From 86de57334d444542c8208d1788ac37f5f09cac4a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jserv Now you will need a Makefile. If you copy and paste this, change the indentation
to use tabs, not spaces.
And finally just:
If all goes smoothly you should then find that you have a compiled hello-1.ko
module. You can find info on it with the command:
At this point the command:
should return nothing. You can try loading your shiny new module with:
The dash character will get converted to an underscore, so when you again try:
you should now see your loaded module. It can be removed again with:
Notice that the dash was replaced by an underscore. To see what just happened in
the logs:
You now know the basics of creating, compiling, installing and removing modules.
Now for more of a description of how this module works.
Kernel modules must have at least two functions: a "start" (initialization)
@@ -354,20 +352,20 @@ which you’ll learn about in Section 2.1.1.
- About Compiling. Kernel modules need to be compiled a bit differently
from regular userspace apps. Former kernel versions required us to
care much about these settings, which are usually stored in Makefiles.
@@ -404,29 +402,29 @@ macros, otherwise you’ll get compilation errors. Here is an example of this
technique:
So now we have two real kernel modules under our belt. Adding another module
is as simple as this:
@@ -435,10 +433,10 @@ is as simple as this:
2obj-m += hello-2.o
3
4all:
-5 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules
+5 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules
6
7clean:
-8 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean
+8 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean
Now have a look at linux/drivers/char/Makefile for a real world example. As
you can see, some things get hardwired into the kernel (obj-y) but where are all
those obj-m gone? Those familiar with shell scripts will easily be able to spot them.
@@ -470,30 +468,30 @@ When you boot your kernel and see something like Freeing unused kernel memory:
236k freed, this is precisely what the kernel is freeing.
1obj-m += hello-1.o
-2
-3all:
-4 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules
-5
-6clean:
-7 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean
+ 1obj-m += hello-1.o
+2
+3all:
+4 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules
+5
+6clean:
+7 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean
1make
+ 1make
1sudo modinfo hello-1.ko
+ 1sudo modinfo hello-1.ko
1sudo lsmod | grep hello
+ 1sudo lsmod | grep hello
1sudo insmod hello-1.ko
+ 1sudo insmod hello-1.ko
1sudo lsmod | grep hello
+ 1sudo lsmod | grep hello
1sudo rmmod hello_1
+ 1sudo rmmod hello_1
1journalctl --since "1 hour ago" | grep kernel
+ 1journalctl --since "1 hour ago" | grep kernel
1/*
-2 * hello-2.c - Demonstrating the module_init() and module_exit() macros.
-3 * This is preferred over using init_module() and cleanup_module().
-4 */
-5#include <linux/init.h> /* Needed for the macros */
-6#include <linux/kernel.h> /* Needed for KERN_INFO */
-7#include <linux/module.h> /* Needed by all modules */
+
1/*
+2 * hello-2.c - Demonstrating the module_init() and module_exit() macros.
+3 * This is preferred over using init_module() and cleanup_module().
+4 */
+5#include <linux/init.h> /* Needed for the macros */
+6#include <linux/kernel.h> /* Needed for KERN_INFO */
+7#include <linux/module.h> /* Needed by all modules */
8
-9static int __init hello_2_init(void)
+9static int __init hello_2_init(void)
10{
-11 pr_info("Hello, world 2\n");
-12 return 0;
+11 pr_info("Hello, world 2\n");
+12 return 0;
13}
14
-15static void __exit hello_2_exit(void)
+15static void __exit hello_2_exit(void)
16{
-17 pr_info("Goodbye, world 2\n");
+17 pr_info("Goodbye, world 2\n");
18}
19
20module_init(hello_2_init);
21module_exit(hello_2_exit);
22
-23MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+23MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");1/*
-2 * hello-3.c - Illustrating the __init, __initdata and __exit macros.
-3 */
-4#include <linux/init.h> /* Needed for the macros */
-5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* Needed for KERN_INFO */
-6#include <linux/module.h> /* Needed by all modules */
+
1/*
+2 * hello-3.c - Illustrating the __init, __initdata and __exit macros.
+3 */
+4#include <linux/init.h> /* Needed for the macros */
+5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* Needed for KERN_INFO */
+6#include <linux/module.h> /* Needed by all modules */
7
-8static int hello3_data __initdata = 3;
+8static int hello3_data __initdata = 3;
9
-10static int __init hello_3_init(void)
+10static int __init hello_3_init(void)
11{
-12 pr_info("Hello, world %d\n", hello3_data);
-13 return 0;
+12 pr_info("Hello, world %d\n", hello3_data);
+13 return 0;
14}
15
-16static void __exit hello_3_exit(void)
+16static void __exit hello_3_exit(void)
17{
-18 pr_info("Goodbye, world 3\n");
+18 pr_info("Goodbye, world 3\n");
19}
20
21module_init(hello_3_init);
22module_exit(hello_3_exit);
23
-24MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+24MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");0.4.4 Licensing and Module Documentation
@@ -518,27 +516,27 @@ MIT/GPL", "Dual MPL/GPL" and "Proprietary". They are defined within
illustrated in the below example.
-
1/* -2 * hello-4.c - Demonstrates module documentation. -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> /* Needed for the macros */ -5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* Needed for KERN_INFO */ -6#include <linux/module.h> /* Needed by all modules */ +1/* +2 * hello-4.c - Demonstrates module documentation. +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> /* Needed for the macros */ +5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* Needed for KERN_INFO */ +6#include <linux/module.h> /* Needed by all modules */ 7 -8MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -9MODULE_AUTHOR("LKMPG"); -10MODULE_DESCRIPTION("A sample driver"); -11MODULE_SUPPORTED_DEVICE("testdevice"); +8MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +9MODULE_AUTHOR("LKMPG"); +10MODULE_DESCRIPTION("A sample driver"); +11MODULE_SUPPORTED_DEVICE("testdevice"); 12 -13static int __init init_hello_4(void) +13static int __init init_hello_4(void) 14{ -15 pr_info("Hello, world 4\n"); -16 return 0; +15 pr_info("Hello, world 4\n"); +16 return 0; 17} 18 -19static void __exit cleanup_hello_4(void) +19static void __exit cleanup_hello_4(void) 20{ -21 pr_info("Goodbye, world 4\n"); +21 pr_info("Goodbye, world 4\n"); 22} 23 24module_init(init_hello_4); @@ -562,8 +560,8 @@ as usual or unsigned. If you’d like to use arrays of integers or strings see module_param_array() and module_param_string().-
1int myint = 3; -2module_param(myint, int, 0);+1int myint = 3; +2module_param(myint, int, 0);Arrays are supported too, but things are a bit different now than they were in the olden days. To keep track of the number of parameters you need to pass a @@ -574,12 +572,12 @@ also ignore the count and pass NULL instead. We show both possibilities here:
-
1int myintarray[2]; -2module_param_array(myintarray, int, NULL, 0); /* not interested in count */ +1int myintarray[2]; +2module_param_array(myintarray, int, NULL, 0); /* not interested in count */ 3 -4short myshortarray[4]; -5int count; -6module_param_array(myshortarray, short, &count, 0); /* put count into "count" variable */+4short myshortarray[4]; +5int count; +6module_param_array(myshortarray, short, &count, 0); /* put count into "count" variable */A good use for this is to have the module variable’s default values set, like an port or IO address. If the variables contain the default values, then perform autodetection (explained elsewhere). Otherwise, keep the current value. This will be made clear @@ -589,103 +587,103 @@ document arguments that the module can take. It takes two parameters: a variable name and a free form string describing that variable.
