
+10#include <linux/version.h>
11
-12#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0)
-13#define HAVE_PROC_OPS
-14#endif
+12#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0)
+13#define HAVE_PROC_OPS
+14#endif
15
-16#define PROC_NAME "iter"
+16#define PROC_NAME "iter"
17
-18/* This function is called at the beginning of a sequence.
-19 * ie, when:
-20 * - the /proc file is read (first time)
-21 * - after the function stop (end of sequence)
-22 */
-23static void *my_seq_start(struct seq_file *s, loff_t *pos)
+18/* This function is called at the beginning of a sequence.
+19 * ie, when:
+20 * - the /proc file is read (first time)
+21 * - after the function stop (end of sequence)
+22 */
+23static void *my_seq_start(struct seq_file *s, loff_t *pos)
24{
-25 static unsigned long counter = 0;
+25 static unsigned long counter = 0;
26
-27 /* beginning a new sequence? */
-28 if (*pos == 0) {
-29 /* yes => return a non null value to begin the sequence */
-30 return &counter;
+27 /* beginning a new sequence? */
+28 if (*pos == 0) {
+29 /* yes => return a non null value to begin the sequence */
+30 return &counter;
31 }
-32 /* no => it is the end of the sequence, return end to stop reading */
-33 *pos = 0;
-34 return NULL;
-35}
-36
-37/* This function is called after the beginning of a sequence.
-38 * It is called untill the return is NULL (this ends the sequence).
-39 */
-40static void *my_seq_next(struct seq_file *s, void *v, loff_t *pos)
-41{
-42 unsigned long *tmp_v = (unsigned long *) v;
-43 (*tmp_v)++;
-44 (*pos)++;
-45 return NULL;
-46}
-47
-48/* This function is called at the end of a sequence. */
-49static void my_seq_stop(struct seq_file *s, void *v)
-50{
-51 /* nothing to do, we use a static value in start() */
-52}
-53
-54/* This function is called for each "step" of a sequence. */
-55static int my_seq_show(struct seq_file *s, void *v)
-56{
-57 loff_t *spos = (loff_t *) v;
-58
-59 seq_printf(s, "%Ld\n", *spos);
-60 return 0;
-61}
-62
-63/* This structure gather "function" to manage the sequence */
-64static struct seq_operations my_seq_ops = {
-65 .start = my_seq_start,
-66 .next = my_seq_next,
-67 .stop = my_seq_stop,
-68 .show = my_seq_show,
-69};
-70
-71/* This function is called when the /proc file is open. */
-72static int my_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
-73{
-74 return seq_open(file, &my_seq_ops);
-75};
-76
-77/* This structure gather "function" that manage the /proc file */
-78#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS
-79static const struct proc_ops my_file_ops = {
-80 .proc_open = my_open,
-81 .proc_read = seq_read,
-82 .proc_lseek = seq_lseek,
-83 .proc_release = seq_release,
-84};
-85#else
-86static const struct file_operations my_file_ops = {
-87 .open = my_open,
-88 .read = seq_read,
-89 .llseek = seq_lseek,
-90 .release = seq_release,
-91};
-92#endif
-93
-94static int __init procfs4_init(void)
-95{
-96 struct proc_dir_entry *entry;
-97
-98 entry = proc_create(PROC_NAME, 0, NULL, &my_file_ops);
-99 if (entry == NULL) {
-100 remove_proc_entry(PROC_NAME, NULL);
-101 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_NAME);
-102 return -ENOMEM;
-103 }
-104
-105 return 0;
-106}
-107
-108static void __exit procfs4_exit(void)
-109{
-110 remove_proc_entry(PROC_NAME, NULL);
-111 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_NAME);
-112}
-113
-114module_init(procfs4_init);
-115module_exit(procfs4_exit);
-116
-117MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+32
+33 /* no => it is the end of the sequence, return end to stop reading */
+34 *pos = 0;
+35 return NULL;
+36}
+37
+38/* This function is called after the beginning of a sequence.
+39 * It is called untill the return is NULL (this ends the sequence).
+40 */
+41static void *my_seq_next(struct seq_file *s, void *v, loff_t *pos)
+42{
+43 unsigned long *tmp_v = (unsigned long *)v;
+44 (*tmp_v)++;
+45 (*pos)++;
+46 return NULL;
+47}
+48
+49/* This function is called at the end of a sequence. */
+50static void my_seq_stop(struct seq_file *s, void *v)
+51{
+52 /* nothing to do, we use a static value in start() */
+53}
+54
+55/* This function is called for each "step" of a sequence. */
+56static int my_seq_show(struct seq_file *s, void *v)
+57{
+58 loff_t *spos = (loff_t *)v;
+59
+60 seq_printf(s, "%Ld\n", *spos);
+61 return 0;
+62}
+63
+64/* This structure gather "function" to manage the sequence */
+65static struct seq_operations my_seq_ops = {
+66 .start = my_seq_start,
+67 .next = my_seq_next,
+68 .stop = my_seq_stop,
+69 .show = my_seq_show,
+70};
+71
+72/* This function is called when the /proc file is open. */
+73static int my_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
+74{
+75 return seq_open(file, &my_seq_ops);
+76};
+77
+78/* This structure gather "function" that manage the /proc file */
+79#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS
+80static const struct proc_ops my_file_ops = {
+81 .proc_open = my_open,
+82 .proc_read = seq_read,
+83 .proc_lseek = seq_lseek,
+84 .proc_release = seq_release,
+85};
+86#else
+87static const struct file_operations my_file_ops = {
+88 .open = my_open,
+89 .read = seq_read,
+90 .llseek = seq_lseek,
+91 .release = seq_release,
+92};
+93#endif
+94
+95static int __init procfs4_init(void)
+96{
+97 struct proc_dir_entry *entry;
+98
+99 entry = proc_create(PROC_NAME, 0, NULL, &my_file_ops);
+100 if (entry == NULL) {
+101 remove_proc_entry(PROC_NAME, NULL);
+102 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_NAME);
+103 return -ENOMEM;
+104 }
+105
+106 return 0;
+107}
+108
+109static void __exit procfs4_exit(void)
+110{
+111 remove_proc_entry(PROC_NAME, NULL);
+112 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_NAME);
+113}
+114
+115module_init(procfs4_init);
+116module_exit(procfs4_exit);
+117
+118MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
If you want more information, you can read this web page:
@@ -2219,98 +2212,94 @@ under the /
accessible via sysfs is given below.
- 1/*
-2 * hello-sysfs.c sysfs example
-3 */
-4#include <linux/fs.h>
-5#include <linux/init.h>
-6#include <linux/kobject.h>
-7#include <linux/module.h>
-8#include <linux/string.h>
-9#include <linux/sysfs.h>
+ 1/*
+2 * hello-sysfs.c sysfs example
+3 */
+4#include <linux/fs.h>
+5#include <linux/init.h>
+6#include <linux/kobject.h>
+7#include <linux/module.h>
+8#include <linux/string.h>
+9#include <linux/sysfs.h>
10
-11static struct kobject *mymodule;
+11static struct kobject *mymodule;
12
-13/* the variable you want to be able to change */
-14static int myvariable = 0;
+13/* the variable you want to be able to change */
+14static int myvariable = 0;
15
-16static ssize_t myvariable_show(struct kobject *kobj,
-17 struct kobj_attribute *attr,
-18 char *buf)
-19{
-20 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", myvariable);
-21}
-22
-23static ssize_t myvariable_store(struct kobject *kobj,
-24 struct kobj_attribute *attr,
-25 char *buf,
-26 size_t count)
-27{
-28 sscanf(buf, "%du", &myvariable);
-29 return count;
-30}
-31
+16static ssize_t myvariable_show(struct kobject *kobj,
+17 struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf)
+18{
+19 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", myvariable);
+20}
+21
+22static ssize_t myvariable_store(struct kobject *kobj,
+23 struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf,
+24 size_t count)
+25{
+26 sscanf(buf, "%du", &myvariable);
+27 return count;
+28}
+29
+30static struct kobj_attribute myvariable_attribute =
+31 __ATTR(myvariable, 0660, myvariable_show, (void *)myvariable_store);
32
-33static struct kobj_attribute myvariable_attribute =
-34 __ATTR(myvariable, 0660, myvariable_show, (void *) myvariable_store);
-35
-36static int __init mymodule_init(void)
-37{
-38 int error = 0;
-39
-40 pr_info("mymodule: initialised\n");
-41
-42 mymodule = kobject_create_and_add("mymodule", kernel_kobj);
-43 if (!mymodule)
-44 return -ENOMEM;
-45
-46 error = sysfs_create_file(mymodule, &myvariable_attribute.attr);
-47 if (error) {
-48 pr_info(
-49 "failed to create the myvariable file "
-50 "in /sys/kernel/mymodule\n");
-51 }
-52
-53 return error;
-54}
-55
-56static void __exit mymodule_exit(void)
-57{
-58 pr_info("mymodule: Exit success\n");
-59 kobject_put(mymodule);
-60}
-61
-62module_init(mymodule_init);
-63module_exit(mymodule_exit);
-64
-65MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+33static int __init mymodule_init(void)
+34{
+35 int error = 0;
+36
+37 pr_info("mymodule: initialised\n");
+38
+39 mymodule = kobject_create_and_add("mymodule", kernel_kobj);
+40 if (!mymodule)
+41 return -ENOMEM;
+42
+43 error = sysfs_create_file(mymodule, &myvariable_attribute.attr);
+44 if (error) {
+45 pr_info("failed to create the myvariable file "
+46 "in /sys/kernel/mymodule\n");
+47 }
+48
+49 return error;
+50}
+51
+52static void __exit mymodule_exit(void)
+53{
+54 pr_info("mymodule: Exit success\n");
+55 kobject_put(mymodule);
+56}
+57
+58module_init(mymodule_init);
+59module_exit(mymodule_exit);
+60
+61MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
Make and install the module:
- 1make
-2sudo insmod hello-sysfs.ko
+ 1make
+2sudo insmod hello-sysfs.ko
Check that it exists:
- 1sudo lsmod | grep hello_sysfs
+ 1sudo lsmod | grep hello_sysfs
What is the current value of myvariable
?
- 1cat /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariable
+ 1cat /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariable
Set the value of myvariable
and check that it changed.
- 1echo "32" > /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariable
-2cat /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariable
+ 1echo "32" > /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariable
+2cat /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariable
Finally, remove the test module:
- 1sudo rmmod hello_sysfs
+ 1sudo rmmod hello_sysfs
9 Talking To Device Files
@@ -2365,482 +2354,473 @@ get yours, you’ll know something is wrong. For more information, consult the k
source tree at Documentation/userspace-api/ioctl/ioctl-number.rst.
- 1/*
-2 * chardev2.c - Create an input/output character device
-3 */
+ 1/*
+2 * chardev2.c - Create an input/output character device
+3 */
4
-5#include <linux/cdev.h>
-6#include <linux/delay.h>
-7#include <linux/device.h>
-8#include <linux/fs.h>
-9#include <linux/init.h>
-10#include <linux/irq.h>
-11#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */
-12#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */
-13#include <linux/poll.h>
+5#include <linux/cdev.h>
+6#include <linux/delay.h>
+7#include <linux/device.h>
+8#include <linux/fs.h>
+9#include <linux/init.h>
+10#include <linux/irq.h>
+11#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */
+12#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */
+13#include <linux/poll.h>
14
-15#include "chardev.h"
-16#define SUCCESS 0
-17#define DEVICE_NAME "char_dev"
-18#define BUF_LEN 80
+15#include "chardev.h"
+16#define SUCCESS 0
+17#define DEVICE_NAME "char_dev"
+18#define BUF_LEN 80
19
-20/* Is the device open right now? Used to prevent concurrent access into
-21 * the same device
-22 */
-23static int Device_Open = 0;
+20/* Is the device open right now? Used to prevent concurrent access into
+21 * the same device
+22 */
+23static int open_device_cnt = 0;
24
-25/* The message the device will give when asked */
-26static char Message[BUF_LEN];
+25/* The message the device will give when asked */
+26static char message[BUF_LEN];
27
-28/* How far did the process reading the message get? Useful if the message
-29 * is larger than the size of the buffer we get to fill in device_read.
-30 */
-31static char *Message_Ptr;
+28/* How far did the process reading the message get? Useful if the message
+29 * is larger than the size of the buffer we get to fill in device_read.
+30 */
+31static char *message_ptr;
32
-33static struct class *cls;
+33static struct class *cls;
34
-35/* This is called whenever a process attempts to open the device file */
-36static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
+35/* This is called whenever a process attempts to open the device file */
+36static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
37{
-38 pr_info("device_open(%p)\n", file);
+38 pr_info("device_open(%p)\n", file);
39
-40 /* We don't want to talk to two processes at the same time. */
-41 if (Device_Open)
-42 return -EBUSY;
+40 /* We don't want to talk to two processes at the same time. */
+41 if (open_device_cnt)
+42 return -EBUSY;
43
-44 Device_Open++;
-45 /* Initialize the message */
-46 Message_Ptr = Message;
+44 open_device_cnt++;
+45 /* Initialize the message */
+46 message_ptr = message;
47 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE);
-48 return SUCCESS;
+48 return SUCCESS;
49}
50
-51static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
+51static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
52{
-53 pr_info("device_release(%p,%p)\n", inode, file);
+53 pr_info("device_release(%p,%p)\n", inode, file);
54
-55 /* We're now ready for our next caller */
-56 Device_Open--;
+55 /* We're now ready for our next caller */
+56 open_device_cnt--;
57
58 module_put(THIS_MODULE);
-59 return SUCCESS;
+59 return SUCCESS;
60}
61
-62/* This function is called whenever a process which has already opened the
-63 * device file attempts to read from it.
-64 */
-65static ssize_t device_read(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */
-66 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to be filled */
-67 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */
+62/* This function is called whenever a process which has already opened the
+63 * device file attempts to read from it.
+64 */
+65static ssize_t device_read(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */
+66 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to be filled */
+67 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */
68 loff_t *offset)
69{
-70 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */
-71 int bytes_read = 0;
+70 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */
+71 int bytes_read = 0;
72
-73 pr_info("device_read(%p,%p,%ld)\n", file, buffer, length);
+73 pr_info("device_read(%p,%p,%ld)\n", file, buffer, length);
74
-75 /* If at the end of message, return 0 (which signifies end of file). */
-76 if (*Message_Ptr == 0)
-77 return 0;
+75 /* If at the end of message, return 0 (which signifies end of file). */
+76 if (*message_ptr == 0)
+77 return 0;
78
-79 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */
-80 while (length && *Message_Ptr) {
-81 /* Because the buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel
-82 * data segment, assignment would not work. Instead, we have to
-83 * use put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to
-84 * the user data segment.
-85 */
-86 put_user(*(Message_Ptr++), buffer++);
+79 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */
+80 while (length && *message_ptr) {
+81 /* Because the buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel
+82 * data segment, assignment would not work. Instead, we have to
+83 * use put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to
+84 * the user data segment.
+85 */
+86 put_user(*(message_ptr++), buffer++);
87 length--;
88 bytes_read++;
89 }
90
-91 pr_info("Read %d bytes, %ld left\n", bytes_read, length);
+91 pr_info("Read %d bytes, %ld left\n", bytes_read, length);
92
-93 /* Read functions are supposed to return the number of bytes actually
-94 * inserted into the buffer.
-95 */
-96 return bytes_read;
+93 /* Read functions are supposed to return the number of bytes actually
+94 * inserted into the buffer.
+95 */
+96 return bytes_read;
97}
98
-99/* called when somebody tries to write into our device file. */
-100static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file,
-101 const char __user *buffer,
-102 size_t length,
-103 loff_t *offset)
-104{
-105 int i;
+99/* called when somebody tries to write into our device file. */
+100static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer,
+101 size_t length, loff_t *offset)
+102{
+103 int i;
+104
+105 pr_info("device_write(%p,%s,%ld)", file, buffer, length);
106
-107 pr_info("device_write(%p,%s,%ld)", file, buffer, length);
-108
-109 for (i = 0; i < length && i < BUF_LEN; i++)
-110 get_user(Message[i], buffer + i);
+107 for (i = 0; i < length && i < BUF_LEN; i++)
+108 get_user(message[i], buffer + i);
+109
+110 message_ptr = message;
111
-112 Message_Ptr = Message;
-113
-114 /* Again, return the number of input characters used. */
-115 return i;
-116}
-117
-118/* This function is called whenever a process tries to do an ioctl on our
-119 * device file. We get two extra parameters (additional to the inode and file
-120 * structures, which all device functions get): the number of the ioctl called
-121 * and the parameter given to the ioctl function.
-122 *
-123 * If the ioctl is write or read/write (meaning output is returned to the
-124 * calling process), the ioctl call returns the output of this function.
-125 */
-126long device_ioctl(struct file *file, /* ditto */
-127 unsigned int ioctl_num, /* number and param for ioctl */
-128 unsigned long ioctl_param)
-129{
-130 int i;
-131 char *temp;
-132 char ch;
-133
-134 /* Switch according to the ioctl called */
-135 switch (ioctl_num) {
-136 case IOCTL_SET_MSG:
-137 /* Receive a pointer to a message (in user space) and set that to
-138 * be the device's message. Get the parameter given to ioctl by
-139 * the process.
-140 */
-141 temp = (char *) ioctl_param;
-142
-143 /* Find the length of the message */
-144 get_user(ch, temp);
-145 for (i = 0; ch && i < BUF_LEN; i++, temp++)
-146 get_user(ch, temp);
-147
-148 device_write(file, (char *) ioctl_param, i, 0);
-149 break;
-150
-151 case IOCTL_GET_MSG:
-152 /* Give the current message to the calling process - the parameter
-153 * we got is a pointer, fill it.
-154 */
-155 i = device_read(file, (char *) ioctl_param, 99, 0);
-156
-157 /* Put a zero at the end of the buffer, so it will be properly
-158 * terminated.
-159 */
-160 put_user('\0', (char *) ioctl_param + i);
-161 break;
-162
-163 case IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE:
-164 /* This ioctl is both input (ioctl_param) and output (the return
-165 * value of this function).
-166 */
-167 return Message[ioctl_param];
-168 break;
-169 }
-170
-171 return SUCCESS;
-172}
+112 /* Again, return the number of input characters used. */
+113 return i;
+114}
+115
+116/* This function is called whenever a process tries to do an ioctl on our
+117 * device file. We get two extra parameters (additional to the inode and file
+118 * structures, which all device functions get): the number of the ioctl called
+119 * and the parameter given to the ioctl function.
+120 *
+121 * If the ioctl is write or read/write (meaning output is returned to the
+122 * calling process), the ioctl call returns the output of this function.
+123 */
+124long device_ioctl(struct file *file, /* ditto */
+125 unsigned int ioctl_num, /* number and param for ioctl */
+126 unsigned long ioctl_param)
+127{
+128 int i;
+129 char *temp;
+130 char ch;
+131
+132 /* Switch according to the ioctl called */
+133 switch (ioctl_num) {
+134 case IOCTL_SET_MSG:
+135 /* Receive a pointer to a message (in user space) and set that to
+136 * be the device's message. Get the parameter given to ioctl by
+137 * the process.
+138 */
+139 temp = (char *)ioctl_param;
+140
+141 /* Find the length of the message */
+142 get_user(ch, temp);
+143 for (i = 0; ch && i < BUF_LEN; i++, temp++)
+144 get_user(ch, temp);
+145
+146 device_write(file, (char *)ioctl_param, i, 0);
+147 break;
+148
+149 case IOCTL_GET_MSG:
+150 /* Give the current message to the calling process - the parameter
+151 * we got is a pointer, fill it.
+152 */
+153 i = device_read(file, (char *)ioctl_param, 99, 0);
+154
+155 /* Put a zero at the end of the buffer, so it will be properly
+156 * terminated.
+157 */
+158 put_user('\0', (char *)ioctl_param + i);
+159 break;
+160
+161 case IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE:
+162 /* This ioctl is both input (ioctl_param) and output (the return
+163 * value of this function).
+164 */
+165 return message[ioctl_param];
+166 break;
+167 }
+168
+169 return SUCCESS;
+170}
+171
+172/* Module Declarations */
173
-174/* Module Declarations */
-175
-176/* This structure will hold the functions to be called when a process does
-177 * something to the device we created. Since a pointer to this structure
-178 * is kept in the devices table, it can't be local to init_module. NULL is
-179 * for unimplemented functions.
-180 */
-181struct file_operations Fops = {
-182 .read = device_read,
-183 .write = device_write,
-184 .unlocked_ioctl = device_ioctl,
-185 .open = device_open,
-186 .release = device_release, /* a.k.a. close */
-187};
-188
-189/* Initialize the module - Register the character device */
-190static int __init chardev2_init(void)
-191{
-192 /* Register the character device (atleast try) */
-193 int ret_val = register_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME, &Fops);
-194
-195 /* Negative values signify an error */
-196 if (ret_val < 0) {
-197 pr_alert("%s failed with %d\n",
-198 "Sorry, registering the character device ", ret_val);
-199 return ret_val;
-200 }
-201
-202 cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_FILE_NAME);
-203 device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(MAJOR_NUM, 0), NULL, DEVICE_FILE_NAME);
+174/* This structure will hold the functions to be called when a process does
+175 * something to the device we created. Since a pointer to this structure
+176 * is kept in the devices table, it can't be local to init_module. NULL is
+177 * for unimplemented functions.
+178 */
+179struct file_operations fops = {
+180 .read = device_read,
+181 .write = device_write,
+182 .unlocked_ioctl = device_ioctl,
+183 .open = device_open,
+184 .release = device_release, /* a.k.a. close */
+185};
+186
+187/* Initialize the module - Register the character device */
+188static int __init chardev2_init(void)
+189{
+190 /* Register the character device (atleast try) */
+191 int ret_val = register_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME, &fops);
+192
+193 /* Negative values signify an error */
+194 if (ret_val < 0) {
+195 pr_alert("%s failed with %d\n",
+196 "Sorry, registering the character device ", ret_val);
+197 return ret_val;
+198 }
+199
+200 cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_FILE_NAME);
+201 device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(MAJOR_NUM, 0), NULL, DEVICE_FILE_NAME);
+202
+203 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_FILE_NAME);
204
-205 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_FILE_NAME);
-206
-207 return 0;
-208}
-209
-210/* Cleanup - unregister the appropriate file from /proc */
-211static void __exit chardev2_exit(void)
-212{
-213 device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(MAJOR_NUM, 0));
-214 class_destroy(cls);
-215
-216 /* Unregister the device */
-217 unregister_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME);
-218}
-219
-220module_init(chardev2_init);
-221module_exit(chardev2_exit);
-222
-223MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+205 return 0;
+206}
+207
+208/* Cleanup - unregister the appropriate file from /proc */
+209static void __exit chardev2_exit(void)
+210{
+211 device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(MAJOR_NUM, 0));
+212 class_destroy(cls);
+213
+214 /* Unregister the device */
+215 unregister_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME);
+216}
+217
+218module_init(chardev2_init);
+219module_exit(chardev2_exit);
+220
+221MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
- 1/*
-2 * chardev.h - the header file with the ioctl definitions.
-3 *
-4 * The declarations here have to be in a header file, because they need
-5 * to be known both to the kernel module (in chardev.c) and the process
-6 * calling ioctl (ioctl.c).
-7 */
-8
-9#ifndef CHARDEV_H
-10#define CHARDEV_H
-11
-12#include <linux/ioctl.h>
-13
-14/* The major device number. We can not rely on dynamic registration
-15 * any more, because ioctls need to know it.
-16 */
-17#define MAJOR_NUM 100
-18
-19/* Set the message of the device driver */
-20#define IOCTL_SET_MSG _IOW(MAJOR_NUM, 0, char *)
-21/* _IOW means that we are creating an ioctl command number for passing
-22 * information from a user process to the kernel module.
-23 *
-24 * The first arguments, MAJOR_NUM, is the major device number we are using.
-25 *
-26 * The second argument is the number of the command (there could be several
-27 * with different meanings).
-28 *
-29 * The third argument is the type we want to get from the process to the
-30 * kernel.
-31 */
-32
-33/* Get the message of the device driver */
-34#define IOCTL_GET_MSG _IOR(MAJOR_NUM, 1, char *)
-35/* This IOCTL is used for output, to get the message of the device driver.
-36 * However, we still need the buffer to place the message in to be input,
-37 * as it is allocated by the process.
-38 */
-39
-40/* Get the n'th byte of the message */
-41#define IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE _IOWR(MAJOR_NUM, 2, int)
-42/* The IOCTL is used for both input and output. It receives from the user
-43 * a number, n, and returns Message[n].
-44 */
-45
-46/* The name of the device file */
-47#define DEVICE_FILE_NAME "char_dev"
-48
-49#endif
+ 1/*
+2 * chardev.h - the header file with the ioctl definitions.
+3 *
+4 * The declarations here have to be in a header file, because they need
+5 * to be known both to the kernel module (in chardev.c) and the process
+6 * calling ioctl (ioctl.c).
+7 */
+8
+9#ifndef CHARDEV_H
+10#define CHARDEV_H
+11
+12#include <linux/ioctl.h>
+13
+14/* The major device number. We can not rely on dynamic registration
+15 * any more, because ioctls need to know it.
+16 */
+17#define MAJOR_NUM 100
+18
+19/* Set the message of the device driver */
+20#define IOCTL_SET_MSG _IOW(MAJOR_NUM, 0, char *)
+21/* _IOW means that we are creating an ioctl command number for passing
+22 * information from a user process to the kernel module.
+23 *
+24 * The first arguments, MAJOR_NUM, is the major device number we are using.
+25 *
+26 * The second argument is the number of the command (there could be several
+27 * with different meanings).
+28 *
+29 * The third argument is the type we want to get from the process to the
+30 * kernel.
+31 */
+32
+33/* Get the message of the device driver */
+34#define IOCTL_GET_MSG _IOR(MAJOR_NUM, 1, char *)
+35/* This IOCTL is used for output, to get the message of the device driver.
+36 * However, we still need the buffer to place the message in to be input,
+37 * as it is allocated by the process.
+38 */
+39
+40/* Get the n'th byte of the message */
+41#define IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE _IOWR(MAJOR_NUM, 2, int)
+42/* The IOCTL is used for both input and output. It receives from the user
+43 * a number, n, and returns message[n].
+44 */
+45
+46/* The name of the device file */
+47#define DEVICE_FILE_NAME "char_dev"
+48
+49#endif
- 1/*
-2 * ioctl.c
-3 */
-4#include <linux/cdev.h>
-5#include <linux/fs.h>
-6#include <linux/init.h>
-7#include <linux/ioctl.h>
-8#include <linux/module.h>
-9#include <linux/slab.h>
-10#include <linux/uaccess.h>
-11
-12struct ioctl_arg {
-13 unsigned int reg;
-14 unsigned int val;
-15};
-16
-17/* Documentation/ioctl/ioctl-number.txt */
-18#define IOC_MAGIC '\x66'
-19
-20#define IOCTL_VALSET _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 0, struct ioctl_arg)
-21#define IOCTL_VALGET _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 1, struct ioctl_arg)
-22#define IOCTL_VALGET_NUM _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 2, int)
-23#define IOCTL_VALSET_NUM _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 3, int)
-24
-25#define IOCTL_VAL_MAXNR 3
-26#define DRIVER_NAME "ioctltest"
-27
-28static unsigned int test_ioctl_major = 0;
-29static unsigned int num_of_dev = 1;
-30static struct cdev test_ioctl_cdev;
-31static int ioctl_num = 0;
-32
-33struct test_ioctl_data {
-34 unsigned char val;
-35 rwlock_t lock;
-36};
-37
-38static long test_ioctl_ioctl(struct file *filp,
-39 unsigned int cmd,
-40 unsigned long arg)
-41{
-42 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data;
-43 int retval = 0;
-44 unsigned char val;
-45 struct ioctl_arg data;
-46 memset(&data, 0, sizeof(data));
-47
-48 switch (cmd) {
-49 case IOCTL_VALSET:
-50 if (copy_from_user(&data, (int __user *) arg, sizeof(data))) {
-51 retval = -EFAULT;
-52 goto done;
-53 }
-54
-55 pr_alert("IOCTL set val:%x .\n", data.val);
-56 write_lock(&ioctl_data->lock);
-57 ioctl_data->val = data.val;
-58 write_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock);
-59 break;
-60
-61 case IOCTL_VALGET:
-62 read_lock(&ioctl_data->lock);
-63 val = ioctl_data->val;
-64 read_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock);
-65 data.val = val;
-66
-67 if (copy_to_user((int __user *) arg, &data, sizeof(data))) {
-68 retval = -EFAULT;
-69 goto done;
-70 }
-71
-72 break;
-73
-74 case IOCTL_VALGET_NUM:
-75 retval = __put_user(ioctl_num, (int __user *) arg);
-76 break;
-77
-78 case IOCTL_VALSET_NUM:
-79 ioctl_num = arg;
-80 break;
-81
-82 default:
-83 retval = -ENOTTY;
-84 }
-85
-86done:
-87 return retval;
-88}
-89
-90ssize_t test_ioctl_read(struct file *filp,
-91 char __user *buf,
-92 size_t count,
-93 loff_t *f_pos)
-94{
-95 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data;
-96 unsigned char val;
-97 int retval;
-98 int i = 0;
-99 read_lock(&ioctl_data->lock);
-100 val = ioctl_data->val;
-101 read_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock);
-102
-103 for (; i < count; i++) {
-104 if (copy_to_user(&buf[i], &val, 1)) {
-105 retval = -EFAULT;
-106 goto out;
-107 }
-108 }
-109
-110 retval = count;
-111out:
-112 return retval;
-113}
-114
-115static int test_ioctl_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
-116{
-117 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__);
-118
-119 if (filp->private_data) {
-120 kfree(filp->private_data);
-121 filp->private_data = NULL;
-122 }
-123
-124 return 0;
-125}
-126
-127static int test_ioctl_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
-128{
-129 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data;
-130 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__);
-131 ioctl_data = kmalloc(sizeof(struct test_ioctl_data), GFP_KERNEL);
-132
-133 if (ioctl_data == NULL) {
-134 return -ENOMEM;
-135 }
-136
-137 rwlock_init(&ioctl_data->lock);
-138 ioctl_data->val = 0xFF;
-139 filp->private_data = ioctl_data;
-140 return 0;
-141}
-142
-143struct file_operations fops = {
-144 .owner = THIS_MODULE,
-145 .open = test_ioctl_open,
-146 .release = test_ioctl_close,
-147 .read = test_ioctl_read,
-148 .unlocked_ioctl = test_ioctl_ioctl,
-149};