-
1/* -2 * hello-5.c - Demonstrates command line argument passing to a module. -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> -5#include <linux/kernel.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/moduleparam.h> -8#include <linux/stat.h> ++13 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean1/* +2 * hello-5.c - Demonstrates command line argument passing to a module. +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/moduleparam.h> +8#include <linux/stat.h> 9 -10MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +10MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); 11 -12static short int myshort = 1; -13static int myint = 420; -14static long int mylong = 9999; -15static char *mystring = "blah"; -16static int myintArray[2] = {420, 420}; -17static int arr_argc = 0; +12static short int myshort = 1; +13static int myint = 420; +14static long int mylong = 9999; +15static char *mystring = "blah"; +16static int myintArray[2] = {420, 420}; +17static int arr_argc = 0; 18 -19/* -20 * module_param(foo, int, 0000) -21 * The first param is the parameters name -22 * The second param is it's data type -23 * The final argument is the permissions bits, -24 * for exposing parameters in sysfs (if non-zero) at a later stage. -25 */ +19/* +20 * module_param(foo, int, 0000) +21 * The first param is the parameters name +22 * The second param is it's data type +23 * The final argument is the permissions bits, +24 * for exposing parameters in sysfs (if non-zero) at a later stage. +25 */ 26 -27module_param(myshort, short, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP); -28MODULE_PARM_DESC(myshort, "A short integer"); -29module_param(myint, int, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH); -30MODULE_PARM_DESC(myint, "An integer"); -31module_param(mylong, long, S_IRUSR); -32MODULE_PARM_DESC(mylong, "A long integer"); +27module_param(myshort, short, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP); +28MODULE_PARM_DESC(myshort, "A short integer"); +29module_param(myint, int, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH); +30MODULE_PARM_DESC(myint, "An integer"); +31module_param(mylong, long, S_IRUSR); +32MODULE_PARM_DESC(mylong, "A long integer"); 33module_param(mystring, charp, 0000); -34MODULE_PARM_DESC(mystring, "A character string"); +34MODULE_PARM_DESC(mystring, "A character string"); 35 -36/* -37 * module_param_array(name, type, num, perm); -38 * The first param is the parameter's (in this case the array's) name -39 * The second param is the data type of the elements of the array -40 * The third argument is a pointer to the variable that will store the number -41 * of elements of the array initialized by the user at module loading time -42 * The fourth argument is the permission bits -43 */ -44module_param_array(myintArray, int, &arr_argc, 0000); -45MODULE_PARM_DESC(myintArray, "An array of integers"); +36/* +37 * module_param_array(name, type, num, perm); +38 * The first param is the parameter's (in this case the array's) name +39 * The second param is the data type of the elements of the array +40 * The third argument is a pointer to the variable that will store the number +41 * of elements of the array initialized by the user at module loading time +42 * The fourth argument is the permission bits +43 */ +44module_param_array(myintArray, int, &arr_argc, 0000); +45MODULE_PARM_DESC(myintArray, "An array of integers"); 46 -47static int __init hello_5_init(void) +47static int __init hello_5_init(void) 48{ -49 int i; -50 pr_info("Hello, world 5\n=============\n"); -51 pr_info("myshort is a short integer: %hd\n", myshort); -52 pr_info("myint is an integer: %d\n", myint); -53 pr_info("mylong is a long integer: %ld\n", mylong); -54 pr_info("mystring is a string: %s\n", mystring); +49 int i; +50 pr_info("Hello, world 5\n=============\n"); +51 pr_info("myshort is a short integer: %hd\n", myshort); +52 pr_info("myint is an integer: %d\n", myint); +53 pr_info("mylong is a long integer: %ld\n", mylong); +54 pr_info("mystring is a string: %s\n", mystring); 55 -56 for (i = 0; i < (sizeof myintArray / sizeof(int)); i++) -57 pr_info("myintArray[%d] = %d\n", i, myintArray[i]); +56 for (i = 0; i < (sizeof myintArray / sizeof(int)); i++) +57 pr_info("myintArray[%d] = %d\n", i, myintArray[i]); 58 -59 pr_info("got %d arguments for myintArray.\n", arr_argc); -60 return 0; +59 pr_info("got %d arguments for myintArray.\n", arr_argc); +60 return 0; 61} 62 -63static void __exit hello_5_exit(void) +63static void __exit hello_5_exit(void) 64{ -65 pr_info("Goodbye, world 5\n"); +65 pr_info("Goodbye, world 5\n"); 66} 67 68module_init(hello_5_init); 69module_exit(hello_5_exit);I would recommend playing around with this code:
-1$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mystring="bebop" myintArray=-1 -2myshort is a short integer: 1 +1$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mystring="bebop" myintArray=-1 +2myshort is a short integer: 1 3myint is an integer: 420 -4mylong is a long integer: 9999 +4mylong is a long integer: 9999 5mystring is a string: bebop 6myintArray[0] = -1 7myintArray[1] = 420 -8got 1 arguments for myintArray. +8got 1 arguments for myintArray. 9 -10$ sudo rmmod hello-5 +10$ sudo rmmod hello-5 11Goodbye, world 5 12 -13$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mystring="supercalifragilisticexpialidocious" myintArray=-1,-1 -14myshort is a short integer: 1 +13$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mystring="supercalifragilisticexpialidocious" myintArray=-1,-1 +14myshort is a short integer: 1 15myint is an integer: 420 -16mylong is a long integer: 9999 +16mylong is a long integer: 9999 17mystring is a string: supercalifragilisticexpialidocious 18myintArray[0] = -1 19myintArray[1] = -1 -20got 2 arguments for myintArray. +20got 2 arguments for myintArray. 21 -22$ sudo rmmod hello-5 +22$ sudo rmmod hello-5 23Goodbye, world 5 24 -25$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mylong=hello -26hello-5.o: invalid argument syntax for mylong: 'h'+25$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mylong=hello +26hello-5.o: invalid argument syntax for mylong: 'h'
0.4.6 Modules Spanning Multiple Files
@@ -693,35 +691,35 @@ name and a free form string describing that variable. files.Here is an example of such a kernel module.
-1/* -2 * start.c - Illustration of multi filed modules -3 */ +1/* +2 * start.c - Illustration of multi filed modules +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */ -6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */ +6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ 7 -8int init_module(void) +8int init_module(void) 9{ -10 pr_info("Hello, world - this is the kernel speaking\n"); -11 return 0; +10 pr_info("Hello, world - this is the kernel speaking\n"); +11 return 0; 12} 13 -14MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+14MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");The next file:
-1/* -2 * stop.c - Illustration of multi filed modules -3 */ +1/* +2 * stop.c - Illustration of multi filed modules +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */ -6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */ +6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ 7 -8void cleanup_module() +8void cleanup_module() 9{ -10 pr_info("Short is the life of a kernel module\n"); +10 pr_info("Short is the life of a kernel module\n"); 11} 12 -13MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+13MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");And finally, the makefile:
@@ -734,10 +732,10 @@ files. 7startstop-objs := start.o stop.o 8 9all: -10 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules +10 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules 11 12clean: -13 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean
This is the complete makefile for all the examples we have seen so far. The first five lines are nothing special, but for the last example we will need two lines. First we invent an object name for our combined module, second we tell make what object @@ -928,12 +926,12 @@ output. the following program:
-
1#include <stdio.h> +1#include <stdio.h> 2 -3int main(void) +3int main(void) 4{ -5 printf("hello"); -6 return 0; +5 printf("hello"); +6 return 0; 7}with gcc -Wall -o hello hello.c. Run the exectable with strace ./hello. Are you impressed? Every line you see corresponds to a system call. strace is a handy @@ -1146,43 +1144,43 @@ that performs that operation. Here is what the definition looks like for kernel 5.4:
-
1struct file_operations { -2 struct module *owner; -3 loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int); -4 ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); -5 ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); -6 ssize_t (*read_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *); -7 ssize_t (*write_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *); -8 int (*iopoll)(struct kiocb *kiocb, bool spin); -9 int (*iterate) (struct file *, struct dir_context *); -10 int (*iterate_shared) (struct file *, struct dir_context *); -11 __poll_t (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *); -12 long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long); -13 long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long); -14 int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *); -15 unsigned long mmap_supported_flags; -16 int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *); -17 int (*flush) (struct file *, fl_owner_t id); -18 int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *); -19 int (*fsync) (struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int datasync); -20 int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int); -21 int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *); -22 ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t, loff_t *, int); -23 unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long); -24 int (*check_flags)(int); -25 int (*flock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *); -26 ssize_t (*splice_write)(struct pipe_inode_info *, struct file *, loff_t *, size_t, unsigned int); -27 ssize_t (*splice_read)(struct file *, loff_t *, struct pipe_inode_info *, size_t, unsigned int); -28 int (*setlease)(struct file *, long, struct file_lock **, void **); -29 long (*fallocate)(struct file *file, int mode, loff_t offset, +1struct file_operations { +2 struct module *owner; +3 loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int); +4 ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); +5 ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); +6 ssize_t (*read_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *); +7 ssize_t (*write_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *); +8 int (*iopoll)(struct kiocb *kiocb, bool spin); +9 int (*iterate) (struct file *, struct dir_context *); +10 int (*iterate_shared) (struct file *, struct dir_context *); +11 __poll_t (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *); +12 long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long); +13 long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long); +14 int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *); +15 unsigned long mmap_supported_flags; +16 int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *); +17 int (*flush) (struct file *, fl_owner_t id); +18 int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *); +19 int (*fsync) (struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int datasync); +20 int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int); +21 int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *); +22 ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t, loff_t *, int); +23 unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long); +24 int (*check_flags)(int); +25 int (*flock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *); +26 ssize_t (*splice_write)(struct pipe_inode_info *, struct file *, loff_t *, size_t, unsigned int); +27 ssize_t (*splice_read)(struct file *, loff_t *, struct pipe_inode_info *, size_t, unsigned int); +28 int (*setlease)(struct file *, long, struct file_lock **, void **); +29 long (*fallocate)(struct file *file, int mode, loff_t offset, 30 loff_t len); -31 void (*show_fdinfo)(struct seq_file *m, struct file *f); -32 ssize_t (*copy_file_range)(struct file *, loff_t, struct file *, -33 loff_t, size_t, unsigned int); -34 loff_t (*remap_file_range)(struct file *file_in, loff_t pos_in, -35 struct file *file_out, loff_t pos_out, -36 loff_t len, unsigned int remap_flags); -37 int (*fadvise)(struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int); +31 void (*show_fdinfo)(struct seq_file *m, struct file *f); +32 ssize_t (*copy_file_range)(struct file *, loff_t, struct file *, +33 loff_t, size_t, unsigned int); +34 loff_t (*remap_file_range)(struct file *file_in, loff_t pos_in, +35 struct file *file_out, loff_t pos_out, +36 loff_t len, unsigned int remap_flags); +37 int (*fadvise)(struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int); 38} __randomize_layout;Some operations are not implemented by a driver. For example, a driver that handles a video card will not need to read from a directory structure. The @@ -1196,7 +1194,7 @@ new way of assigning to the structure looks like:
-1struct file_operations fops = { +1struct file_operations fops = { 2 read: device_read, 3 write: device_write, 4 open: device_open, @@ -1208,7 +1206,7 @@ You should use this syntax in case someone wants to port your driver. It will he with compatibility:-
1struct file_operations fops = { +1struct file_operations fops = { 2 .read = device_read, 3 .write = device_write, 4 .open = device_open, @@ -1256,7 +1254,7 @@ initialization. You do this by using the -+8 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean1int register_chrdev(unsigned int major, const char *name, struct file_operations *fops);+1int register_chrdev(unsigned int major, const char *name, struct file_operations *fops);where unsigned int major is the major number you want to request, const char *name is the name of the device as it will appear in /proc/devices and struct file_operations *fops is a pointer to the file_operations table for your driver. A @@ -1329,154 +1327,155 @@ simply read in the data and print a message acknowledging that we received it.