-150
-151static int ioctl_init(void)
-152{
-153 dev_t dev = MKDEV(test_ioctl_major, 0);
-154 int alloc_ret = 0;
-155 int cdev_ret = 0;
-156 alloc_ret = alloc_chrdev_region(&dev, 0, num_of_dev, DRIVER_NAME);
-157
-158 if (alloc_ret) {
-159 goto error;
-160 }
-161
-162 test_ioctl_major = MAJOR(dev);
-163 cdev_init(&test_ioctl_cdev, &fops);
-164 cdev_ret = cdev_add(&test_ioctl_cdev, dev, num_of_dev);
-165
-166 if (cdev_ret) {
-167 goto error;
-168 }
-169
-170 pr_alert("%s driver(major: %d) installed.\n", DRIVER_NAME,
-171 test_ioctl_major);
-172 return 0;
-173error:
-174
-175 if (cdev_ret == 0) {
-176 cdev_del(&test_ioctl_cdev);
-177 }
-178
-179 if (alloc_ret == 0) {
-180 unregister_chrdev_region(dev, num_of_dev);
-181 }
-182
-183 return -1;
-184}
-185
-186static void ioctl_exit(void)
-187{
-188 dev_t dev = MKDEV(test_ioctl_major, 0);
-189 cdev_del(&test_ioctl_cdev);
-190 unregister_chrdev_region(dev, num_of_dev);
-191 pr_alert("%s driver removed.\n", DRIVER_NAME);
-192}
-193
-194module_init(ioctl_init);
-195module_exit(ioctl_exit);
-196
-197MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
-198MODULE_DESCRIPTION("This is test_ioctl module");
+ 1/*
+2 * ioctl.c
+3 */
+4#include <linux/cdev.h>
+5#include <linux/fs.h>
+6#include <linux/init.h>
+7#include <linux/ioctl.h>
+8#include <linux/module.h>
+9#include <linux/slab.h>
+10#include <linux/uaccess.h>
+11
+12struct ioctl_arg {
+13 unsigned int reg;
+14 unsigned int val;
+15};
+16
+17/* Documentation/ioctl/ioctl-number.txt */
+18#define IOC_MAGIC '\x66'
+19
+20#define IOCTL_VALSET _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 0, struct ioctl_arg)
+21#define IOCTL_VALGET _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 1, struct ioctl_arg)
+22#define IOCTL_VALGET_NUM _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 2, int)
+23#define IOCTL_VALSET_NUM _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 3, int)
+24
+25#define IOCTL_VAL_MAXNR 3
+26#define DRIVER_NAME "ioctltest"
+27
+28static unsigned int test_ioctl_major = 0;
+29static unsigned int num_of_dev = 1;
+30static struct cdev test_ioctl_cdev;
+31static int ioctl_num = 0;
+32
+33struct test_ioctl_data {
+34 unsigned char val;
+35 rwlock_t lock;
+36};
+37
+38static long test_ioctl_ioctl(struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd,
+39 unsigned long arg)
+40{
+41 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data;
+42 int retval = 0;
+43 unsigned char val;
+44 struct ioctl_arg data;
+45 memset(&data, 0, sizeof(data));
+46
+47 switch (cmd) {
+48 case IOCTL_VALSET:
+49 if (copy_from_user(&data, (int __user *)arg, sizeof(data))) {
+50 retval = -EFAULT;
+51 goto done;
+52 }
+53
+54 pr_alert("IOCTL set val:%x .\n", data.val);
+55 write_lock(&ioctl_data->lock);
+56 ioctl_data->val = data.val;
+57 write_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock);
+58 break;
+59
+60 case IOCTL_VALGET:
+61 read_lock(&ioctl_data->lock);
+62 val = ioctl_data->val;
+63 read_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock);
+64 data.val = val;
+65
+66 if (copy_to_user((int __user *)arg, &data, sizeof(data))) {
+67 retval = -EFAULT;
+68 goto done;
+69 }
+70
+71 break;
+72
+73 case IOCTL_VALGET_NUM:
+74 retval = __put_user(ioctl_num, (int __user *)arg);
+75 break;
+76
+77 case IOCTL_VALSET_NUM:
+78 ioctl_num = arg;
+79 break;
+80
+81 default:
+82 retval = -ENOTTY;
+83 }
+84
+85done:
+86 return retval;
+87}
+88
+89ssize_t test_ioctl_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buf, size_t count,
+90 loff_t *f_pos)
+91{
+92 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data;
+93 unsigned char val;
+94 int retval;
+95 int i = 0;
+96
+97 read_lock(&ioctl_data->lock);
+98 val = ioctl_data->val;
+99 read_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock);
+100
+101 for (; i < count; i++) {
+102 if (copy_to_user(&buf[i], &val, 1)) {
+103 retval = -EFAULT;
+104 goto out;
+105 }
+106 }
+107
+108 retval = count;
+109out:
+110 return retval;
+111}
+112
+113static int test_ioctl_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
+114{
+115 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__);
+116
+117 if (filp->private_data) {
+118 kfree(filp->private_data);
+119 filp->private_data = NULL;
+120 }
+121
+122 return 0;
+123}
+124
+125static int test_ioctl_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
+126{
+127 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data;
+128
+129 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__);
+130 ioctl_data = kmalloc(sizeof(struct test_ioctl_data), GFP_KERNEL);
+131
+132 if (ioctl_data == NULL)
+133 return -ENOMEM;
+134
+135 rwlock_init(&ioctl_data->lock);
+136 ioctl_data->val = 0xFF;
+137 filp->private_data = ioctl_data;
+138
+139 return 0;
+140}
+141
+142struct file_operations fops = {
+143 .owner = THIS_MODULE,
+144 .open = test_ioctl_open,
+145 .release = test_ioctl_close,
+146 .read = test_ioctl_read,
+147 .unlocked_ioctl = test_ioctl_ioctl,
+148};
+149
+150static int ioctl_init(void)
+151{
+152 dev_t dev = MKDEV(test_ioctl_major, 0);
+153 int alloc_ret = 0;
+154 int cdev_ret = 0;
+155 alloc_ret = alloc_chrdev_region(&dev, 0, num_of_dev, DRIVER_NAME);
+156
+157 if (alloc_ret)
+158 goto error;
+159
+160 test_ioctl_major = MAJOR(dev);
+161 cdev_init(&test_ioctl_cdev, &fops);
+162 cdev_ret = cdev_add(&test_ioctl_cdev, dev, num_of_dev);
+163
+164 if (cdev_ret)
+165 goto error;
+166
+167 pr_alert("%s driver(major: %d) installed.\n", DRIVER_NAME,
+168 test_ioctl_major);
+169 return 0;
+170error:
+171 if (cdev_ret == 0)
+172 cdev_del(&test_ioctl_cdev);
+173 if (alloc_ret == 0)
+174 unregister_chrdev_region(dev, num_of_dev);
+175 return -1;
+176}
+177
+178static void ioctl_exit(void)
+179{
+180 dev_t dev = MKDEV(test_ioctl_major, 0);
+181
+182 cdev_del(&test_ioctl_cdev);
+183 unregister_chrdev_region(dev, num_of_dev);
+184 pr_alert("%s driver removed.\n", DRIVER_NAME);
+185}
+186
+187module_init(ioctl_init);
+188module_exit(ioctl_exit);
+189
+190MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+191MODULE_DESCRIPTION("This is test_ioctl module");
@@ -3107,239 +3087,235 @@ patch and the README. Depending on your kernel version, you might even need to
hand apply the patch.
- 1/*
-2 * syscall.c
-3 *
-4 * System call "stealing" sample.
-5 *
-6 * Disables page protection at a processor level by changing the 16th bit
-7 * in the cr0 register (could be Intel specific).
-8 *
-9 * Based on example by Peter Jay Salzman and
-10 * https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=139406
-11 */
+ 1/*
+2 * syscall.c
+3 *
+4 * System call "stealing" sample.
+5 *
+6 * Disables page protection at a processor level by changing the 16th bit
+7 * in the cr0 register (could be Intel specific).
+8 *
+9 * Based on example by Peter Jay Salzman and
+10 * https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=139406
+11 */
12
-13#include <linux/delay.h>
-14#include <linux/kernel.h>
-15#include <linux/module.h>
-16#include <linux/moduleparam.h> /* which will have params */
-17#include <linux/unistd.h> /* The list of system calls */
-18#include <linux/version.h>
+13#include <linux/delay.h>
+14#include <linux/kernel.h>
+15#include <linux/module.h>
+16#include <linux/moduleparam.h> /* which will have params */
+17#include <linux/unistd.h> /* The list of system calls */
+18#include <linux/version.h>
19
-20/* For the current (process) structure, we need this to know who the
-21 * current user is.
-22 */
-23#include <linux/sched.h>
-24#include <linux/uaccess.h>
+20/* For the current (process) structure, we need this to know who the
+21 * current user is.
+22 */
+23#include <linux/sched.h>
+24#include <linux/uaccess.h>
25
-26
-27/* The way we access "sys_call_table" varies as kernel internal changes.
-28 * - ver <= 5.4 : manual symbol lookup
-29 * - 5.4 < ver < 5.7 : kallsyms_lookup_name
-30 * - 5.7 <= ver : Kprobes or specific kernel module parameter
-31 */
-32
-33/* The in-kernel calls to the ksys_close() syscall were removed in Linux v5.11+.
-34 */
-35#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(5, 7, 0))
-36
-37#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE <= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 4, 0)
-38#define HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE 1
-39#include <linux/syscalls.h> /* For ksys_close() */
-40#else
-41#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For kallsyms_lookup_name */
-42#endif
-43
-44#else
-45
-46#if defined(CONFIG_KPROBES)
-47#define HAVE_KPROBES 1
-48#include <linux/kprobes.h>
-49#else
-50#define HAVE_PARAM 1
-51#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For sprint_symbol */
-52/* The address of the sys_call_table, which can be obtained with looking up
-53 * "/boot/System.map" or "/proc/kallsyms". When the kernel version is v5.7+,
-54 * without CONFIG_KPROBES, you can input the parameter or the module will look
-55 * up all the memory.
-56 */
-57static unsigned long sym = 0;
-58module_param(sym, ulong, 0644);
-59#endif
-60
-61#endif
-62
-63unsigned long **sys_call_table;
-64
-65/* UID we want to spy on - will be filled from the command line. */
-66static int uid;
-67module_param(uid, int, 0644);
-68
-69/* A pointer to the original system call. The reason we keep this, rather
-70 * than call the original function (sys_open), is because somebody else
-71 * might have replaced the system call before us. Note that this is not
-72 * 100% safe, because if another module replaced sys_open before us,
-73 * then when we are inserted, we will call the function in that module -
-74 * and it might be removed before we are.
-75 *
-76 * Another reason for this is that we can not get sys_open.
-77 * It is a static variable, so it is not exported.
-78 */
-79asmlinkage int (*original_call)(const char *, int, int);
-80
-81/* The function we will replace sys_open (the function called when you
-82 * call the open system call) with. To find the exact prototype, with
-83 * the number and type of arguments, we find the original function first
-84 * (it is at fs/open.c).
-85 *
-86 * In theory, this means that we are tied to the current version of the
-87 * kernel. In practice, the system calls almost never change (it would
-88 * wreck havoc and require programs to be recompiled, since the system
-89 * calls are the interface between the kernel and the processes).
-90 */
-91asmlinkage int our_sys_open(const char *filename, int flags, int mode)
-92{
-93 int i = 0;
-94 char ch;
-95
-96 /* Report the file, if relevant */
-97 pr_info("Opened file by %d: ", uid);
-98 do {
-99 get_user(ch, filename + i);
-100 i++;
-101 pr_info("%c", ch);
-102 } while (ch != 0);
-103 pr_info("\n");
-104
-105 /* Call the original sys_open - otherwise, we lose the ability to
-106 * open files.
-107 */
-108 return original_call(filename, flags, mode);
-109}
-110
-111static unsigned long **aquire_sys_call_table(void)
-112{
-113#ifdef HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE
-114 unsigned long int offset = PAGE_OFFSET;
-115 unsigned long **sct;
-116
-117 while (offset < ULLONG_MAX) {
-118 sct = (unsigned long **) offset;
-119
-120 if (sct[__NR_close] == (unsigned long *) ksys_close)
-121 return sct;
-122
-123 offset += sizeof(void *);
-124 }
-125
-126 return NULL;
-127#endif
-128
-129#ifdef HAVE_PARAM
-130 const char sct_name[15] = "sys_call_table";
-131 char symbol[40] = {0};
-132
-133 if (sym == 0) {
-134 pr_alert(
-135 "For Linux v5.7+, Kprobes is the preferable way to get "
-136 "symbol.\n");
-137 pr_info(
-138 "If Kprobes is absent, you have to specify the address of "
-139 "sys_call_table symbol\n");
-140 pr_info(
-141 "by /boot/System.map or /proc/kallsyms, which contains all the "
-142 "symbol addresses, into sym parameter.\n");
-143 return NULL;
-144 }
-145 sprint_symbol(symbol, sym);
-146 if (!strncmp(sct_name, symbol, sizeof(sct_name) - 1))
-147 return (unsigned long **) sym;
-148
-149 return NULL;
-150#endif
-151
-152#ifdef HAVE_KPROBES
-153 unsigned long (*kallsyms_lookup_name)(const char *name);
-154 struct kprobe kp = {
-155 .symbol_name = "kallsyms_lookup_name",
-156 };
-157
-158 if (register_kprobe(&kp) < 0)
-159 return NULL;
-160 kallsyms_lookup_name = (unsigned long (*)(const char *name)) kp.addr;
-161 unregister_kprobe(&kp);
-162#endif
-163
-164 return (unsigned long **) kallsyms_lookup_name("sys_call_table");
-165}
-166
-167#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 3, 0)
-168static inline void __write_cr0(unsigned long cr0)
-169{
-170 asm volatile("mov %0,%%cr0" : "+r"(cr0) : : "memory");
-171}
-172#else
-173#define __write_cr0 write_cr0
-174#endif
-175
-176static void enable_write_protection(void)
-177{
-178 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0();
-179 set_bit(16, &cr0);
-180 __write_cr0(cr0);
-181}
-182
-183static void disable_write_protection(void)
-184{
-185 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0();
-186 clear_bit(16, &cr0);
-187 __write_cr0(cr0);
-188}
-189
-190static int __init syscall_start(void)
-191{
-192 if (!(sys_call_table = aquire_sys_call_table()))
-193 return -1;
-194
-195 disable_write_protection();
-196
-197 /* keep track of the original open function */
-198 original_call = (void *) sys_call_table[__NR_open];
-199
-200 /* use our open function instead */
-201 sys_call_table[__NR_open] = (unsigned long *) our_sys_open;
+26/* The way we access "sys_call_table" varies as kernel internal changes.
+27 * - ver <= 5.4 : manual symbol lookup
+28 * - 5.4 < ver < 5.7 : kallsyms_lookup_name
+29 * - 5.7 <= ver : Kprobes or specific kernel module parameter
+30 */
+31
+32/* The in-kernel calls to the ksys_close() syscall were removed in Linux v5.11+.
+33 */
+34#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(5, 7, 0))
+35
+36#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE <= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 4, 0)
+37#define HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE 1
+38#include <linux/syscalls.h> /* For ksys_close() */
+39#else
+40#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For kallsyms_lookup_name */
+41#endif
+42
+43#else
+44
+45#if defined(CONFIG_KPROBES)
+46#define HAVE_KPROBES 1
+47#include <linux/kprobes.h>
+48#else
+49#define HAVE_PARAM 1
+50#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For sprint_symbol */
+51/* The address of the sys_call_table, which can be obtained with looking up
+52 * "/boot/System.map" or "/proc/kallsyms". When the kernel version is v5.7+,
+53 * without CONFIG_KPROBES, you can input the parameter or the module will look
+54 * up all the memory.
+55 */
+56static unsigned long sym = 0;
+57module_param(sym, ulong, 0644);
+58#endif /* CONFIG_KPROBES */
+59
+60#endif /* Version < v5.7 */
+61
+62unsigned long **sys_call_table;
+63
+64/* UID we want to spy on - will be filled from the command line. */
+65static int uid;
+66module_param(uid, int, 0644);
+67
+68/* A pointer to the original system call. The reason we keep this, rather
+69 * than call the original function (sys_open), is because somebody else
+70 * might have replaced the system call before us. Note that this is not
+71 * 100% safe, because if another module replaced sys_open before us,
+72 * then when we are inserted, we will call the function in that module -
+73 * and it might be removed before we are.
+74 *
+75 * Another reason for this is that we can not get sys_open.
+76 * It is a static variable, so it is not exported.
+77 */
+78asmlinkage int (*original_call)(const char *, int, int);
+79
+80/* The function we will replace sys_open (the function called when you
+81 * call the open system call) with. To find the exact prototype, with
+82 * the number and type of arguments, we find the original function first
+83 * (it is at fs/open.c).
+84 *
+85 * In theory, this means that we are tied to the current version of the
+86 * kernel. In practice, the system calls almost never change (it would
+87 * wreck havoc and require programs to be recompiled, since the system
+88 * calls are the interface between the kernel and the processes).
+89 */
+90asmlinkage int our_sys_open(const char *filename, int flags, int mode)
+91{
+92 int i = 0;
+93 char ch;
+94
+95 /* Report the file, if relevant */
+96 pr_info("Opened file by %d: ", uid);
+97 do {
+98 get_user(ch, filename + i);
+99 i++;
+100 pr_info("%c", ch);
+101 } while (ch != 0);
+102 pr_info("\n");
+103
+104 /* Call the original sys_open - otherwise, we lose the ability to
+105 * open files.
+106 */
+107 return original_call(filename, flags, mode);
+108}
+109
+110static unsigned long **aquire_sys_call_table(void)
+111{
+112#ifdef HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE
+113 unsigned long int offset = PAGE_OFFSET;
+114 unsigned long **sct;
+115
+116 while (offset < ULLONG_MAX) {
+117 sct = (unsigned long **)offset;
+118
+119 if (sct[__NR_close] == (unsigned long *)ksys_close)
+120 return sct;
+121
+122 offset += sizeof(void *);
+123 }
+124
+125 return NULL;
+126#endif
+127
+128#ifdef HAVE_PARAM
+129 const char sct_name[15] = "sys_call_table";
+130 char symbol[40] = { 0 };
+131
+132 if (sym == 0) {
+133 pr_alert("For Linux v5.7+, Kprobes is the preferable way to get "
+134 "symbol.\n");
+135 pr_info("If Kprobes is absent, you have to specify the address of "
+136 "sys_call_table symbol\n");
+137 pr_info("by /boot/System.map or /proc/kallsyms, which contains all the "
+138 "symbol addresses, into sym parameter.\n");
+139 return NULL;
+140 }
+141 sprint_symbol(symbol, sym);
+142 if (!strncmp(sct_name, symbol, sizeof(sct_name) - 1))
+143 return (unsigned long **)sym;
+144
+145 return NULL;
+146#endif
+147
+148#ifdef HAVE_KPROBES
+149 unsigned long (*kallsyms_lookup_name)(const char *name);
+150 struct kprobe kp = {
+151 .symbol_name = "kallsyms_lookup_name",
+152 };
+153
+154 if (register_kprobe(&kp) < 0)
+155 return NULL;
+156 kallsyms_lookup_name = (unsigned long (*)(const char *name))kp.addr;
+157 unregister_kprobe(&kp);
+158#endif
+159
+160 return (unsigned long **)kallsyms_lookup_name("sys_call_table");
+161}
+162
+163#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 3, 0)
+164static inline void __write_cr0(unsigned long cr0)
+165{
+166 asm volatile("mov %0,%%cr0" : "+r"(cr0) : : "memory");
+167}
+168#else
+169#define __write_cr0 write_cr0
+170#endif
+171
+172static void enable_write_protection(void)
+173{
+174 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0();
+175 set_bit(16, &cr0);
+176 __write_cr0(cr0);
+177}
+178
+179static void disable_write_protection(void)
+180{
+181 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0();
+182 clear_bit(16, &cr0);
+183 __write_cr0(cr0);
+184}
+185
+186static int __init syscall_start(void)
+187{
+188 if (!(sys_call_table = aquire_sys_call_table()))
+189 return -1;
+190
+191 disable_write_protection();
+192
+193 /* keep track of the original open function */
+194 original_call = (void *)sys_call_table[__NR_open];
+195
+196 /* use our open function instead */
+197 sys_call_table[__NR_open] = (unsigned long *)our_sys_open;
+198
+199 enable_write_protection();
+200
+201 pr_info("Spying on UID:%d\n", uid);
202
-203 enable_write_protection();
-204
-205 pr_info("Spying on UID:%d\n", uid);
-206
-207 return 0;
-208}
-209
-210static void __exit syscall_end(void)
-211{
-212 if (!sys_call_table)
-213 return;
-214
-215 /* Return the system call back to normal */
-216 if (sys_call_table[__NR_open] != (unsigned long *) our_sys_open) {
-217 pr_alert("Somebody else also played with the ");
-218 pr_alert("open system call\n");
-219 pr_alert("The system may be left in ");
-220 pr_alert("an unstable state.\n");
-221 }
+203 return 0;
+204}
+205
+206static void __exit syscall_end(void)
+207{
+208 if (!sys_call_table)
+209 return;
+210
+211 /* Return the system call back to normal */
+212 if (sys_call_table[__NR_open] != (unsigned long *)our_sys_open) {
+213 pr_alert("Somebody else also played with the ");
+214 pr_alert("open system call\n");
+215 pr_alert("The system may be left in ");
+216 pr_alert("an unstable state.\n");
+217 }
+218
+219 disable_write_protection();
+220 sys_call_table[__NR_open] = (unsigned long *)original_call;
+221 enable_write_protection();
222
-223 disable_write_protection();
-224 sys_call_table[__NR_open] = (unsigned long *) original_call;
-225 enable_write_protection();
-226
-227 msleep(2000);
-228}
-229
-230module_init(syscall_start);
-231module_exit(syscall_end);
-232
-233MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+223 msleep(2000);
+224}
+225
+226module_init(syscall_start);
+227module_exit(syscall_end);
+228
+229MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
11 Blocking Processes and threads
@@ -3444,286 +3420,286 @@ $
- 1/*
-2 * sleep.c - create a /proc file, and if several processes try to open it
-3 * at the same time, put all but one to sleep.
-4 */
+ 1/*
+2 * sleep.c - create a /proc file, and if several processes try to open it
+3 * at the same time, put all but one to sleep.
+4 */
5
-6#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */
-7#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */
-8#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */
-9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For putting processes to sleep and
-10 waking them up */
-11#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */
-12#include <linux/version.h>
+6#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */
+7#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */
+8#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */
+9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For putting processes to sleep and
+10 waking them up */
+11#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */
+12#include <linux/version.h>
13
-14#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0)
-15#define HAVE_PROC_OPS
-16#endif
+14#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0)
+15#define HAVE_PROC_OPS
+16#endif
17
-18/* Here we keep the last message received, to prove that we can process our
-19 * input.
-20 */
-21#define MESSAGE_LENGTH 80
-22static char Message[MESSAGE_LENGTH];
+18/* Here we keep the last message received, to prove that we can process our
+19 * input.
+20 */
+21#define MESSAGE_LENGTH 80
+22static char message[MESSAGE_LENGTH];
23
-24static struct proc_dir_entry *Our_Proc_File;
-25#define PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME "sleep"
+24static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file;
+25#define PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME "sleep"
26
-27/* Since we use the file operations struct, we can't use the special proc
-28 * output provisions - we have to use a standard read function, which is this
-29 * function.
-30 */
-31static ssize_t module_output(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */
-32 char *buf, /* The buffer to put data to
-33 (in the user segment) */
-34 size_t len, /* The length of the buffer */
+27/* Since we use the file operations struct, we can't use the special proc
+28 * output provisions - we have to use a standard read function, which is this
+29 * function.
+30 */
+31static ssize_t module_output(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */
+32 char *buf, /* The buffer to put data to
+33 (in the user segment) */
+34 size_t len, /* The length of the buffer */
35 loff_t *offset)
36{
-37 static int finished = 0;
-38 int i;
-39 char message[MESSAGE_LENGTH + 30];
+37 static int finished = 0;
+38 int i;
+39 char output_msg[MESSAGE_LENGTH + 30];
40
-41 /* Return 0 to signify end of file - that we have nothing more to say
-42 * at this point.
-43 */
-44 if (finished) {
+41 /* Return 0 to signify end of file - that we have nothing more to say
+42 * at this point.
+43 */
+44 if (finished) {
45 finished = 0;
-46 return 0;
+46 return 0;
47 }
48
-49 sprintf(message, "Last input:%s\n", Message);
-50 for (i = 0; i < len && message[i]; i++)
-51 put_user(message[i], buf + i);
+49 sprintf(output_msg, "Last input:%s\n", message);
+50 for (i = 0; i < len && output_msg[i]; i++)
+51 put_user(output_msg[i], buf + i);
52
53 finished = 1;
-54 return i; /* Return the number of bytes "read" */
+54 return i; /* Return the number of bytes "read" */
55}
56
-57/* This function receives input from the user when the user writes to the
-58 * /proc file.
-59 */
-60static ssize_t module_input(struct file *file, /* The file itself */
-61 const char *buf, /* The buffer with input */
-62 size_t length, /* The buffer's length */
-63 loff_t *offset) /* offset to file - ignore */
+57/* This function receives input from the user when the user writes to the
+58 * /proc file.
+59 */
+60static ssize_t module_input(struct file *file, /* The file itself */
+61 const char *buf, /* The buffer with input */
+62 size_t length, /* The buffer's length */
+63 loff_t *offset) /* offset to file - ignore */
64{
-65 int i;
+65 int i;
66
-67 /* Put the input into Message, where module_output will later be able
-68 * to use it.
-69 */
-70 for (i = 0; i < MESSAGE_LENGTH - 1 && i < length; i++)
-71 get_user(Message[i], buf + i);
-72 /* we want a standard, zero terminated string */
-73 Message[i] = '\0';
+67 /* Put the input into Message, where module_output will later be able
+68 * to use it.
+69 */
+70 for (i = 0; i < MESSAGE_LENGTH - 1 && i < length; i++)
+71 get_user(message[i], buf + i);
+72 /* we want a standard, zero terminated string */
+73 message[i] = '\0';
74
-75 /* We need to return the number of input characters used */
-76 return i;
+75 /* We need to return the number of input characters used */
+76 return i;
77}
78
-79/* 1 if the file is currently open by somebody */
-80int Already_Open = 0;
+79/* 1 if the file is currently open by somebody */
+80int already_open = 0;
81
-82/* Queue of processes who want our file */
-83DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(WaitQ);
+82/* Queue of processes who want our file */
+83DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(waitq);
84
-85/* Called when the /proc file is opened */
-86static int module_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
+85/* Called when the /proc file is opened */
+86static int module_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
87{
-88 /* If the file's flags include O_NONBLOCK, it means the process does not
-89 * want to wait for the file. In this case, if the file is already open,
-90 * we should fail with -EAGAIN, meaning "you will have to try again",
-91 * instead of blocking a process which would rather stay awake.
-92 */
-93 if ((file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) && Already_Open)
-94 return -EAGAIN;
+88 /* If the file's flags include O_NONBLOCK, it means the process does not
+89 * want to wait for the file. In this case, if the file is already open,
+90 * we should fail with -EAGAIN, meaning "you will have to try again",
+91 * instead of blocking a process which would rather stay awake.
+92 */
+93 if ((file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) && already_open)
+94 return -EAGAIN;
95
-96 /* This is the correct place for try_module_get(THIS_MODULE) because if
-97 * a process is in the loop, which is within the kernel module,
-98 * the kernel module must not be removed.
-99 */
+96 /* This is the correct place for try_module_get(THIS_MODULE) because if
+97 * a process is in the loop, which is within the kernel module,
+98 * the kernel module must not be removed.
+99 */
100 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE);
101
-102 /* If the file is already open, wait until it is not. */
-103 while (Already_Open) {
-104 int i, is_sig = 0;
+102 /* If the file is already open, wait until it is not. */
+103 while (already_open) {
+104 int i, is_sig = 0;
105
-106 /* This function puts the current process, including any system
-107 * calls, such as us, to sleep. Execution will be resumed right
-108 * after the function call, either because somebody called
-109 * wake_up(&WaitQ) (only module_close does that, when the file
-110 * is closed) or when a signal, such as Ctrl-C, is sent
-111 * to the process
-112 */
-113 wait_event_interruptible(WaitQ, !Already_Open);
+106 /* This function puts the current process, including any system
+107 * calls, such as us, to sleep. Execution will be resumed right
+108 * after the function call, either because somebody called
+109 * wake_up(&waitq) (only module_close does that, when the file
+110 * is closed) or when a signal, such as Ctrl-C, is sent
+111 * to the process
+112 */
+113 wait_event_interruptible(waitq, !already_open);
114
-115 /* If we woke up because we got a signal we're not blocking,
-116 * return -EINTR (fail the system call). This allows processes
-117 * to be killed or stopped.
-118 */
-119 for (i = 0; i < _NSIG_WORDS && !is_sig; i++)
+115 /* If we woke up because we got a signal we're not blocking,
+116 * return -EINTR (fail the system call). This allows processes
+117 * to be killed or stopped.
+118 */
+119 for (i = 0; i < _NSIG_WORDS && !is_sig; i++)
120 is_sig = current->pending.signal.sig[i] & ~current->blocked.sig[i];
121
-122 if (is_sig) {
-123 /* It is important to put module_put(THIS_MODULE) here, because
-124 * for processes where the open is interrupted there will never
-125 * be a corresponding close. If we do not decrement the usage
-126 * count here, we will be left with a positive usage count
-127 * which we will have no way to bring down to zero, giving us
-128 * an immortal module, which can only be killed by rebooting
-129 * the machine.
-130 */
+122 if (is_sig) {
+123 /* It is important to put module_put(THIS_MODULE) here, because
+124 * for processes where the open is interrupted there will never
+125 * be a corresponding close. If we do not decrement the usage
+126 * count here, we will be left with a positive usage count
+127 * which we will have no way to bring down to zero, giving us
+128 * an immortal module, which can only be killed by rebooting
+129 * the machine.
+130 */
131 module_put(THIS_MODULE);
-132 return -EINTR;
+132 return -EINTR;
133 }
134 }
135
-136 /* If we got here, Already_Open must be zero. */
+136 /* If we got here, already_open must be zero. */
137
-138 /* Open the file */
-139 Already_Open = 1;
-140 return 0; /* Allow the access */
+138 /* Open the file */
+139 already_open = 1;
+140 return 0; /* Allow the access */
141}
142
-143/* Called when the /proc file is closed */
-144int module_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
+143/* Called when the /proc file is closed */
+144int module_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
145{
-146 /* Set Already_Open to zero, so one of the processes in the WaitQ will
-147 * be able to set Already_Open back to one and to open the file. All
-148 * the other processes will be called when Already_Open is back to one,
-149 * so they'll go back to sleep.
-150 */
-151 Already_Open = 0;
+146 /* Set already_open to zero, so one of the processes in the waitq will
+147 * be able to set already_open back to one and to open the file. All
+148 * the other processes will be called when already_open is back to one,
+149 * so they'll go back to sleep.
+150 */
+151 already_open = 0;
152
-153 /* Wake up all the processes in WaitQ, so if anybody is waiting for the
-154 * file, they can have it.
-155 */
-156 wake_up(&WaitQ);
+153 /* Wake up all the processes in waitq, so if anybody is waiting for the
+154 * file, they can have it.