-
1/* -2 * chardev.c: Creates a read-only char device that says how many times -3 * you have read from the dev file -4 */ +@@ -1556,56 +1555,56 @@ HelloWorld!1/* +2 * chardev.c: Creates a read-only char device that says how many times +3 * you have read from the dev file +4 */ 5 -6#include <linux/cdev.h> -7#include <linux/delay.h> -8#include <linux/device.h> -9#include <linux/fs.h> -10#include <linux/init.h> -11#include <linux/irq.h> -12#include <linux/kernel.h> -13#include <linux/module.h> -14#include <linux/poll.h> +6#include <linux/cdev.h> +7#include <linux/delay.h> +8#include <linux/device.h> +9#include <linux/fs.h> +10#include <linux/init.h> +11#include <linux/irq.h> +12#include <linux/kernel.h> +13#include <linux/module.h> +14#include <linux/poll.h> 15 -16/* Prototypes - this would normally go in a .h file */ -17static int device_open(struct inode *, struct file *); -18static int device_release(struct inode *, struct file *); -19static ssize_t device_read(struct file *, char *, size_t, loff_t *); -20static ssize_t device_write(struct file *, const char *, size_t, loff_t *); +16/* Prototypes - this would normally go in a .h file */ +17static int device_open(struct inode *, struct file *); +18static int device_release(struct inode *, struct file *); +19static ssize_t device_read(struct file *, char *, size_t, loff_t *); +20static ssize_t device_write(struct file *, const char *, size_t, loff_t *); 21 -22#define SUCCESS 0 -23#define DEVICE_NAME "chardev" /* Dev name as it appears in /proc/devices */ -24#define BUF_LEN 80 /* Max length of the message from the device */ +22#define SUCCESS 0 +23#define DEVICE_NAME "chardev" /* Dev name as it appears in /proc/devices */ +24#define BUF_LEN 80 /* Max length of the message from the device */ 25 -26/* Global variables are declared as static, so are global within the file. */ +26/* Global variables are declared as static, so are global within the file. */ 27 -28static int major; /* major number assigned to our device driver */ -29static int open_device_cnt = 0; /* Is device open? -30 * Used to prevent multiple access to device */ -31static char msg[BUF_LEN]; /* The msg the device will give when asked */ -32static char *msg_ptr; +28static int major; /* major number assigned to our device driver */ +29static int open_device_cnt = 0; /* Is device open? +30 * Used to prevent multiple access to device */ +31static char msg[BUF_LEN]; /* The msg the device will give when asked */ +32static char *msg_ptr; 33 -34static struct class *cls; +34static struct class *cls; 35 -36static struct file_operations chardev_fops = { +36static struct file_operations chardev_fops = { 37 .read = device_read, 38 .write = device_write, 39 .open = device_open, 40 .release = device_release, 41}; 42 -43/* This function is called when the module is loaded. */ -44int init_module(void) -45{ -46 major = register_chrdev(0, DEVICE_NAME, &chardev_fops); -47 -48 if (major < 0) { -49 pr_alert("Registering char device failed with %d\n", major); -50 return major; -51 } -52 -53 pr_info("I was assigned major number %d.\n", major); -54 -55 cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_NAME); -56 device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(major, 0), NULL, DEVICE_NAME); -57 -58 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME); -59 -60 return SUCCESS; -61} -62 -63/* This function is called when the module is unloaded. */ -64void cleanup_module(void) -65{ -66 device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(major, 0)); -67 class_destroy(cls); -68 -69 /* Unregister the device */ -70 unregister_chrdev(major, DEVICE_NAME); -71} +43static int __init chardev_init(void) +44{ +45 major = register_chrdev(0, DEVICE_NAME, &chardev_fops); +46 +47 if (major < 0) { +48 pr_alert("Registering char device failed with %d\n", major); +49 return major; +50 } +51 +52 pr_info("I was assigned major number %d.\n", major); +53 +54 cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_NAME); +55 device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(major, 0), NULL, DEVICE_NAME); +56 +57 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME); +58 +59 return SUCCESS; +60} +61 +62static void __exit chardev_exit(void) +63{ +64 device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(major, 0)); +65 class_destroy(cls); +66 +67 /* Unregister the device */ +68 unregister_chrdev(major, DEVICE_NAME); +69} +70 +71/* Methods */ 72 -73/* Methods */ -74 -75/* Called when a process tries to open the device file, like -76 * "sudo cat /dev/chardev" -77 */ -78static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) -79{ -80 static int counter = 0; -81 -82 if (open_device_cnt) -83 return -EBUSY; -84 -85 open_device_cnt++; -86 sprintf(msg, "I already told you %d times Hello world!\n", counter++); -87 msg_ptr = msg; -88 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); -89 -90 return SUCCESS; -91} -92 -93/* Called when a process closes the device file. */ -94static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) -95{ -96 open_device_cnt--; /* We're now ready for our next caller */ -97 -98 /* Decrement the usage count, or else once you opened the file, you will -99 * never get get rid of the module. -100 */ -101 module_put(THIS_MODULE); -102 -103 return SUCCESS; -104} -105 -106/* Called when a process, which already opened the dev file, attempts to -107 * read from it. -108 */ -109static ssize_t device_read(struct file *filp, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ -110 char *buffer, /* buffer to fill with data */ -111 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ -112 loff_t *offset) -113{ -114 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */ -115 int bytes_read = 0; -116 -117 /* If we are at the end of message, return 0 signifying end of file. */ -118 if (*msg_ptr == 0) -119 return 0; -120 -121 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ -122 while (length && *msg_ptr) { -123 /* The buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel -124 * segment so "*" assignment won't work. We have to use -125 * put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to -126 * the user data segment. -127 */ -128 put_user(*(msg_ptr++), buffer++); -129 -130 length--; -131 bytes_read++; -132 } -133 -134 /* Most read functions return the number of bytes put into the buffer. */ -135 return bytes_read; -136} -137 -138/* Called when a process writes to dev file: echo "hi" > /dev/hello */ -139static ssize_t device_write(struct file *filp, -140 const char *buff, -141 size_t len, -142 loff_t *off) -143{ -144 pr_alert("Sorry, this operation is not supported.\n"); -145 return -EINVAL; -146} -147 -148MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+73/* Called when a process tries to open the device file, like +74 * "sudo cat /dev/chardev" +75 */ +76static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +77{ +78 static int counter = 0; +79 +80 if (open_device_cnt) +81 return -EBUSY; +82 +83 open_device_cnt++; +84 sprintf(msg, "I already told you %d times Hello world!\n", counter++); +85 msg_ptr = msg; +86 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); +87 +88 return SUCCESS; +89} +90 +91/* Called when a process closes the device file. */ +92static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +93{ +94 open_device_cnt--; /* We're now ready for our next caller */ +95 +96 /* Decrement the usage count, or else once you opened the file, you will +97 * never get get rid of the module. +98 */ +99 module_put(THIS_MODULE); +100 +101 return SUCCESS; +102} +103 +104/* Called when a process, which already opened the dev file, attempts to +105 * read from it. +106 */ +107static ssize_t device_read(struct file *filp, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ +108 char *buffer, /* buffer to fill with data */ +109 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ +110 loff_t *offset) +111{ +112 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */ +113 int bytes_read = 0; +114 +115 /* If we are at the end of message, return 0 signifying end of file. */ +116 if (*msg_ptr == 0) +117 return 0; +118 +119 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ +120 while (length && *msg_ptr) { +121 /* The buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel +122 * segment so "*" assignment won't work. We have to use +123 * put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to +124 * the user data segment. +125 */ +126 put_user(*(msg_ptr++), buffer++); +127 +128 length--; +129 bytes_read++; +130 } +131 +132 /* Most read functions return the number of bytes put into the buffer. */ +133 return bytes_read; +134} +135 +136/* Called when a process writes to dev file: echo "hi" > /dev/hello */ +137static ssize_t device_write(struct file *filp, +138 const char *buff, +139 size_t len, +140 loff_t *off) +141{ +142 pr_alert("Sorry, this operation is not supported.\n"); +143 return -EINVAL; +144} +145 +146module_init(chardev_init); +147module_exit(chardev_exit); +148 +149MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