+155 */
+156 wake_up(&waitq);
157
158 module_put(THIS_MODULE);
159
-160 return 0; /* success */
+160 return 0; /* success */
161}
162
-163/* Structures to register as the /proc file, with pointers to all the relevant
-164 * functions.
-165 */
+163/* Structures to register as the /proc file, with pointers to all the relevant
+164 * functions.
+165 */
166
-167/* File operations for our proc file. This is where we place pointers to all
-168 * the functions called when somebody tries to do something to our file. NULL
-169 * means we don't want to deal with something.
-170 */
-171#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS
-172static const struct proc_ops File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File = {
-173 .proc_read = module_output, /* "read" from the file */
-174 .proc_write = module_input, /* "write" to the file */
-175 .proc_open = module_open, /* called when the /proc file is opened */
-176 .proc_release = module_close, /* called when it's closed */
+167/* File operations for our proc file. This is where we place pointers to all
+168 * the functions called when somebody tries to do something to our file. NULL
+169 * means we don't want to deal with something.
+170 */
+171#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS
+172static const struct proc_ops file_ops_4_our_proc_file = {
+173 .proc_read = module_output, /* "read" from the file */
+174 .proc_write = module_input, /* "write" to the file */
+175 .proc_open = module_open, /* called when the /proc file is opened */
+176 .proc_release = module_close, /* called when it's closed */
177};
-178#else
-179static const struct file_operations File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File = {
+178#else
+179static const struct file_operations file_ops_4_our_proc_file = {
180 .read = module_output,
181 .write = module_input,
182 .open = module_open,
183 .release = module_close,
184};
-185#endif
+185#endif
186
-187/* Initialize the module - register the proc file */
-188static int __init sleep_init(void)
+187/* Initialize the module - register the proc file */
+188static int __init sleep_init(void)
189{
-190 Our_Proc_File =
-191 proc_create(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, 0644, NULL, &File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File);
-192 if (Our_Proc_File == NULL) {
+190 our_proc_file =
+191 proc_create(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, 0644, NULL, &file_ops_4_our_proc_file);
+192 if (our_proc_file == NULL) {
193 remove_proc_entry(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL);
-194 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME);
-195 return -ENOMEM;
+194 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME);
+195 return -ENOMEM;
196 }
-197 proc_set_size(Our_Proc_File, 80);
-198 proc_set_user(Our_Proc_File, GLOBAL_ROOT_UID, GLOBAL_ROOT_GID);
+197 proc_set_size(our_proc_file, 80);
+198 proc_set_user(our_proc_file, GLOBAL_ROOT_UID, GLOBAL_ROOT_GID);
199
-200 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME);
+200 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME);
201
-202 return 0;
+202 return 0;
203}
204
-205/* Cleanup - unregister our file from /proc. This could get dangerous if
-206 * there are still processes waiting in WaitQ, because they are inside our
-207 * open function, which will get unloaded. I'll explain how to avoid removal
-208 * of a kernel module in such a case in chapter 10.
-209 */
-210static void __exit sleep_exit(void)
+205/* Cleanup - unregister our file from /proc. This could get dangerous if
+206 * there are still processes waiting in waitq, because they are inside our
+207 * open function, which will get unloaded. I'll explain how to avoid removal
+208 * of a kernel module in such a case in chapter 10.
+209 */
+210static void __exit sleep_exit(void)
211{
212 remove_proc_entry(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL);
-213 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME);
+213 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME);
214}
215
216module_init(sleep_init);
217module_exit(sleep_exit);
218
-219MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+219MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
- 1/*
-2 * cat_nonblock.c - open a file and display its contents, but exit rather than
-3 * wait for input.
-4 */
-5#include <errno.h> /* for errno */
-6#include <fcntl.h> /* for open */
-7#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */
-8#include <stdlib.h> /* for exit */
-9#include <unistd.h> /* for read */
+ 1/*
+2 * cat_nonblock.c - open a file and display its contents, but exit rather than
+3 * wait for input.
+4 */
+5#include <errno.h> /* for errno */
+6#include <fcntl.h> /* for open */
+7#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */
+8#include <stdlib.h> /* for exit */
+9#include <unistd.h> /* for read */
10
-11#define MAX_BYTES 1024 * 4
+11#define MAX_BYTES 1024 * 4
12
-13int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+13int main(int argc, char *argv[])
14{
-15 int fd; /* The file descriptor for the file to read */
-16 size_t bytes; /* The number of bytes read */
-17 char buffer[MAX_BYTES]; /* The buffer for the bytes */
+15 int fd; /* The file descriptor for the file to read */
+16 size_t bytes; /* The number of bytes read */
+17 char buffer[MAX_BYTES]; /* The buffer for the bytes */
18
-19 /* Usage */
-20 if (argc != 2) {
-21 printf("Usage: %s <filename>\n", argv[0]);
-22 puts("Reads the content of a file, but doesn't wait for input");
+19 /* Usage */
+20 if (argc != 2) {
+21 printf("Usage: %s <filename>\n", argv[0]);
+22 puts("Reads the content of a file, but doesn't wait for input");
23 exit(-1);
24 }
25
-26 /* Open the file for reading in non blocking mode */
+26 /* Open the file for reading in non blocking mode */
27 fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK);
28
-29 /* If open failed */
-30 if (fd == -1) {
-31 puts(errno == EAGAIN ? "Open would block" : "Open failed");
+29 /* If open failed */
+30 if (fd == -1) {
+31 puts(errno == EAGAIN ? "Open would block" : "Open failed");
32 exit(-1);
33 }
34
-35 /* Read the file and output its contents */
-36 do {
-37 /* Read characters from the file */
+35 /* Read the file and output its contents */
+36 do {
+37 /* Read characters from the file */
38 bytes = read(fd, buffer, MAX_BYTES);
39
-40 /* If there's an error, report it and die */
-41 if (bytes == -1) {
-42 if (errno == EAGAIN)
-43 puts("Normally I'd block, but you told me not to");
-44 else
-45 puts("Another read error");
+40 /* If there's an error, report it and die */
+41 if (bytes == -1) {
+42 if (errno == EAGAIN)
+43 puts("Normally I'd block, but you told me not to");
+44 else
+45 puts("Another read error");
46 exit(-1);
47 }
48
-49 /* Print the characters */
-50 if (bytes > 0) {
-51 for (int i = 0; i < bytes; i++)
+49 /* Print the characters */
+50 if (bytes > 0) {
+51 for (int i = 0; i < bytes; i++)
52 putchar(buffer[i]);
53 }
54
-55 /* While there are no errors and the file isn't over */
-56 } while (bytes > 0);
+55 /* While there are no errors and the file isn't over */
+56 } while (bytes > 0);
57
-58 return 0;
+58 return 0;
59}
@@ -3739,82 +3715,82 @@ another.
- 1/*
-2 * completions.c
-3 */
-4#include <linux/completion.h>
-5#include <linux/init.h>
-6#include <linux/kernel.h>
-7#include <linux/kthread.h>
-8#include <linux/module.h>
+ 1/*
+2 * completions.c
+3 */
+4#include <linux/completion.h>
+5#include <linux/init.h>
+6#include <linux/kernel.h>
+7#include <linux/kthread.h>
+8#include <linux/module.h>
9
-10static struct {
-11 struct completion crank_comp;
-12 struct completion flywheel_comp;
+10static struct {
+11 struct completion crank_comp;
+12 struct completion flywheel_comp;
13} machine;
14
-15static int machine_crank_thread(void *arg)
+15static int machine_crank_thread(void *arg)
16{
-17 pr_info("Turn the crank\n");
+17 pr_info("Turn the crank\n");
18
19 complete_all(&machine.crank_comp);
20 complete_and_exit(&machine.crank_comp, 0);
21}
22
-23static int machine_flywheel_spinup_thread(void *arg)
+23static int machine_flywheel_spinup_thread(void *arg)
24{
25 wait_for_completion(&machine.crank_comp);
26
-27 pr_info("Flywheel spins up\n");
+27 pr_info("Flywheel spins up\n");
28
29 complete_all(&machine.flywheel_comp);
30 complete_and_exit(&machine.flywheel_comp, 0);
31}
32
-33static int completions_init(void)
+33static int completions_init(void)
34{
-35 struct task_struct *crank_thread;
-36 struct task_struct *flywheel_thread;
+35 struct task_struct *crank_thread;
+36 struct task_struct *flywheel_thread;
37
-38 pr_info("completions example\n");
+38 pr_info("completions example\n");
39
40 init_completion(&machine.crank_comp);
41 init_completion(&machine.flywheel_comp);
42
-43 crank_thread = kthread_create(machine_crank_thread, NULL, "KThread Crank");
-44 if (IS_ERR(crank_thread))
-45 goto ERROR_THREAD_1;
+43 crank_thread = kthread_create(machine_crank_thread, NULL, "KThread Crank");
+44 if (IS_ERR(crank_thread))
+45 goto ERROR_THREAD_1;
46
47 flywheel_thread = kthread_create(machine_flywheel_spinup_thread, NULL,
-48 "KThread Flywheel");
-49 if (IS_ERR(flywheel_thread))
-50 goto ERROR_THREAD_2;
+48 "KThread Flywheel");
+49 if (IS_ERR(flywheel_thread))
+50 goto ERROR_THREAD_2;
51
52 wake_up_process(flywheel_thread);
53 wake_up_process(crank_thread);
54
-55 return 0;
+55 return 0;
56
57ERROR_THREAD_2:
58 kthread_stop(crank_thread);
59ERROR_THREAD_1:
60
-61 return -1;
+61 return -1;
62}
63
-64void completions_exit(void)
+64void completions_exit(void)
65{
66 wait_for_completion(&machine.crank_comp);
67 wait_for_completion(&machine.flywheel_comp);
68
-69 pr_info("completions exit\n");
+69 pr_info("completions exit\n");
70}
71
72module_init(completions_init);
73module_exit(completions_exit);
74
-75MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Completions example");
-76MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+75MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Completions example");
+76MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
The machine
structure stores the completion states for the two threads. At the exit
point of each thread the respective completion state is updated, and
@@ -3844,47 +3820,47 @@ might deploy them in userland. This may be all that is needed to avoid collision
most cases.
- 1/*
-2 * example_mutex.c
-3 */
-4#include <linux/init.h>
-5#include <linux/kernel.h>
-6#include <linux/module.h>
-7#include <linux/mutex.h>
+ 1/*
+2 * example_mutex.c
+3 */
+4#include <linux/init.h>
+5#include <linux/kernel.h>
+6#include <linux/module.h>
+7#include <linux/mutex.h>
8
9DEFINE_MUTEX(mymutex);
10
-11static int example_mutex_init(void)
+11static int example_mutex_init(void)
12{
-13 int ret;
+13 int ret;
14
-15 pr_info("example_mutex init\n");
+15 pr_info("example_mutex init\n");
16
17 ret = mutex_trylock(&mymutex);
-18 if (ret != 0) {
-19 pr_info("mutex is locked\n");
+18 if (ret != 0) {
+19 pr_info("mutex is locked\n");
20
-21 if (mutex_is_locked(&mymutex) == 0)
-22 pr_info("The mutex failed to lock!\n");
+21 if (mutex_is_locked(&mymutex) == 0)
+22 pr_info("The mutex failed to lock!\n");
23
24 mutex_unlock(&mymutex);
-25 pr_info("mutex is unlocked\n");
-26 } else
-27 pr_info("Failed to lock\n");
+25 pr_info("mutex is unlocked\n");
+26 } else
+27 pr_info("Failed to lock\n");
28
-29 return 0;
+29 return 0;
30}
31
-32static void example_mutex_exit(void)
+32static void example_mutex_exit(void)
33{
-34 pr_info("example_mutex exit\n");
+34 pr_info("example_mutex exit\n");
35}
36
37module_init(example_mutex_init);
38module_exit(example_mutex_exit);
39
-40MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Mutex example");
-41MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+40MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Mutex example");
+41MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
12.2 Spinlocks
@@ -3902,69 +3878,69 @@ they will not be forgotten and will activate when the unlock happens, using the
variable to retain their state.
-
1/* -2 * example_spinlock.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> -5#include <linux/interrupt.h> -6#include <linux/kernel.h> -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/spinlock.h> +1/* +2 * example_spinlock.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> +5#include <linux/interrupt.h> +6#include <linux/kernel.h> +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/spinlock.h> 9 10DEFINE_SPINLOCK(sl_static); 11spinlock_t sl_dynamic; 12 -13static void example_spinlock_static(void) +13static void example_spinlock_static(void) 14{ -15 unsigned long flags; +15 unsigned long flags; 16 17 spin_lock_irqsave(&sl_static, flags); -18 pr_info("Locked static spinlock\n"); +18 pr_info("Locked static spinlock\n"); 19 -20 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this -21 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. -22 */ +20 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this +21 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. +22 */ 23 24 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&sl_static, flags); -25 pr_info("Unlocked static spinlock\n"); +25 pr_info("Unlocked static spinlock\n"); 26} 27 -28static void example_spinlock_dynamic(void) +28static void example_spinlock_dynamic(void) 29{ -30 unsigned long flags; +30 unsigned long flags; 31 32 spin_lock_init(&sl_dynamic); 33 spin_lock_irqsave(&sl_dynamic, flags); -34 pr_info("Locked dynamic spinlock\n"); +34 pr_info("Locked dynamic spinlock\n"); 35 -36 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this -37 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. -38 */ +36 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this +37 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. +38 */ 39 40 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&sl_dynamic, flags); -41 pr_info("Unlocked dynamic spinlock\n"); +41 pr_info("Unlocked dynamic spinlock\n"); 42} 43 -44static int example_spinlock_init(void) +44static int example_spinlock_init(void) 45{ -46 pr_info("example spinlock started\n"); +46 pr_info("example spinlock started\n"); 47 48 example_spinlock_static(); 49 example_spinlock_dynamic(); 50 -51 return 0; +51 return 0; 52} 53 -54static void example_spinlock_exit(void) +54static void example_spinlock_exit(void) 55{ -56 pr_info("example spinlock exit\n"); +56 pr_info("example spinlock exit\n"); 57} 58 59module_init(example_spinlock_init); 60module_exit(example_spinlock_exit); 61 -62MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Spinlock example"); -63MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+62MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Spinlock example"); +63MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
-
1/* -2 * example_rwlock.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/interrupt.h> -5#include <linux/kernel.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> +1/* +2 * example_rwlock.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/interrupt.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> 7 8DEFINE_RWLOCK(myrwlock); 9 -10static void example_read_lock(void) +10static void example_read_lock(void) 11{ -12 unsigned long flags; +12 unsigned long flags; 13 14 read_lock_irqsave(&myrwlock, flags); -15 pr_info("Read Locked\n"); +15 pr_info("Read Locked\n"); 16 -17 /* Read from something */ +17 /* Read from something */ 18 19 read_unlock_irqrestore(&myrwlock, flags); -20 pr_info("Read Unlocked\n"); +20 pr_info("Read Unlocked\n"); 21} 22 -23static void example_write_lock(void) +23static void example_write_lock(void) 24{ -25 unsigned long flags; +25 unsigned long flags; 26 27 write_lock_irqsave(&myrwlock, flags); -28 pr_info("Write Locked\n"); +28 pr_info("Write Locked\n"); 29 -30 /* Write to something */ +30 /* Write to something */ 31 32 write_unlock_irqrestore(&myrwlock, flags); -33 pr_info("Write Unlocked\n"); +33 pr_info("Write Unlocked\n"); 34} 35 -36static int example_rwlock_init(void) +36static int example_rwlock_init(void) 37{ -38 pr_info("example_rwlock started\n"); +38 pr_info("example_rwlock started\n"); 39 40 example_read_lock(); 41 example_write_lock(); 42 -43 return 0; +43 return 0; 44} 45 -46static void example_rwlock_exit(void) +46static void example_rwlock_exit(void) 47{ -48 pr_info("example_rwlock exit\n"); +48 pr_info("example_rwlock exit\n"); 49} 50 51module_init(example_rwlock_init); 52module_exit(example_rwlock_exit); 53 -54MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Read/Write locks example"); -55MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+54MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Read/Write locks example"); +55MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
Of course, if you know for sure that there are no functions triggered by irqs
which could possibly interfere with your logic then you can use the simpler
read_lock(&myrwlock)
@@ -4048,80 +4024,80 @@ and was not overwritten by some other shenanigans. An example is shown
below.