-
1/* -2 * procfs1.c -3 */ +1/* +2 * procfs1.c +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> -8#include <linux/uaccess.h> -9#include <linux/version.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> +8#include <linux/uaccess.h> +9#include <linux/version.h> 10 -11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -13#endif +11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +13#endif 14 -15#define procfs_name "helloworld" +15#define procfs_name "helloworld" 16 -17struct proc_dir_entry *Our_Proc_File; +17struct proc_dir_entry *Our_Proc_File; 18 19 -20ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *filePointer, -21 char *buffer, -22 size_t buffer_length, +20ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *filePointer, +21 char *buffer, +22 size_t buffer_length, 23 loff_t *offset) 24{ -25 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n"; -26 int len = sizeof(s); -27 ssize_t ret = len; +25 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n"; +26 int len = sizeof(s); +27 ssize_t ret = len; 28 -29 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) { -30 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n"); +29 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) { +30 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n"); 31 ret = 0; -32 } else { -33 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", filePointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name); +32 } else { +33 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", filePointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name); 34 *offset += len; 35 } 36 -37 return ret; +37 return ret; 38} 39 -40#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -41static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = { +40#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +41static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = { 42 .proc_read = procfile_read, 43}; -44#else -45static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = { +44#else +45static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = { 46 .read = procfile_read, 47}; -48#endif +48#endif 49 -50int init_module() +50static int __init procfs1_init(void) 51{ 52 Our_Proc_File = proc_create(procfs_name, 0644, NULL, &proc_file_fops); 53 if (NULL == Our_Proc_File) { @@ -1618,13 +1617,16 @@ HelloWorld! 60 return 0; 61} 62 -63void cleanup_module() +63static void __exit procfs1_exit(void) 64{ 65 proc_remove(Our_Proc_File); -66 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", procfs_name); +66 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", procfs_name); 67} 68 -69MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+69module_init(procfs1_init); +70module_exit(procfs1_exit); +71 +72MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
0.7.1 The proc_ops Structure
@@ -1669,126 +1671,121 @@ user space, but not for the read function because data is already in kernel space.-
1/* -2 * procfs2.c - create a "file" in /proc -3 */ +1/* +2 * procfs2.c - create a "file" in /proc +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */ -6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ -7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use the proc fs */ -8#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for copy_from_user */ -9#include <linux/version.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */ +6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use the proc fs */ +8#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for copy_from_user */ +9#include <linux/version.h> 10 -11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -13#endif +11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +13#endif 14 -15#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 1024 -16#define PROCFS_NAME "buffer1k" +15#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 1024 +16#define PROCFS_NAME "buffer1k" 17 -18/** -19 * This structure hold information about the /proc file -20 * -21 */ -22static struct proc_dir_entry *Our_Proc_File; +18/** +19 * This structure hold information about the /proc file +20 * +21 */ +22static struct proc_dir_entry *Our_Proc_File; 23 -24/** -25 * The buffer used to store character for this module -26 * -27 */ -28static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE]; +24/** +25 * The buffer used to store character for this module +26 * +27 */ +28static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE]; 29 -30/** -31 * The size of the buffer -32 * -33 */ -34static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0; +30/** +31 * The size of the buffer +32 * +33 */ +34static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0; 35 -36/** -37 * This function is called then the /proc file is read -38 * -39 */ -40ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *filePointer, -41 char *buffer, -42 size_t buffer_length, +36/** +37 * This function is called then the /proc file is read +38 * +39 */ +40ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *filePointer, +41 char *buffer, +42 size_t buffer_length, 43 loff_t *offset) 44{ -45 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n"; -46 int len = sizeof(s); -47 ssize_t ret = len; +45 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n"; +46 int len = sizeof(s); +47 ssize_t ret = len; 48 -49 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) { -50 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n"); +49 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) { +50 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n"); 51 ret = 0; -52 } else { -53 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", filePointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name); +52 } else { +53 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", filePointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name); 54 *offset += len; 55 } 56 -57 return ret; +57 return ret; 58} 59 60 -61/** -62 * This function is called with the /proc file is written -63 * -64 */ -65static ssize_t procfile_write(struct file *file, -66 const char *buff, -67 size_t len, +61/** +62 * This function is called with the /proc file is written +63 * +64 */ +65static ssize_t procfile_write(struct file *file, +66 const char *buff, +67 size_t len, 68 loff_t *off) 69{ 70 procfs_buffer_size = len; -71 if (procfs_buffer_size > PROCFS_MAX_SIZE) +71 if (procfs_buffer_size > PROCFS_MAX_SIZE) 72 procfs_buffer_size = PROCFS_MAX_SIZE; 73 -74 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buff, procfs_buffer_size)) -75 return -EFAULT; +74 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buff, procfs_buffer_size)) +75 return -EFAULT; 76 -77 procfs_buffer[procfs_buffer_size] = '\0'; -78 return procfs_buffer_size; +77 procfs_buffer[procfs_buffer_size] = '\0'; +78 return procfs_buffer_size; 79} 80 -81#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -82static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = { +81#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +82static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = { 83 .proc_read = procfile_read, 84 .proc_write = procfile_write, 85}; -86#else -87static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = { +86#else +87static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = { 88 .read = procfile_read, 89 .write = procfile_write, 90}; -91#endif +91#endif 92 -93/** -94 *This function is called when the module is loaded -95 * -96 */ -97int init_module() -98{ -99 Our_Proc_File = proc_create(PROCFS_NAME, 0644, NULL, &proc_file_fops); -100 if (NULL == Our_Proc_File) { -101 proc_remove(Our_Proc_File); -102 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROCFS_NAME); -103 return -ENOMEM; -104 } +93static int __init procfs2_init(void) +94{ +95 Our_Proc_File = proc_create(PROCFS_NAME, 0644, NULL, &proc_file_fops); +96 if (NULL == Our_Proc_File) { +97 proc_remove(Our_Proc_File); +98 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROCFS_NAME); +99 return -ENOMEM; +100 } +101 +102 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_NAME); +103 return 0; +104} 105 -106 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_NAME); -107 return 0; -108} -109 -110/** -111 *This function is called when the module is unloaded -112 * -113 */ -114void cleanup_module() -115{ -116 proc_remove(Our_Proc_File); -117 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_NAME); -118} -119 -120MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+106static void __exit procfs2_exit(void) +107{ +108 proc_remove(Our_Proc_File); +109 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_NAME); +110} +111 +112module_init(procfs2_init); +113module_exit(procfs2_exit); +114 +115MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