-
1/* -2 * example_atomic.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/interrupt.h> -5#include <linux/kernel.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> +@@ -4145,80 +4121,80 @@ a pointer to a string write function, which we use to write a string to the tty.1/* +2 * example_atomic.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/interrupt.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> 7 -8#define BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN "%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c" -9#define BYTE_TO_BINARY(byte) \ -10 (byte & 0x80 ? '1' : '0'), (byte & 0x40 ? '1' : '0'), \ -11 (byte & 0x20 ? '1' : '0'), (byte & 0x10 ? '1' : '0'), \ -12 (byte & 0x08 ? '1' : '0'), (byte & 0x04 ? '1' : '0'), \ -13 (byte & 0x02 ? '1' : '0'), (byte & 0x01 ? '1' : '0') +8#define BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN "%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c" +9#define BYTE_TO_BINARY(byte) \ +10 (byte & 0x80 ? '1' : '0'), (byte & 0x40 ? '1' : '0'), \ +11 (byte & 0x20 ? '1' : '0'), (byte & 0x10 ? '1' : '0'), \ +12 (byte & 0x08 ? '1' : '0'), (byte & 0x04 ? '1' : '0'), \ +13 (byte & 0x02 ? '1' : '0'), (byte & 0x01 ? '1' : '0') 14 -15static void atomic_add_subtract(void) +15static void atomic_add_subtract(void) 16{ 17 atomic_t debbie; 18 atomic_t chris = ATOMIC_INIT(50); 19 20 atomic_set(&debbie, 45); 21 -22 /* subtract one */ +22 /* subtract one */ 23 atomic_dec(&debbie); 24 25 atomic_add(7, &debbie); 26 -27 /* add one */ +27 /* add one */ 28 atomic_inc(&debbie); 29 -30 pr_info("chris: %d, debbie: %d\n", atomic_read(&chris), +30 pr_info("chris: %d, debbie: %d\n", atomic_read(&chris), 31 atomic_read(&debbie)); 32} 33 -34static void atomic_bitwise(void) +34static void atomic_bitwise(void) 35{ -36 unsigned long word = 0; +36 unsigned long word = 0; 37 -38 pr_info("Bits 0: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +38 pr_info("Bits 0: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 39 set_bit(3, &word); 40 set_bit(5, &word); -41 pr_info("Bits 1: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +41 pr_info("Bits 1: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 42 clear_bit(5, &word); -43 pr_info("Bits 2: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +43 pr_info("Bits 2: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 44 change_bit(3, &word); 45 -46 pr_info("Bits 3: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); -47 if (test_and_set_bit(3, &word)) -48 pr_info("wrong\n"); -49 pr_info("Bits 4: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +46 pr_info("Bits 3: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +47 if (test_and_set_bit(3, &word)) +48 pr_info("wrong\n"); +49 pr_info("Bits 4: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 50 51 word = 255; -52 pr_info("Bits 5: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +52 pr_info("Bits 5: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 53} 54 -55static int example_atomic_init(void) +55static int example_atomic_init(void) 56{ -57 pr_info("example_atomic started\n"); +57 pr_info("example_atomic started\n"); 58 59 atomic_add_subtract(); 60 atomic_bitwise(); 61 -62 return 0; +62 return 0; 63} 64 -65static void example_atomic_exit(void) +65static void example_atomic_exit(void) 66{ -67 pr_info("example_atomic exit\n"); +67 pr_info("example_atomic exit\n"); 68} 69 70module_init(example_atomic_init); 71module_exit(example_atomic_exit); 72 -73MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Atomic operations example"); -74MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+73MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Atomic operations example"); +74MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
-
1/* -2 * print_string.c - Send output to the tty we're running on, regardless if -3 * it is through X11, telnet, etc. We do this by printing the string to the -4 * tty associated with the current task. -5 */ -6#include <linux/init.h> -7#include <linux/kernel.h> -8#include <linux/module.h> -9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For current */ -10#include <linux/tty.h> /* For the tty declarations */ +1/* +2 * print_string.c - Send output to the tty we're running on, regardless if +3 * it is through X11, telnet, etc. We do this by printing the string to the +4 * tty associated with the current task. +5 */ +6#include <linux/init.h> +7#include <linux/kernel.h> +8#include <linux/module.h> +9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For current */ +10#include <linux/tty.h> /* For the tty declarations */ 11 -12static void print_string(char *str) +12static void print_string(char *str) 13{ -14 /* The tty for the current task */ -15 struct tty_struct *my_tty = get_current_tty(); +14 /* The tty for the current task */ +15 struct tty_struct *my_tty = get_current_tty(); 16 -17 /* If my_tty is NULL, the current task has no tty you can print to (i.e., -18 * if it is a daemon). If so, there is nothing we can do. -19 */ -20 if (my_tty) { -21 const struct tty_operations *ttyops = my_tty->driver->ops; -22 /* my_tty->driver is a struct which holds the tty's functions, -23 * one of which (write) is used to write strings to the tty. -24 * It can be used to take a string either from the user's or -25 * kernel's memory segment. -26 * -27 * The function's 1st parameter is the tty to write to, because the -28 * same function would normally be used for all tty's of a certain -29 * type. -30 * The 2nd parameter is a pointer to a string. -31 * The 3rd parameter is the length of the string. -32 * -33 * As you will see below, sometimes it's necessary to use -34 * preprocessor stuff to create code that works for different -35 * kernel versions. The (naive) approach we've taken here does not -36 * scale well. The right way to deal with this is described in -37 * section 2 of -38 * linux/Documentation/SubmittingPatches -39 */ -40 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, /* The tty itself */ -41 str, /* String */ -42 strlen(str)); /* Length */ +17 /* If my_tty is NULL, the current task has no tty you can print to (i.e., +18 * if it is a daemon). If so, there is nothing we can do. +19 */ +20 if (my_tty) { +21 const struct tty_operations *ttyops = my_tty->driver->ops; +22 /* my_tty->driver is a struct which holds the tty's functions, +23 * one of which (write) is used to write strings to the tty. +24 * It can be used to take a string either from the user's or +25 * kernel's memory segment. +26 * +27 * The function's 1st parameter is the tty to write to, because the +28 * same function would normally be used for all tty's of a certain +29 * type. +30 * The 2nd parameter is a pointer to a string. +31 * The 3rd parameter is the length of the string. +32 * +33 * As you will see below, sometimes it's necessary to use +34 * preprocessor stuff to create code that works for different +35 * kernel versions. The (naive) approach we've taken here does not +36 * scale well. The right way to deal with this is described in +37 * section 2 of +38 * linux/Documentation/SubmittingPatches +39 */ +40 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, /* The tty itself */ +41 str, /* String */ +42 strlen(str)); /* Length */ 43 -44 /* ttys were originally hardware devices, which (usually) strictly -45 * followed the ASCII standard. In ASCII, to move to a new line you -46 * need two characters, a carriage return and a line feed. On Unix, -47 * the ASCII line feed is used for both purposes - so we can not -48 * just use \n, because it would not have a carriage return and the -49 * next line will start at the column right after the line feed. -50 * -51 * This is why text files are different between Unix and MS Windows. -52 * In CP/M and derivatives, like MS-DOS and MS Windows, the ASCII -53 * standard was strictly adhered to, and therefore a newline requirs -54 * both a LF and a CR. -55 */ -56 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, "\015\012", 2); +44 /* ttys were originally hardware devices, which (usually) strictly +45 * followed the ASCII standard. In ASCII, to move to a new line you +46 * need two characters, a carriage return and a line feed. On Unix, +47 * the ASCII line feed is used for both purposes - so we can not +48 * just use \n, because it would not have a carriage return and the +49 * next line will start at the column right after the line feed. +50 * +51 * This is why text files are different between Unix and MS Windows. +52 * In CP/M and derivatives, like MS-DOS and MS Windows, the ASCII +53 * standard was strictly adhered to, and therefore a newline requirs +54 * both a LF and a CR. +55 */ +56 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, "\015\012", 2); 57 } 58} 59 -60static int __init print_string_init(void) +60static int __init print_string_init(void) 61{ -62 print_string("The module has been inserted. Hello world!"); -63 return 0; +62 print_string("The module has been inserted. Hello world!"); +63 return 0; 64} 65 -66static void __exit print_string_exit(void) +66static void __exit print_string_exit(void) 67{ -68 print_string("The module has been removed. Farewell world!"); +68 print_string("The module has been removed. Farewell world!"); 69} 70 71module_init(print_string_init); 72module_exit(print_string_exit); 73 -74MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+74MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
-
1/* -2 * kbleds.c - Blink keyboard leds until the module is unloaded. -3 */ +@@ -4357,50 +4332,50 @@ better suited to running multiple things in a sequence. function continues to the exit point.1/* +2 * kbleds.c - Blink keyboard leds until the module is unloaded. +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/init.h> -6#include <linux/kd.h> /* For KDSETLED */ -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/tty.h> /* For fg_console, MAX_NR_CONSOLES */ -9#include <linux/vt.h> -10#include <linux/vt_kern.h> /* for fg_console */ +5#include <linux/init.h> +6#include <linux/kd.h> /* For KDSETLED */ +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/tty.h> /* For fg_console, MAX_NR_CONSOLES */ +9#include <linux/vt.h> +10#include <linux/vt_kern.h> /* for fg_console */ 11 -12#include <linux/console_struct.h> /* For vc_cons */ +12#include <linux/console_struct.h> /* For vc_cons */ 13 -14MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Example module illustrating the use of Keyboard LEDs."); +14MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Example module illustrating the use of Keyboard LEDs."); 15 -16struct timer_list my_timer; -17struct tty_driver *my_driver; -18char kbledstatus = 0; +16struct timer_list my_timer; +17struct tty_driver *my_driver; +18char kbledstatus = 0; 19 -20#define BLINK_DELAY HZ / 5 -21#define ALL_LEDS_ON 0x07 -22#define RESTORE_LEDS 0xFF +20#define BLINK_DELAY HZ / 5 +21#define ALL_LEDS_ON 0x07 +22#define RESTORE_LEDS 0xFF 23 -24/* Function my_timer_func blinks the keyboard LEDs periodically by invoking -25 * command KDSETLED of ioctl() on the keyboard driver. To learn more on virtual -26 * terminal ioctl operations, please see file: -27 * drivers/tty/vt/vt_ioctl.c, function vt_ioctl(). -28 * -29 * The argument to KDSETLED is alternatively set to 7 (thus causing the led -30 * mode to be set to LED_SHOW_IOCTL, and all the leds are lit) and to 0xFF -31 * (any value above 7 switches back the led mode to LED_SHOW_FLAGS, thus -32 * the LEDs reflect the actual keyboard status). To learn more on this, -33 * please see file: drivers/tty/vt/keyboard.c, function setledstate(). -34 */ +24/* Function my_timer_func blinks the keyboard LEDs periodically by invoking +25 * command KDSETLED of ioctl() on the keyboard driver. To learn more on virtual +26 * terminal ioctl operations, please see file: +27 * drivers/tty/vt/vt_ioctl.c, function vt_ioctl(). +28 * +29 * The argument to KDSETLED is alternatively set to 7 (thus causing the led +30 * mode to be set to LED_SHOW_IOCTL, and all the leds are lit) and to 0xFF +31 * (any value above 7 switches back the led mode to LED_SHOW_FLAGS, thus +32 * the LEDs reflect the actual keyboard status). To learn more on this, +33 * please see file: drivers/tty/vt/keyboard.c, function setledstate(). +34 */ 35 -36static void my_timer_func(unsigned long ptr) +36static void my_timer_func(unsigned long ptr) 37{ -38 unsigned long *pstatus = (unsigned long *) ptr; -39 struct tty_struct *t = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty; +38 unsigned long *pstatus = (unsigned long *)ptr; +39 struct tty_struct *t = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty; 40 -41 if (*pstatus == ALL_LEDS_ON) +41 if (*pstatus == ALL_LEDS_ON) 42 *pstatus = RESTORE_LEDS; -43 else +43 else 44 *pstatus = ALL_LEDS_ON; 45 46 (my_driver->ops->ioctl)(t, KDSETLED, *pstatus); @@ -4283,44 +4259,43 @@ loaded, starts blinking the keyboard LEDs until it is unloaded. 49 add_timer(&my_timer); 50} 51 -52static int __init kbleds_init(void) +52static int __init kbleds_init(void) 53{ -54 int i; +54 int i; 55 -56 pr_info("kbleds: loading\n"); -57 pr_info("kbleds: fgconsole is %x\n", fg_console); -58 for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_CONSOLES; i++) { -59 if (!vc_cons[i].d) -60 break; -61 pr_info("poet_atkm: console[%i/%i] #%i, tty %lx\n", i, MAX_NR_CONSOLES, -62 vc_cons[i].d->vc_num, (unsigned long) vc_cons[i].d->port.tty); +56 pr_info("kbleds: loading\n"); +57 pr_info("kbleds: fgconsole is %x\n", fg_console); +58 for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_CONSOLES; i++) { +59 if (!vc_cons[i].d) +60 break; +61 pr_info("poet_atkm: console[%i/%i] #%i, tty %lx\n", i, MAX_NR_CONSOLES, +62 vc_cons[i].d->vc_num, (unsigned long)vc_cons[i].d->port.tty); 63 } -64 pr_info("kbleds: finished scanning consoles\n"); +64 pr_info("kbleds: finished scanning consoles\n"); 65 66 my_driver = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty->driver; -67 pr_info("kbleds: tty driver magic %x\n", my_driver->magic); +67 pr_info("kbleds: tty driver magic %x\n", my_driver->magic); 68 -69 /* Set up the LED blink timer the first time. */ -70 timer_setup(&my_timer, (void *) &my_timer_func, -71 (unsigned long) &kbledstatus); -72 my_timer.expires = jiffies + BLINK_DELAY; -73 add_timer(&my_timer); -74 -75 return 0; -76} -77 -78static void __exit kbleds_cleanup(void) -79{ -80 pr_info("kbleds: unloading...\n"); -81 del_timer(&my_timer); -82 (my_driver->ops->ioctl)(vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty, KDSETLED, -83 RESTORE_LEDS); -84} -85 -86module_init(kbleds_init); -87module_exit(kbleds_cleanup); -88 -89MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+69 /* Set up the LED blink timer the first time. */ +70 timer_setup(&my_timer, (void *)&my_timer_func, (unsigned long)&kbledstatus); +71 my_timer.expires = jiffies + BLINK_DELAY; +72 add_timer(&my_timer); +73 +74 return 0; +75} +76 +77static void __exit kbleds_cleanup(void) +78{ +79 pr_info("kbleds: unloading...\n"); +80 del_timer(&my_timer); +81 (my_driver->ops->ioctl)(vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty, KDSETLED, +82 RESTORE_LEDS); +83} +84 +85module_init(kbleds_init); +86module_exit(kbleds_cleanup); +87 +88MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
-
1/* -2 * example_tasklet.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/delay.h> -5#include <linux/interrupt.h> -6#include <linux/kernel.h> -7#include <linux/module.h> +1/* +2 * example_tasklet.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/delay.h> +5#include <linux/interrupt.h> +6#include <linux/kernel.h> +7#include <linux/module.h> 8 -9/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibiity. -10 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ -11 */ -12#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD -13#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) -14#endif +9/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibiity. +10 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ +11 */ +12#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD +13#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) +14#endif 15 -16static void tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) +16static void tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) 17{ -18 pr_info("Example tasklet starts\n"); +18 pr_info("Example tasklet starts\n"); 19 mdelay(5000); -20 pr_info("Example tasklet ends\n"); +20 pr_info("Example tasklet ends\n"); 21} 22 23DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(mytask, tasklet_fn); 24 -25static int example_tasklet_init(void) +25static int example_tasklet_init(void) 26{ -27 pr_info("tasklet example init\n"); +27 pr_info("tasklet example init\n"); 28 tasklet_schedule(&mytask); 29 mdelay(200); -30 pr_info("Example tasklet init continues...\n"); -31 return 0; +30 pr_info("Example tasklet init continues...\n"); +31 return 0; 32} 33 -34static void example_tasklet_exit(void) +34static void example_tasklet_exit(void) 35{ -36 pr_info("tasklet example exit\n"); +36 pr_info("tasklet example exit\n"); 37 tasklet_kill(&mytask); 38} 39 40module_init(example_tasklet_init); 41module_exit(example_tasklet_exit); 42 -43MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Tasklet example"); -44MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+43MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Tasklet example"); +44MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
So with this example loaded dmesg
should show:
@@ -4433,40 +4408,39 @@ the macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD
Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS) to execute work within the queue.
-
1/* -2 * sched.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> -6#include <linux/workqueue.h> +1/* +2 * sched.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> +6#include <linux/workqueue.h> 7 -8static struct workqueue_struct *queue = NULL; -9static struct work_struct work; +8static struct workqueue_struct *queue = NULL; +9static struct work_struct work; 10 -11static void work_handler(struct work_struct *data) +11static void work_handler(struct work_struct *data) 12{ -13 pr_info("work handler function.\n"); +13 pr_info("work handler function.\n"); 14} 15 -16static int __init sched_init(void) +16static int __init sched_init(void) 17{ -18 queue = alloc_workqueue("HELLOWORLD", WQ_UNBOUND, 1); +18 queue = alloc_workqueue("HELLOWORLD", WQ_UNBOUND, 1); 19 INIT_WORK(&work, work_handler); 20 schedule_work(&work); -21 -22 return 0; -23} -24 -25static void __exit sched_exit(void) -26{ -27 destroy_workqueue(queue); -28} -29 -30module_init(sched_init); -31module_exit(sched_exit); -32 -33MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -34MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Workqueue example");+21 return 0; +22} +23 +24static void __exit sched_exit(void) +25{ +26 destroy_workqueue(queue); +27} +28 +29module_init(sched_init); +30module_exit(sched_exit); +31 +32MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +33MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Workqueue example");
-
1/* -2 * intrpt.c - Handling GPIO with interrupts -3 * -4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) -5 * from: -6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples -7 * -8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off. -9 */ +1/* +2 * intrpt.c - Handling GPIO with interrupts +3 * +4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) +5 * from: +6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples +7 * +8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off. +9 */ 10 -11#include <linux/gpio.h> -12#include <linux/interrupt.h> -13#include <linux/kernel.h> -14#include <linux/module.h> +11#include <linux/gpio.h> +12#include <linux/interrupt.h> +13#include <linux/kernel.h> +14#include <linux/module.h> 15 -16static int button_irqs[] = {-1, -1}; +16static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; 17 -18/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. -19 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -20 */ -21static struct gpio leds[] = {{4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1"}}; +18/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. +19 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +20 */ +21static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; 22 -23/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS -24 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -25 */ -26static struct gpio buttons[] = {{17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON"}, -27 {18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON"}}; +23/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS +24 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +25 */ +26static struct gpio buttons[] = { { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, +27 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" } }; 28 -29/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed. */ -30static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) +29/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed. */ +30static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) 31{ -32 /* first button */ -33 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +32 /* first button */ +33 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 34 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 1); -35 /* second button */ -36 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +35 /* second button */ +36 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 37 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); 38 -39 return IRQ_HANDLED; +39 return IRQ_HANDLED; 40} 41 -42static int __init intrpt_init(void) +42static int __init intrpt_init(void) 43{ -44 int ret = 0; +44 int ret = 0; 45 -46 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +46 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 47 -48 /* register LED gpios */ +48 /* register LED gpios */ 49 ret = gpio_request_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 50 -51 if (ret) { -52 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); -53 return ret; +51 if (ret) { +52 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); +53 return ret; 54 } 55 -56 /* register BUTTON gpios */ +56 /* register BUTTON gpios */ 57 ret = gpio_request_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 58 -59 if (ret) { -60 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -61 goto fail1; +59 if (ret) { +60 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +61 goto fail1; 62 } 63 -64 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); +64 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); 65 66 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[0].gpio); 67 -68 if (ret < 0) { -69 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -70 goto fail2; +68 if (ret < 0) { +69 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +70 goto fail2; 71 } 72 73 button_irqs[0] = ret; 74 -75 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); +75 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); 76 77 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[0], button_isr, 78 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -79 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); +79 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); 80 -81 if (ret) { -82 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -83 goto fail2; +81 if (ret) { +82 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +83 goto fail2; 84 } 85 -86 -87 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[1].gpio); -88 -89 if (ret < 0) { -90 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -91 goto fail2; -92 } -93 -94 button_irqs[1] = ret; -95 -96 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); -97 -98 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[1], button_isr, -99 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -100 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); -101 -102 if (ret) { -103 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -104 goto fail3; -105 } -106 -107 return 0; -108 -109/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ -110fail3: -111 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); -112 -113fail2: -114 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); -115 -116fail1: -117 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); -118 -119 return ret; -120} -121 -122static void __exit intrpt_exit(void) -123{ -124 int i; -125 -126 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); -127 -128 /* free irqs */ -129 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); -130 free_irq(button_irqs[1], NULL); -131 -132 /* turn all LEDs off */ -133 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) -134 gpio_set_value(leds[i].gpio, 0); -135 -136 /* unregister */ -137 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); -138 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); -139} -140 -141module_init(intrpt_init); -142module_exit(intrpt_exit); -143 -144MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -145MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Handle some GPIO interrupts");+86 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[1].gpio); +87 +88 if (ret < 0) { +89 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +90 goto fail2; +91 } +92 +93 button_irqs[1] = ret; +94 +95 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); +96 +97 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[1], button_isr, +98 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, +99 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); +100 +101 if (ret) { +102 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +103 goto fail3; +104 } +105 +106 return 0; +107 +108/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ +109fail3: +110 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); +111 +112fail2: +113 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); +114 +115fail1: +116 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); +117 +118 return ret; +119} +120 +121static void __exit intrpt_exit(void) +122{ +123 int i; +124 +125 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +126 +127 /* free irqs */ +128 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); +129 free_irq(button_irqs[1], NULL); +130 +131 /* turn all LEDs off */ +132 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) +133 gpio_set_value(leds[i].gpio, 0); +134 +135 /* unregister */ +136 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); +137 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); +138} +139 +140module_init(intrpt_init); +141module_exit(intrpt_exit); +142 +143MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +144MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Handle some GPIO interrupts");
1/* -2 * bottomhalf.c - Top and bottom half interrupt handling -3 * -4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) -5 * from: -6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples -7 * -8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off -9 */ +1/* +2 * bottomhalf.c - Top and bottom half interrupt handling +3 * +4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) +5 * from: +6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples +7 * +8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off +9 */ 10 -11#include <linux/delay.h> -12#include <linux/gpio.h> -13#include <linux/interrupt.h> -14#include <linux/kernel.h> -15#include <linux/module.h> +11#include <linux/delay.h> +12#include <linux/gpio.h> +13#include <linux/interrupt.h> +14#include <linux/kernel.h> +15#include <linux/module.h> 16 -17/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibiity. -18 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ -19 */ -20#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD -21#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) -22#endif +17/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibiity. +18 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ +19 */ +20#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD +21#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) +22#endif 23 -24static int button_irqs[] = {-1, -1}; +24static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; 25 -26/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. -27 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -28 */ -29static struct gpio leds[] = {{4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1"}}; +26/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. +27 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +28 */ +29static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; 30 -31/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS -32 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -33 */ -34static struct gpio buttons[] = { -35 {17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON"}, -36 {18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON"}, +31/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS +32 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +33 */ +34static struct gpio buttons[] = { +35 { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, +36 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" }, 37}; 38 -39/* Tasklet containing some non-trivial amount of processing */ -40static void bottomhalf_tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) +39/* Tasklet containing some non-trivial amount of processing */ +40static void bottomhalf_tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) 41{ -42 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet starts\n"); -43 /* do something which takes a while */ +42 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet starts\n"); +43 /* do something which takes a while */ 44 mdelay(500); -45 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet ends\n"); +45 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet ends\n"); 46} 47 48DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(buttontask, bottomhalf_tasklet_fn); 49 -50/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed */ -51static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) +50/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed */ +51static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) 52{ -53 /* Do something quickly right now */ -54 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +53 /* Do something quickly right now */ +54 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 55 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 1); -56 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +56 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 57 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); 58 -59 /* Do the rest at leisure via the scheduler */ +59 /* Do the rest at leisure via the scheduler */ 60 tasklet_schedule(&buttontask); 61 -62 return IRQ_HANDLED; +62 return IRQ_HANDLED; 63} 64 -65static int __init bottomhalf_init(void) +65static int __init bottomhalf_init(void) 66{ -67 int ret = 0; +67 int ret = 0; 68 -69 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +69 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 70 -71 /* register LED gpios */ +71 /* register LED gpios */ 72 ret = gpio_request_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 73 -74 if (ret) { -75 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); -76 return ret; +74 if (ret) { +75 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); +76 return ret; 77 } 78 -79 /* register BUTTON gpios */ +79 /* register BUTTON gpios */ 80 ret = gpio_request_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 81 -82 if (ret) { -83 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -84 goto fail1; +82 if (ret) { +83 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +84 goto fail1; 85 } 86 -87 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); +87 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); 88 89 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[0].gpio); 90 -91 if (ret < 0) { -92 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -93 goto fail2; +91 if (ret < 0) { +92 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +93 goto fail2; 94 } 95 96 button_irqs[0] = ret; 97 -98 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); +98 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); 99 100 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[0], button_isr, 101 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -102 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); +102 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); 103 -104 if (ret) { -105 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -106 goto fail2; +104 if (ret) { +105 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +106 goto fail2; 107 } 108 -109 -110 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[1].gpio); -111 -112 if (ret < 0) { -113 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -114 goto fail2; -115 } -116 -117 button_irqs[1] = ret; -118 -119 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); -120 -121 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[1], button_isr, -122 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -123 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); -124 -125 if (ret) { -126 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -127 goto fail3; -128 } -129 -130 return 0; -131 -132/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ -133fail3: -134 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); -135 -136fail2: -137 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); -138 -139fail1: -140 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); -141 -142 return ret; -143} -144 -145static void __exit bottomhalf_exit(void) -146{ -147 int i; -148 -149 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); -150 -151 /* free irqs */ -152 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); -153 free_irq(button_irqs[1], NULL); -154 -155 /* turn all LEDs off */ -156 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) -157 gpio_set_value(leds[i].gpio, 0); -158 -159 /* unregister */ -160 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); -161 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); -162} -163 -164module_init(bottomhalf_init); -165module_exit(bottomhalf_exit); -166 -167MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -168MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Interrupt with top and bottom half");+109 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[1].gpio); +110 +111 if (ret < 0) { +112 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +113 goto fail2; +114 } +115 +116 button_irqs[1] = ret; +117 +118 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); +119 +120 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[1], button_isr, +121 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, +122 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); +123 +124 if (ret) { +125 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +126 goto fail3; +127 } +128 +129 return 0; +130 +131/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ +132fail3: +133 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); +134 +135fail2: +136 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); +137 +138fail1: +139 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); +140 +141 return ret; +142} +143 +144static void __exit bottomhalf_exit(void) +145{ +146 int i; +147 +148 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +149 +150 /* free irqs */ +151 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); +152 free_irq(button_irqs[1], NULL); +153 +154 /* turn all LEDs off */ +155 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) +156 gpio_set_value(leds[i].gpio, 0); +157 +158 /* unregister */ +159 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); +160 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); +161} +162 +163module_init(bottomhalf_init); +164module_exit(bottomhalf_exit); +165 +166MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +167MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Interrupt with top and bottom half");
-
1/* -2 * cryptosha256.c -3 */ -4#include <crypto/internal/hash.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> +1/* +2 * cryptosha256.c +3 */ +4#include <crypto/internal/hash.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> 6 -7#define SHA256_LENGTH 32 +7#define SHA256_LENGTH 32 8 -9static void show_hash_result(char *plaintext, char *hash_sha256) +9static void show_hash_result(char *plaintext, char *hash_sha256) 10{ -11 int i; -12 char str[SHA256_LENGTH * 2 + 1]; +11 int i; +12 char str[SHA256_LENGTH * 2 + 1]; 13 -14 pr_info("sha256 test for string: \"%s\"\n", plaintext); -15 for (i = 0; i < SHA256_LENGTH; i++) -16 sprintf(&str[i * 2], "%02x", (unsigned char) hash_sha256[i]); +14 pr_info("sha256 test for string: \"%s\"\n", plaintext); +15 for (i = 0; i < SHA256_LENGTH; i++) +16 sprintf(&str[i * 2], "%02x", (unsigned char)hash_sha256[i]); 17 str[i * 2] = 0; -18 pr_info("%s\n", str); +18 pr_info("%s\n", str); 19} 20 -21int cryptosha256_init(void) +21int cryptosha256_init(void) 22{ -23 char *plaintext = "This is a test"; -24 char hash_sha256[SHA256_LENGTH]; -25 struct crypto_shash *sha256; -26 struct shash_desc *shash; +23 char *plaintext = "This is a test"; +24 char hash_sha256[SHA256_LENGTH]; +25 struct crypto_shash *sha256; +26 struct shash_desc *shash; 27 -28 sha256 = crypto_alloc_shash("sha256", 0, 0); -29 if (IS_ERR(sha256)) -30 return -1; +28 sha256 = crypto_alloc_shash("sha256", 0, 0); +29 if (IS_ERR(sha256)) +30 return -1; 31 -32 shash = kmalloc(sizeof(struct shash_desc) + crypto_shash_descsize(sha256), +32 shash = kmalloc(sizeof(struct shash_desc) + crypto_shash_descsize(sha256), 33 GFP_KERNEL); -34 if (!shash) -35 return -ENOMEM; +34 if (!shash) +35 return -ENOMEM; 36 37 shash->tfm = sha256; 38 -39 if (crypto_shash_init(shash)) -40 return -1; +39 if (crypto_shash_init(shash)) +40 return -1; 41 -42 if (crypto_shash_update(shash, plaintext, strlen(plaintext))) -43 return -1; +42 if (crypto_shash_update(shash, plaintext, strlen(plaintext))) +43 return -1; 44 -45 if (crypto_shash_final(shash, hash_sha256)) -46 return -1; +45 if (crypto_shash_final(shash, hash_sha256)) +46 return -1; 47 48 kfree(shash); 49 crypto_free_shash(sha256); 50 51 show_hash_result(plaintext, hash_sha256); 52 -53 return 0; +53 return 0; 54} 55 -56void cryptosha256_exit(void) {} -57 -58module_init(cryptosha256_init); -59module_exit(cryptosha256_exit); -60 -61MODULE_DESCRIPTION("sha256 hash test"); -62MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+56void cryptosha256_exit(void) +57{ +58} +59 +60module_init(cryptosha256_init); +61module_exit(cryptosha256_exit); +62 +63MODULE_DESCRIPTION("sha256 hash test"); +64MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
Make and install the module:
-
1make -2sudo insmod cryptosha256.ko -3dmesg+
1make +2sudo insmod cryptosha256.ko +3dmesg
And you should see that the hash was calculated for the test string.