0.7.3 Manage /proc file with standard filesystem
@@ -1825,87 +1822,87 @@ if a process writes something to the kernel, then the kernel receives it as input.-
1/* -2 * procfs3.c -3 */ +1/* +2 * procfs3.c +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> -8#include <linux/sched.h> -9#include <linux/uaccess.h> -10#include <linux/version.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> +8#include <linux/sched.h> +9#include <linux/uaccess.h> +10#include <linux/version.h> 11 -12#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -13#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -14#endif +12#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +13#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +14#endif 15 -16#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 2048 -17#define PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME "buffer2k" +16#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 2048 +17#define PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME "buffer2k" 18 -19struct proc_dir_entry *Our_Proc_File; -20static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE]; -21static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0; +19struct proc_dir_entry *Our_Proc_File; +20static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE]; +21static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0; 22 -23static ssize_t procfs_read(struct file *filp, -24 char *buffer, -25 size_t length, +23static ssize_t procfs_read(struct file *filp, +24 char *buffer, +25 size_t length, 26 loff_t *offset) 27{ -28 static int finished = 0; -29 if (finished) { -30 pr_debug("procfs_read: END\n"); +28 static int finished = 0; +29 if (finished) { +30 pr_debug("procfs_read: END\n"); 31 finished = 0; -32 return 0; +32 return 0; 33 } 34 finished = 1; -35 if (copy_to_user(buffer, procfs_buffer, procfs_buffer_size)) -36 return -EFAULT; -37 pr_debug("procfs_read: read %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size); -38 return procfs_buffer_size; +35 if (copy_to_user(buffer, procfs_buffer, procfs_buffer_size)) +36 return -EFAULT; +37 pr_debug("procfs_read: read %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size); +38 return procfs_buffer_size; 39} -40static ssize_t procfs_write(struct file *file, -41 const char *buffer, -42 size_t len, +40static ssize_t procfs_write(struct file *file, +41 const char *buffer, +42 size_t len, 43 loff_t *off) 44{ -45 if (len > PROCFS_MAX_SIZE) +45 if (len > PROCFS_MAX_SIZE) 46 procfs_buffer_size = PROCFS_MAX_SIZE; -47 else +47 else 48 procfs_buffer_size = len; -49 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buffer, procfs_buffer_size)) -50 return -EFAULT; -51 pr_debug("procfs_write: write %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size); -52 return procfs_buffer_size; +49 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buffer, procfs_buffer_size)) +50 return -EFAULT; +51 pr_debug("procfs_write: write %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size); +52 return procfs_buffer_size; 53} -54int procfs_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +54int procfs_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 55{ 56 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); -57 return 0; +57 return 0; 58} -59int procfs_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +59int procfs_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 60{ 61 module_put(THIS_MODULE); -62 return 0; +62 return 0; 63} 64 -65#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -66static struct proc_ops File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File = { +65#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +66static struct proc_ops File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File = { 67 .proc_read = procfs_read, 68 .proc_write = procfs_write, 69 .proc_open = procfs_open, 70 .proc_release = procfs_close, 71}; -72#else -73static const struct file_operations File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File = { +72#else +73static const struct file_operations File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File = { 74 .read = procfs_read, 75 .write = procfs_write, 76 .open = procfs_open, 77 .release = procfs_close, 78}; -79#endif +79#endif 80 -81int init_module() +81static int __init procfs3_init(void) 82{ 83 Our_Proc_File = proc_create(PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME, 0644, NULL, 84 &File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File); @@ -1921,13 +1918,17 @@ input. 94 pr_debug("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME); 95 return 0; 96} -97void cleanup_module() -98{ -99 remove_proc_entry(PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL); -100 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME); -101} -102 -103MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+97 +98static void __exit procfs3_exit(void) +99{ +100 remove_proc_entry(PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL); +101 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME); +102} +103 +104module_init(procfs3_init); +105module_exit(procfs3_exit); +106 +107MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Still hungry for procfs examples? Well, first of all keep in mind, there are rumors around, claiming that procfs is on its way out, consider using sysfs instead. Consider using this mechanism, in case you want to document something kernel related @@ -1971,122 +1972,123 @@ Figure 1
If you want more information, you can read this web page:
@@ -2107,66 +2109,66 @@ under the sys directory on your system. accessible via sysfs is given below.
-
1/* -2 * hello-sysfs.c sysfs example -3 */ -4#include <linux/fs.h> -5#include <linux/init.h> -6#include <linux/kobject.h> -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/string.h> -9#include <linux/sysfs.h> +1/* +2 * hello-sysfs.c sysfs example +3 */ +4#include <linux/fs.h> +5#include <linux/init.h> +6#include <linux/kobject.h> +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/string.h> +9#include <linux/sysfs.h> 10 -11MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +11MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); 12 -13static struct kobject *mymodule; +13static struct kobject *mymodule; 14 -15/* the variable you want to be able to change */ -16static int myvariable = 0; +15/* the variable you want to be able to change */ +16static int myvariable = 0; 17 -18static ssize_t myvariable_show(struct kobject *kobj, -19 struct kobj_attribute *attr, -20 char *buf) +18static ssize_t myvariable_show(struct kobject *kobj, +19 struct kobj_attribute *attr, +20 char *buf) 21{ -22 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", myvariable); +22 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", myvariable); 23} 24 -25static ssize_t myvariable_store(struct kobject *kobj, -26 struct kobj_attribute *attr, -27 char *buf, -28 size_t count) +25static ssize_t myvariable_store(struct kobject *kobj, +26 struct kobj_attribute *attr, +27 char *buf, +28 size_t count) 29{ -30 sscanf(buf, "%du", &myvariable); -31 return count; +30 sscanf(buf, "%du", &myvariable); +31 return count; 32} 33 34 -35static struct kobj_attribute myvariable_attribute = -36 __ATTR(myvariable, 0660, myvariable_show, (void *) myvariable_store); +35static struct kobj_attribute myvariable_attribute = +36 __ATTR(myvariable, 0660, myvariable_show, (void *) myvariable_store); 37 -38static int __init mymodule_init(void) +38static int __init mymodule_init(void) 39{ -40 int error = 0; +40 int error = 0; 41 -42 pr_info("mymodule: initialised\n"); +42 pr_info("mymodule: initialised\n"); 43 -44 mymodule = kobject_create_and_add("mymodule", kernel_kobj); -45 if (!mymodule) -46 return -ENOMEM; +44 mymodule = kobject_create_and_add("mymodule", kernel_kobj); +45 if (!mymodule) +46 return -ENOMEM; 47 48 error = sysfs_create_file(mymodule, &myvariable_attribute.attr); -49 if (error) { +49 if (error) { 50 pr_info( -51 "failed to create the myvariable file " -52 "in /sys/kernel/mymodule\n"); +51 "failed to create the myvariable file " +52 "in /sys/kernel/mymodule\n"); 53 } 54 -55 return error; +55 return error; 56} 57 -58static void __exit mymodule_exit(void) +58static void __exit mymodule_exit(void) 59{ -60 pr_info("mymodule: Exit success\n"); +60 pr_info("mymodule: Exit success\n"); 61 kobject_put(mymodule); 62} 63 @@ -2191,7 +2193,7 @@ accessible via sysfs is given below.Set the value of myvariable and check that it changed.
-
1echo "32" > /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariable +1echo "32" > /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariable 2cat /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariableFinally, remove the test module:
@@ -2244,573 +2246,565 @@ get yours, you’ll know something is wrong. For more information, consult the k source tree at Documentation/ioctl-number.txt.
-
1/* -2 * chardev2.c - Create an input/output character device -3 */ +1/* +2 * chardev2.c - Create an input/output character device +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/cdev.h> -6#include <linux/delay.h> -7#include <linux/device.h> -8#include <linux/fs.h> -9#include <linux/init.h> -10#include <linux/irq.h> -11#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */ -12#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ -13#include <linux/poll.h> +5#include <linux/cdev.h> +6#include <linux/delay.h> +7#include <linux/device.h> +8#include <linux/fs.h> +9#include <linux/init.h> +10#include <linux/irq.h> +11#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ +12#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +13#include <linux/poll.h> 14 -15#include "chardev.h" -16#define SUCCESS 0 -17#define DEVICE_NAME "char_dev" -18#define BUF_LEN 80 +15#include "chardev.h" +16#define SUCCESS 0 +17#define DEVICE_NAME "char_dev" +18#define BUF_LEN 80 19 -20/* -21 * Is the device open right now? Used to prevent -22 * concurent access into the same device -23 */ -24static int Device_Open = 0; +20/* +21 * Is the device open right now? Used to prevent +22 * concurent access into the same device +23 */ +24static int Device_Open = 0; 25 -26/* -27 * The message the device will give when asked -28 */ -29static char Message[BUF_LEN]; +26/* +27 * The message the device will give when asked +28 */ +29static char Message[BUF_LEN]; 30 -31/* -32 * How far did the process reading the message get? -33 * Useful if the message is larger than the size of the -34 * buffer we get to fill in device_read. -35 */ -36static char *Message_Ptr; +31/* +32 * How far did the process reading the message get? +33 * Useful if the message is larger than the size of the +34 * buffer we get to fill in device_read. +35 */ +36static char *Message_Ptr; 37 -38static int Major; /* Major number assigned to our device driver */ -39static struct class *cls; +38static int Major; /* Major number assigned to our device driver */ +39static struct class *cls; 40 -41/* -42 * This is called whenever a process attempts to open the device file -43 */ -44static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +41/* +42 * This is called whenever a process attempts to open the device file +43 */ +44static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 45{ -46 pr_info("device_open(%p)\n", file); +46 pr_info("device_open(%p)\n", file); 47 -48 /* -49 * We don't want to talk to two processes at the same time -50 */ -51 if (Device_Open) -52 return -EBUSY; +48 /* +49 * We don't want to talk to two processes at the same time +50 */ +51 if (Device_Open) +52 return -EBUSY; 53 54 Device_Open++; -55 /* -56 * Initialize the message -57 */ +55 /* +56 * Initialize the message +57 */ 58 Message_Ptr = Message; 59 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); -60 return SUCCESS; +60 return SUCCESS; 61} 62 -63static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +63static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 64{ -65 pr_info("device_release(%p,%p)\n", inode, file); +65 pr_info("device_release(%p,%p)\n", inode, file); 66 -67 /* -68 * We're now ready for our next caller -69 */ +67 /* +68 * We're now ready for our next caller +69 */ 70 Device_Open--; 71 72 module_put(THIS_MODULE); -73 return SUCCESS; +73 return SUCCESS; 74} 75 -76/* -77 * This function is called whenever a process which has already opened the -78 * device file attempts to read from it. -79 */ -80static ssize_t device_read(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ -81 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to be -82 * filled with data */ -83 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ +76/* +77 * This function is called whenever a process which has already opened the +78 * device file attempts to read from it. +79 */ +80static ssize_t device_read(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ +81 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to be +82 * filled with data */ +83 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ 84 loff_t *offset) 85{ -86 /* -87 * Number of bytes actually written to the buffer -88 */ -89 int bytes_read = 0; +86 /* +87 * Number of bytes actually written to the buffer +88 */ +89 int bytes_read = 0; 90 -91 pr_info("device_read(%p,%p,%ld)\n", file, buffer, length); +91 pr_info("device_read(%p,%p,%ld)\n", file, buffer, length); 92 -93 /* -94 * If we're at the end of the message, return 0 -95 * (which signifies end of file) -96 */ -97 if (*Message_Ptr == 0) -98 return 0; +93 /* +94 * If we're at the end of the message, return 0 +95 * (which signifies end of file) +96 */ +97 if (*Message_Ptr == 0) +98 return 0; 99 -100 /* -101 * Actually put the data into the buffer -102 */ -103 while (length && *Message_Ptr) { -104 /* -105 * Because the buffer is in the user data segment, -106 * not the kernel data segment, assignment wouldn't -107 * work. Instead, we have to use put_user which -108 * copies data from the kernel data segment to the -109 * user data segment. -110 */ +100 /* +101 * Actually put the data into the buffer +102 */ +103 while (length && *Message_Ptr) { +104 /* +105 * Because the buffer is in the user data segment, +106 * not the kernel data segment, assignment wouldn't +107 * work. Instead, we have to use put_user which +108 * copies data from the kernel data segment to the +109 * user data segment. +110 */ 111 put_user(*(Message_Ptr++), buffer++); 112 length--; 113 bytes_read++; 114 } 115 -116 pr_info("Read %d bytes, %ld left\n", bytes_read, length); +116 pr_info("Read %d bytes, %ld left\n", bytes_read, length); 117 -118 /* -119 * Read functions are supposed to return the number -120 * of bytes actually inserted into the buffer -121 */ -122 return bytes_read; +118 /* +119 * Read functions are supposed to return the number +120 * of bytes actually inserted into the buffer +121 */ +122 return bytes_read; 123} 124 -125/* -126 * This function is called when somebody tries to -127 * write into our device file. -128 */ -129static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, -130 const char __user *buffer, -131 size_t length, +125/* +126 * This function is called when somebody tries to +127 * write into our device file. +128 */ +129static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, +130 const char __user *buffer, +131 size_t length, 132 loff_t *offset) 133{ -134 int i; +134 int i; 135 -136 pr_info("device_write(%p,%s,%ld)", file, buffer, length); +136 pr_info("device_write(%p,%s,%ld)", file, buffer, length); 137 -138 for (i = 0; i < length && i < BUF_LEN; i++) +138 for (i = 0; i < length && i < BUF_LEN; i++) 139 get_user(Message[i], buffer + i); 140 141 Message_Ptr = Message; 142 -143 /* -144 * Again, return the number of input characters used -145 */ -146 return i; +143 /* +144 * Again, return the number of input characters used +145 */ +146 return i; 147} 148 -149/* -150 * This function is called whenever a process tries to do an ioctl on our -151 * device file. We get two extra parameters (additional to the inode and file -152 * structures, which all device functions get): the number of the ioctl called -153 * and the parameter given to the ioctl function. -154 * -155 * If the ioctl is write or read/write (meaning output is returned to the -156 * calling process), the ioctl call returns the output of this function. -157 * -158 */ -159long device_ioctl(struct file *file, /* ditto */ -160 unsigned int ioctl_num, /* number and param for ioctl */ -161 unsigned long ioctl_param) +149/* +150 * This function is called whenever a process tries to do an ioctl on our +151 * device file. We get two extra parameters (additional to the inode and file +152 * structures, which all device functions get): the number of the ioctl called +153 * and the parameter given to the ioctl function. +154 * +155 * If the ioctl is write or read/write (meaning output is returned to the +156 * calling process), the ioctl call returns the output of this function. +157 * +158 */ +159long device_ioctl(struct file *file, /* ditto */ +160 unsigned int ioctl_num, /* number and param for ioctl */ +161 unsigned long ioctl_param) 162{ -163 int i; -164 char *temp; -165 char ch; +163 int i; +164 char *temp; +165 char ch; 166 -167 /* -168 * Switch according to the ioctl called -169 */ -170 switch (ioctl_num) { -171 case IOCTL_SET_MSG: -172 /* -173 * Receive a pointer to a message (in user space) and set that -174 * to be the device's message. Get the parameter given to -175 * ioctl by the process. -176 */ -177 temp = (char *) ioctl_param; +167 /* +168 * Switch according to the ioctl called +169 */ +170 switch (ioctl_num) { +171 case IOCTL_SET_MSG: +172 /* +173 * Receive a pointer to a message (in user space) and set that +174 * to be the device's message. Get the parameter given to +175 * ioctl by the process. +176 */ +177 temp = (char *) ioctl_param; 178 -179 /* -180 * Find the length of the message -181 */ +179 /* +180 * Find the length of the message +181 */ 182 get_user(ch, temp); -183 for (i = 0; ch && i < BUF_LEN; i++, temp++) +183 for (i = 0; ch && i < BUF_LEN; i++, temp++) 184 get_user(ch, temp); 185 -186 device_write(file, (char *) ioctl_param, i, 0); -187 break; +186 device_write(file, (char *) ioctl_param, i, 0); +187 break; 188 -189 case IOCTL_GET_MSG: -190 /* -191 * Give the current message to the calling process - -192 * the parameter we got is a pointer, fill it. -193 */ -194 i = device_read(file, (char *) ioctl_param, 99, 0); +189 case IOCTL_GET_MSG: +190 /* +191 * Give the current message to the calling process - +192 * the parameter we got is a pointer, fill it. +193 */ +194 i = device_read(file, (char *) ioctl_param, 99, 0); 195 -196 /* -197 * Put a zero at the end of the buffer, so it will be -198 * properly terminated -199 */ -200 put_user('\0', (char *) ioctl_param + i); -201 break; +196 /* +197 * Put a zero at the end of the buffer, so it will be +198 * properly terminated +199 */ +200 put_user('\0', (char *) ioctl_param + i); +201 break; 202 -203 case IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE: -204 /* -205 * This ioctl is both input (ioctl_param) and -206 * output (the return value of this function) -207 */ -208 return Message[ioctl_param]; -209 break; +203 case IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE: +204 /* +205 * This ioctl is both input (ioctl_param) and +206 * output (the return value of this function) +207 */ +208 return Message[ioctl_param]; +209 break; 210 } 211 -212 return SUCCESS; +212 return SUCCESS; 213} 214 -215/* Module Declarations */ +215/* Module Declarations */ 216 -217/* -218 * This structure will hold the functions to be called -219 * when a process does something to the device we -220 * created. Since a pointer to this structure is kept in -221 * the devices table, it can't be local to -222 * init_module. NULL is for unimplemented functions. -223 */ -224struct file_operations Fops = { +217/* +218 * This structure will hold the functions to be called +219 * when a process does something to the device we +220 * created. Since a pointer to this structure is kept in +221 * the devices table, it can't be local to +222 * init_module. NULL is for unimplemented functions. +223 */ +224struct file_operations Fops = { 225 .read = device_read, 226 .write = device_write, 227 .unlocked_ioctl = device_ioctl, 228 .open = device_open, -229 .release = device_release, /* a.k.a. close */ +229 .release = device_release, /* a.k.a. close */ 230}; 231 -232/* -233 * Initialize the module - Register the character device -234 */ -235int init_module() -236{ -237 int ret_val; -238 /* -239 * Register the character device (atleast try) -240 */ -241 ret_val = register_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME, &Fops); -242 -243 /* -244 * Negative values signify an error -245 */ -246 if (ret_val < 0) { -247 pr_alert("%s failed with %d\n", -248 "Sorry, registering the character device ", ret_val); -249 return ret_val; -250 } +232/* Initialize the module - Register the character device */ +233static int __init chardev2_init(void) +234{ +235 /* Register the character device (atleast try) */ +236 int ret_val = register_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME, &Fops); +237 +238 /* Negative values signify an error */ +239 if (ret_val < 0) { +240 pr_alert("%s failed with %d\n", +241 "Sorry, registering the character device ", ret_val); +242 return ret_val; +243 } +244 +245 Major = ret_val; +246 +247 cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_FILE_NAME); +248 device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(Major, MAJOR_NUM), NULL, DEVICE_FILE_NAME); +249 +250 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_FILE_NAME); 251 -252 Major = ret_val; -253 -254 cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_FILE_NAME); -255 device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(Major, MAJOR_NUM), NULL, DEVICE_FILE_NAME); -256 -257 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_FILE_NAME); -258 -259 return 0; -260} -261 -262/* -263 * Cleanup - unregister the appropriate file from /proc -264 */ -265void cleanup_module() -266{ -267 device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(Major, 0)); -268 class_destroy(cls); -269 -270 /* -271 * Unregister the device -272 */ -273 unregister_chrdev(Major, DEVICE_NAME); -274} -275 -276MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+252 return 0; +253} +254 +255/* Cleanup - unregister the appropriate file from /proc */ +256static void __exit chardev2_exit(void) +257{ +258 device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(Major, 0)); +259 class_destroy(cls); +260 +261 /* Unregister the device */ +262 unregister_chrdev(Major, DEVICE_NAME); +263} +264 +265module_init(chardev2_init); +266module_exit(chardev2_exit); +267 +268MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");-
1/* -2 * chardev.h - the header file with the ioctl definitions. -3 * -4 * The declarations here have to be in a header file, because -5 * they need to be known both to the kernel module -6 * (in chardev.c) and the process calling ioctl (ioctl.c) -7 */ -8 -9#ifndef CHARDEV_H -10#define CHARDEV_H -11 -12#include <linux/ioctl.h> -13 -14/* -15 * The major device number. We can't rely on dynamic -16 * registration any more, because ioctls need to know -17 * it. -18 */ -19#define MAJOR_NUM 100 -20 -21/* -22 * Set the message of the device driver -23 */ -24#define IOCTL_SET_MSG _IOW(MAJOR_NUM, 0, char *) -25/* -26 * _IOW means that we're creating an ioctl command -27 * number for passing information from a user process -28 * to the kernel module. -29 * -30 * The first arguments, MAJOR_NUM, is the major device -31 * number we're using. -32 * -33 * The second argument is the number of the command -34 * (there could be several with different meanings). -35 * -36 * The third argument is the type we want to get from -37 * the process to the kernel. -38 */ -39 -40/* -41 * Get the message of the device driver -42 */ -43#define IOCTL_GET_MSG _IOR(MAJOR_NUM, 1, char *) -44/* -45 * This IOCTL is used for output, to get the message -46 * of the device driver. However, we still need the -47 * buffer to place the message in to be input, -48 * as it is allocated by the process. -49 */ -50 -51/* -52 * Get the n'th byte of the message -53 */ -54#define IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE _IOWR(MAJOR_NUM, 2, int) -55/* -56 * The IOCTL is used for both input and output. It -57 * receives from the user a number, n, and returns -58 * Message[n]. -59 */ -60 -61/* -62 * The name of the device file -63 */ -64#define DEVICE_FILE_NAME "char_dev" -65 -66#endif+1/* +2 * chardev.h - the header file with the ioctl definitions. +3 * +4 * The declarations here have to be in a header file, because +5 * they need to be known both to the kernel module +6 * (in chardev.c) and the process calling ioctl (ioctl.c) +7 */ +8 +9#ifndef CHARDEV_H +10#define CHARDEV_H +11 +12#include <linux/ioctl.h> +13 +14/* +15 * The major device number. We can't rely on dynamic +16 * registration any more, because ioctls need to know +17 * it. +18 */ +19#define MAJOR_NUM 100 +20 +21/* +22 * Set the message of the device driver +23 */ +24#define IOCTL_SET_MSG _IOW(MAJOR_NUM, 0, char *) +25/* +26 * _IOW means that we're creating an ioctl command +27 * number for passing information from a user process +28 * to the kernel module. +29 * +30 * The first arguments, MAJOR_NUM, is the major device +31 * number we're using. +32 * +33 * The second argument is the number of the command +34 * (there could be several with different meanings). +35 * +36 * The third argument is the type we want to get from +37 * the process to the kernel. +38 */ +39 +40/* +41 * Get the message of the device driver +42 */ +43#define IOCTL_GET_MSG _IOR(MAJOR_NUM, 1, char *) +44/* +45 * This IOCTL is used for output, to get the message +46 * of the device driver. However, we still need the +47 * buffer to place the message in to be input, +48 * as it is allocated by the process. +49 */ +50 +51/* +52 * Get the n'th byte of the message +53 */ +54#define IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE _IOWR(MAJOR_NUM, 2, int) +55/* +56 * The IOCTL is used for both input and output. It +57 * receives from the user a number, n, and returns +58 * Message[n]. +59 */ +60 +61/* +62 * The name of the device file +63 */ +64#define DEVICE_FILE_NAME "char_dev" +65 +66#endif-