Finally, remove the test module:
-
1sudo rmmod cryptosha256+
1sudo rmmod cryptosha256
1/* -2 * cryptosk.c -3 */ -4#include <crypto/internal/skcipher.h> -5#include <linux/crypto.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/random.h> -8#include <linux/scatterlist.h> +1/* +2 * cryptosk.c +3 */ +4#include <crypto/internal/skcipher.h> +5#include <linux/crypto.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/random.h> +8#include <linux/scatterlist.h> 9 -10#define SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH 32 -11#define CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE 16 +10#define SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH 32 +11#define CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE 16 12 -13struct tcrypt_result { -14 struct completion completion; -15 int err; +13struct tcrypt_result { +14 struct completion completion; +15 int err; 16}; 17 -18struct skcipher_def { -19 struct scatterlist sg; -20 struct crypto_skcipher *tfm; -21 struct skcipher_request *req; -22 struct tcrypt_result result; -23 char *scratchpad; -24 char *ciphertext; -25 char *ivdata; +18struct skcipher_def { +19 struct scatterlist sg; +20 struct crypto_skcipher *tfm; +21 struct skcipher_request *req; +22 struct tcrypt_result result; +23 char *scratchpad; +24 char *ciphertext; +25 char *ivdata; 26}; 27 -28static struct skcipher_def sk; +28static struct skcipher_def sk; 29 -30static void test_skcipher_finish(struct skcipher_def *sk) +30static void test_skcipher_finish(struct skcipher_def *sk) 31{ -32 if (sk->tfm) +32 if (sk->tfm) 33 crypto_free_skcipher(sk->tfm); -34 if (sk->req) +34 if (sk->req) 35 skcipher_request_free(sk->req); -36 if (sk->ivdata) +36 if (sk->ivdata) 37 kfree(sk->ivdata); -38 if (sk->scratchpad) +38 if (sk->scratchpad) 39 kfree(sk->scratchpad); -40 if (sk->ciphertext) +40 if (sk->ciphertext) 41 kfree(sk->ciphertext); 42} 43 -44static int test_skcipher_result(struct skcipher_def *sk, int rc) +44static int test_skcipher_result(struct skcipher_def *sk, int rc) 45{ -46 switch (rc) { -47 case 0: -48 break; -49 case -EINPROGRESS || -EBUSY: +46 switch (rc) { +47 case 0: +48 break; +49 case -EINPROGRESS || -EBUSY: 50 rc = wait_for_completion_interruptible(&sk->result.completion); -51 if (!rc && !sk->result.err) { +51 if (!rc && !sk->result.err) { 52 reinit_completion(&sk->result.completion); -53 break; +53 break; 54 } -55 pr_info("skcipher encrypt returned with %d result %d\n", rc, +55 pr_info("skcipher encrypt returned with %d result %d\n", rc, 56 sk->result.err); -57 break; -58 default: -59 pr_info("skcipher encrypt returned with %d result %d\n", rc, +57 break; +58 default: +59 pr_info("skcipher encrypt returned with %d result %d\n", rc, 60 sk->result.err); -61 break; +61 break; 62 } 63 64 init_completion(&sk->result.completion); 65 -66 return rc; +66 return rc; 67} 68 -69static void test_skcipher_callback(struct crypto_async_request *req, int error) +69static void test_skcipher_callback(struct crypto_async_request *req, int error) 70{ -71 struct tcrypt_result *result = req->data; +71 struct tcrypt_result *result = req->data; 72 -73 if (error == -EINPROGRESS) -74 return; +73 if (error == -EINPROGRESS) +74 return; 75 76 result->err = error; 77 complete(&result->completion); -78 pr_info("Encryption finished successfully\n"); +78 pr_info("Encryption finished successfully\n"); 79 -80 /* decrypt data */ -81#if 0 -82 memset((void*)sk.scratchpad, '-', CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); -83 ret = crypto_skcipher_decrypt(sk.req); -84 ret = test_skcipher_result(&sk, ret); -85 if (ret) -86 return; +80 /* decrypt data */ +81#if 0 +82 memset((void*)sk.scratchpad, '-', CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); +83 ret = crypto_skcipher_decrypt(sk.req); +84 ret = test_skcipher_result(&sk, ret); +85 if (ret) +86 return; 87 -88 sg_copy_from_buffer(&sk.sg, 1, sk.scratchpad, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); -89 sk.scratchpad[CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE-1] = 0; +88 sg_copy_from_buffer(&sk.sg, 1, sk.scratchpad, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); +89 sk.scratchpad[CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE-1] = 0; 90 -91 pr_info("Decryption request successful\n"); -92 pr_info("Decrypted: %s\n", sk.scratchpad); -93#endif +91 pr_info("Decryption request successful\n"); +92 pr_info("Decrypted: %s\n", sk.scratchpad); +93#endif 94} 95 -96static int test_skcipher_encrypt(char *plaintext, -97 char *password, -98 struct skcipher_def *sk) -99{ -100 int ret = -EFAULT; -101 unsigned char key[SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH]; -102 -103 if (!sk->tfm) { -104 sk->tfm = crypto_alloc_skcipher("cbc-aes-aesni", 0, 0); -105 if (IS_ERR(sk->tfm)) { -106 pr_info("could not allocate skcipher handle\n"); -107 return PTR_ERR(sk->tfm); -108 } -109 } -110 -111 if (!sk->req) { -112 sk->req = skcipher_request_alloc(sk->tfm, GFP_KERNEL); -113 if (!sk->req) { -114 pr_info("could not allocate skcipher request\n"); -115 ret = -ENOMEM; -116 goto out; -117 } -118 } -119 -120 skcipher_request_set_callback(sk->req, CRYPTO_TFM_REQ_MAY_BACKLOG, -121 test_skcipher_callback, &sk->result); -122 -123 /* clear the key */ -124 memset((void *) key, '\0', SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH); -125 -126 /* Use the world's favourite password */ -127 sprintf((char *) key, "%s", password); -128 -129 /* AES 256 with given symmetric key */ -130 if (crypto_skcipher_setkey(sk->tfm, key, SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH)) { -131 pr_info("key could not be set\n"); -132 ret = -EAGAIN; -133 goto out; -134 } -135 pr_info("Symmetric key: %s\n", key); -136 pr_info("Plaintext: %s\n", plaintext); -137 -138 if (!sk->ivdata) { -139 /* see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialization_vector */ -140 sk->ivdata = kmalloc(CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL); -141 if (!sk->ivdata) { -142 pr_info("could not allocate ivdata\n"); -143 goto out; -144 } -145 get_random_bytes(sk->ivdata, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); -146 } -147 -148 if (!sk->scratchpad) { -149 /* The text to be encrypted */ -150 sk->scratchpad = kmalloc(CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL); -151 if (!sk->scratchpad) { -152 pr_info("could not allocate scratchpad\n"); -153 goto out; -154 } -155 } -156 sprintf((char *) sk->scratchpad, "%s", plaintext); -157 -158 sg_init_one(&sk->sg, sk->scratchpad, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); -159 skcipher_request_set_crypt(sk->req, &sk->sg, &sk->sg, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE, -160 sk->ivdata); -161 init_completion(&sk->result.completion); -162 -163 /* encrypt data */ -164 ret = crypto_skcipher_encrypt(sk->req); -165 ret = test_skcipher_result(sk, ret); -166 if (ret) -167 goto out; -168 -169 pr_info("Encryption request successful\n"); -170 -171out: -172 return ret; -173} -174 -175int cryptoapi_init(void) -176{ -177 /* The world's favorite password */ -178 char *password = "password123"; -179 -180 sk.tfm = NULL; -181 sk.req = NULL; -182 sk.scratchpad = NULL; -183 sk.ciphertext = NULL; -184 sk.ivdata = NULL; -185 -186 test_skcipher_encrypt("Testing", password, &sk); -187 return 0; -188} -189 -190void cryptoapi_exit(void) -191{ -192 test_skcipher_finish(&sk); -193} -194 -195module_init(cryptoapi_init); -196module_exit(cryptoapi_exit); -197 -198MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Symmetric key encryption example"); -199MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+96static int test_skcipher_encrypt(char *plaintext, char *password, +97 struct skcipher_def *sk) +98{ +99 int ret = -EFAULT; +100 unsigned char key[SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH]; +101 +102 if (!sk->tfm) { +103 sk->tfm = crypto_alloc_skcipher("cbc-aes-aesni", 0, 0); +104 if (IS_ERR(sk->tfm)) { +105 pr_info("could not allocate skcipher handle\n"); +106 return PTR_ERR(sk->tfm); +107 } +108 } +109 +110 if (!sk->req) { +111 sk->req = skcipher_request_alloc(sk->tfm, GFP_KERNEL); +112 if (!sk->req) { +113 pr_info("could not allocate skcipher request\n"); +114 ret = -ENOMEM; +115 goto out; +116 } +117 } +118 +119 skcipher_request_set_callback(sk->req, CRYPTO_TFM_REQ_MAY_BACKLOG, +120 test_skcipher_callback, &sk->result); +121 +122 /* clear the key */ +123 memset((void *)key, '\0', SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH); +124 +125 /* Use the world's favourite password */ +126 sprintf((char *)key, "%s", password); +127 +128 /* AES 256 with given symmetric key */ +129 if (crypto_skcipher_setkey(sk->tfm, key, SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH)) { +130 pr_info("key could not be set\n"); +131 ret = -EAGAIN; +132 goto out; +133 } +134 pr_info("Symmetric key: %s\n", key); +135 pr_info("Plaintext: %s\n", plaintext); +136 +137 if (!sk->ivdata) { +138 /* see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialization_vector */ +139 sk->ivdata = kmalloc(CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL); +140 if (!sk->ivdata) { +141 pr_info("could not allocate ivdata\n"); +142 goto out; +143 } +144 get_random_bytes(sk->ivdata, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); +145 } +146 +147 if (!sk->scratchpad) { +148 /* The text to be encrypted */ +149 sk->scratchpad = kmalloc(CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL); +150 if (!sk->scratchpad) { +151 pr_info("could not allocate scratchpad\n"); +152 goto out; +153 } +154 } +155 sprintf((char *)sk->scratchpad, "%s", plaintext); +156 +157 sg_init_one(&sk->sg, sk->scratchpad, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); +158 skcipher_request_set_crypt(sk->req, &sk->sg, &sk->sg, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE, +159 sk->ivdata); +160 init_completion(&sk->result.completion); +161 +162 /* encrypt data */ +163 ret = crypto_skcipher_encrypt(sk->req); +164 ret = test_skcipher_result(sk, ret); +165 if (ret) +166 goto out; +167 +168 pr_info("Encryption request successful\n"); +169 +170out: +171 return ret; +172} +173 +174int cryptoapi_init(void) +175{ +176 /* The world's favorite password */ +177 char *password = "password123"; +178 +179 sk.tfm = NULL; +180 sk.req = NULL; +181 sk.scratchpad = NULL; +182 sk.ciphertext = NULL; +183 sk.ivdata = NULL; +184 +185 test_skcipher_encrypt("Testing", password, &sk); +186 return 0; +187} +188 +189void cryptoapi_exit(void) +190{ +191 test_skcipher_finish(&sk); +192} +193 +194module_init(cryptoapi_init); +195module_exit(cryptoapi_exit); +196 +197MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Symmetric key encryption example"); +198MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
-
1/* -2 * devicemodel.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/kernel.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> -6#include <linux/platform_device.h> +1/* +2 * devicemodel.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/kernel.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> +6#include <linux/platform_device.h> 7 -8struct devicemodel_data { -9 char *greeting; -10 int number; +8struct devicemodel_data { +9 char *greeting; +10 int number; 11}; 12 -13static int devicemodel_probe(struct platform_device *dev) +13static int devicemodel_probe(struct platform_device *dev) 14{ -15 struct devicemodel_data *pd = -16 (struct devicemodel_data *) (dev->dev.platform_data); +15 struct devicemodel_data *pd = +16 (struct devicemodel_data *)(dev->dev.platform_data); 17 -18 pr_info("devicemodel probe\n"); -19 pr_info("devicemodel greeting: %s; %d\n", pd->greeting, pd->number); +18 pr_info("devicemodel probe\n"); +19 pr_info("devicemodel greeting: %s; %d\n", pd->greeting, pd->number); 20 -21 /* Your device initialization code */ +21 /* Your device initialization code */ 22 -23 return 0; +23 return 0; 24} 25 -26static int devicemodel_remove(struct platform_device *dev) +26static int devicemodel_remove(struct platform_device *dev) 27{ -28 pr_info("devicemodel example removed\n"); +28 pr_info("devicemodel example removed\n"); 29 -30 /* Your device removal code */ +30 /* Your device removal code */ 31 -32 return 0; +32 return 0; 33} 34 -35static int devicemodel_suspend(struct device *dev) +35static int devicemodel_suspend(struct device *dev) 36{ -37 pr_info("devicemodel example suspend\n"); +37 pr_info("devicemodel example suspend\n"); 38 -39 /* Your device suspend code */ +39 /* Your device suspend code */ 40 -41 return 0; +41 return 0; 42} 43 -44static int devicemodel_resume(struct device *dev) +44static int devicemodel_resume(struct device *dev) 45{ -46 pr_info("devicemodel example resume\n"); +46 pr_info("devicemodel example resume\n"); 47 -48 /* Your device resume code */ +48 /* Your device resume code */ 49 -50 return 0; +50 return 0; 51} 52 -53static const struct dev_pm_ops devicemodel_pm_ops = { +53static const struct dev_pm_ops devicemodel_pm_ops = { 54 .suspend = devicemodel_suspend, 55 .resume = devicemodel_resume, 56 .poweroff = devicemodel_suspend, @@ -5249,10 +5222,10 @@ functions. 59 .restore = devicemodel_resume, 60}; 61 -62static struct platform_driver devicemodel_driver = { +62static struct platform_driver devicemodel_driver = { 63 .driver = 64 { -65 .name = "devicemodel_example", +65 .name = "devicemodel_example", 66 .owner = THIS_MODULE, 67 .pm = &devicemodel_pm_ops, 68 }, @@ -5260,33 +5233,33 @@ functions. 70 .remove = devicemodel_remove, 71}; 72 -73static int devicemodel_init(void) +73static int devicemodel_init(void) 74{ -75 int ret; +75 int ret; 76 -77 pr_info("devicemodel init\n"); +77 pr_info("devicemodel init\n"); 78 79 ret = platform_driver_register(&devicemodel_driver); 80 -81 if (ret) { -82 pr_err("Unable to register driver\n"); -83 return ret; +81 if (ret) { +82 pr_err("Unable to register driver\n"); +83 return ret; 84 } 85 -86 return 0; +86 return 0; 87} 88 -89static void devicemodel_exit(void) +89static void devicemodel_exit(void) 90{ -91 pr_info("devicemodel exit\n"); +91 pr_info("devicemodel exit\n"); 92 platform_driver_unregister(&devicemodel_driver); 93} 94 95module_init(devicemodel_init); 96module_exit(devicemodel_exit); 97 -98MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -99MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Linux Device Model example");+98MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +99MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Linux Device Model example");
1bvl = bvec_alloc(gfp_mask, nr_iovecs, &idx); -2if (unlikely(!bvl)) { +2if (unlikely(!bvl)) { 3 mempool_free(bio, bio_pool); 4 bio = NULL; -5 goto out; +5 goto out; 6}