1/* -2 * ioctl.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/cdev.h> -5#include <linux/fs.h> -6#include <linux/init.h> -7#include <linux/ioctl.h> -8#include <linux/module.h> -9#include <linux/slab.h> -10#include <linux/uaccess.h> -11 -12struct ioctl_arg { -13 unsigned int reg; -14 unsigned int val; -15}; -16 -17/* Documentation/ioctl/ioctl-number.txt */ -18#define IOC_MAGIC '\x66' -19 -20#define IOCTL_VALSET _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 0, struct ioctl_arg) -21#define IOCTL_VALGET _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 1, struct ioctl_arg) -22#define IOCTL_VALGET_NUM _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 2, int) -23#define IOCTL_VALSET_NUM _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 3, int) -24 -25#define IOCTL_VAL_MAXNR 3 -26#define DRIVER_NAME "ioctltest" -27 -28static unsigned int test_ioctl_major = 0; -29static unsigned int num_of_dev = 1; -30static struct cdev test_ioctl_cdev; -31static int ioctl_num = 0; -32 -33struct test_ioctl_data { -34 unsigned char val; -35 rwlock_t lock; -36}; -37 -38static long test_ioctl_ioctl(struct file *filp, -39 unsigned int cmd, -40 unsigned long arg) -41{ -42 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data; -43 int retval = 0; -44 unsigned char val; -45 struct ioctl_arg data; -46 memset(&data, 0, sizeof(data)); -47 -48 switch (cmd) { -49 case IOCTL_VALSET: -50 -51 /* -52 if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) { -53 retval = -EPERM; -54 goto done; -55 } -56 if (!access_ok(VERIFY_READ, (void __user *)arg, _IOC_SIZE(cmd))) { -57 retval = -EFAULT; -58 goto done; -59 } -60 */ -61 if (copy_from_user(&data, (int __user *) arg, sizeof(data))) { -62 retval = -EFAULT; -63 goto done; -64 } -65 -66 pr_alert("IOCTL set val:%x .\n", data.val); -67 write_lock(&ioctl_data->lock); -68 ioctl_data->val = data.val; -69 write_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock); -70 break; -71 -72 case IOCTL_VALGET: -73 /* -74 if (!access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, (void __user *)arg, _IOC_SIZE(cmd))) { -75 retval = -EFAULT; -76 goto done; -77 } -78 */ -79 read_lock(&ioctl_data->lock); -80 val = ioctl_data->val; -81 read_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock); -82 data.val = val; -83 -84 if (copy_to_user((int __user *) arg, &data, sizeof(data))) { -85 retval = -EFAULT; -86 goto done; -87 } -88 -89 break; -90 -91 case IOCTL_VALGET_NUM: -92 retval = __put_user(ioctl_num, (int __user *) arg); -93 break; -94 -95 case IOCTL_VALSET_NUM: -96 /* -97 if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) -98 return -EPERM; -99 */ -100 ioctl_num = arg; -101 break; -102 -103 default: -104 retval = -ENOTTY; -105 } -106 -107done: -108 return retval; -109} -110 -111ssize_t test_ioctl_read(struct file *filp, -112 char __user *buf, -113 size_t count, -114 loff_t *f_pos) -115{ -116 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data; -117 unsigned char val; -118 int retval; -119 int i = 0; -120 read_lock(&ioctl_data->lock); -121 val = ioctl_data->val; -122 read_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock); -123 -124 for (; i < count; i++) { -125 if (copy_to_user(&buf[i], &val, 1)) { -126 retval = -EFAULT; -127 goto out; -128 } -129 } -130 -131 retval = count; -132out: -133 return retval; -134} -135 -136static int test_ioctl_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) -137{ -138 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__); -139 -140 if (filp->private_data) { -141 kfree(filp->private_data); -142 filp->private_data = NULL; -143 } -144 -145 return 0; -146} -147 -148static int test_ioctl_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) -149{ -150 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data; -151 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__); -152 ioctl_data = kmalloc(sizeof(struct test_ioctl_data), GFP_KERNEL); -153 -154 if (ioctl_data == NULL) { -155 return -ENOMEM; -156 } -157 -158 rwlock_init(&ioctl_data->lock); -159 ioctl_data->val = 0xFF; -160 filp->private_data = ioctl_data; -161 return 0; -162} -163 -164struct file_operations fops = { -165 .owner = THIS_MODULE, -166 .open = test_ioctl_open, -167 .release = test_ioctl_close, -168 .read = test_ioctl_read, -169 .unlocked_ioctl = test_ioctl_ioctl, -170}; -171 -172static int ioctl_init(void) -173{ -174 dev_t dev = MKDEV(test_ioctl_major, 0); -175 int alloc_ret = 0; -176 int cdev_ret = 0; -177 alloc_ret = alloc_chrdev_region(&dev, 0, num_of_dev, DRIVER_NAME); -178 -179 if (alloc_ret) { -180 goto error; -181 } -182 -183 test_ioctl_major = MAJOR(dev); -184 cdev_init(&test_ioctl_cdev, &fops); -185 cdev_ret = cdev_add(&test_ioctl_cdev, dev, num_of_dev); -186 -187 if (cdev_ret) { -188 goto error; -189 } -190 -191 pr_alert("%s driver(major: %d) installed.\n", DRIVER_NAME, -192 test_ioctl_major); -193 return 0; -194error: -195 -196 if (cdev_ret == 0) { -197 cdev_del(&test_ioctl_cdev); -198 } -199 -200 if (alloc_ret == 0) { -201 unregister_chrdev_region(dev, num_of_dev); -202 } -203 -204 return -1; -205} -206 -207static void ioctl_exit(void) -208{ -209 dev_t dev = MKDEV(test_ioctl_major, 0); -210 cdev_del(&test_ioctl_cdev); -211 unregister_chrdev_region(dev, num_of_dev); -212 pr_alert("%s driver removed.\n", DRIVER_NAME); -213} -214 -215module_init(ioctl_init); -216module_exit(ioctl_exit); -217 -218MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -219MODULE_DESCRIPTION("This is test_ioctl module");+1/* +2 * ioctl.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/cdev.h> +5#include <linux/fs.h> +6#include <linux/init.h> +7#include <linux/ioctl.h> +8#include <linux/module.h> +9#include <linux/slab.h> +10#include <linux/uaccess.h> +11 +12struct ioctl_arg { +13 unsigned int reg; +14 unsigned int val; +15}; +16 +17/* Documentation/ioctl/ioctl-number.txt */ +18#define IOC_MAGIC '\x66' +19 +20#define IOCTL_VALSET _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 0, struct ioctl_arg) +21#define IOCTL_VALGET _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 1, struct ioctl_arg) +22#define IOCTL_VALGET_NUM _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 2, int) +23#define IOCTL_VALSET_NUM _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 3, int) +24 +25#define IOCTL_VAL_MAXNR 3 +26#define DRIVER_NAME "ioctltest" +27 +28static unsigned int test_ioctl_major = 0; +29static unsigned int num_of_dev = 1; +30static struct cdev test_ioctl_cdev; +31static int ioctl_num = 0; +32 +33struct test_ioctl_data { +34 unsigned char val; +35 rwlock_t lock; +36}; +37 +38static long test_ioctl_ioctl(struct file *filp, +39 unsigned int cmd, +40 unsigned long arg) +41{ +42 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data; +43 int retval = 0; +44 unsigned char val; +45 struct ioctl_arg data; +46 memset(&data, 0, sizeof(data)); +47 +48 switch (cmd) { +49 case IOCTL_VALSET: +50 +51 /* +52 if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) { +53 retval = -EPERM; +54 goto done; +55 } +56 if (!access_ok(VERIFY_READ, (void __user *)arg, _IOC_SIZE(cmd))) { +57 retval = -EFAULT; +58 goto done; +59 } +60 */ +61 if (copy_from_user(&data, (int __user *) arg, sizeof(data))) { +62 retval = -EFAULT; +63 goto done; +64 } +65 +66 pr_alert("IOCTL set val:%x .\n", data.val); +67 write_lock(&ioctl_data->lock); +68 ioctl_data->val = data.val; +69 write_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock); +70 break; +71 +72 case IOCTL_VALGET: +73 /* +74 if (!access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, (void __user *)arg, _IOC_SIZE(cmd))) { +75 retval = -EFAULT; +76 goto done; +77 } +78 */ +79 read_lock(&ioctl_data->lock); +80 val = ioctl_data->val; +81 read_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock); +82 data.val = val; +83 +84 if (copy_to_user((int __user *) arg, &data, sizeof(data))) { +85 retval = -EFAULT; +86 goto done; +87 } +88 +89 break; +90 +91 case IOCTL_VALGET_NUM: +92 retval = __put_user(ioctl_num, (int __user *) arg); +93 break; +94 +95 case IOCTL_VALSET_NUM: +96 /* +97 if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) +98 return -EPERM; +99 */ +100 ioctl_num = arg; +101 break; +102 +103 default: +104 retval = -ENOTTY; +105 } +106 +107done: +108 return retval; +109} +110 +111ssize_t test_ioctl_read(struct file *filp, +112 char __user *buf, +113 size_t count, +114 loff_t *f_pos) +115{ +116 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data; +117 unsigned char val; +118 int retval; +119 int i = 0; +120 read_lock(&ioctl_data->lock); +121 val = ioctl_data->val; +122 read_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock); +123 +124 for (; i < count; i++) { +125 if (copy_to_user(&buf[i], &val, 1)) { +126 retval = -EFAULT; +127 goto out; +128 } +129 } +130 +131 retval = count; +132out: +133 return retval; +134} +135 +136static int test_ioctl_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) +137{ +138 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__); +139 +140 if (filp->private_data) { +141 kfree(filp->private_data); +142 filp->private_data = NULL; +143 } +144 +145 return 0; +146} +147 +148static int test_ioctl_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) +149{ +150 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data; +151 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__); +152 ioctl_data = kmalloc(sizeof(struct test_ioctl_data), GFP_KERNEL); +153 +154 if (ioctl_data == NULL) { +155 return -ENOMEM; +156 } +157 +158 rwlock_init(&ioctl_data->lock); +159 ioctl_data->val = 0xFF; +160 filp->private_data = ioctl_data; +161 return 0; +162} +163 +164struct file_operations fops = { +165 .owner = THIS_MODULE, +166 .open = test_ioctl_open, +167 .release = test_ioctl_close, +168 .read = test_ioctl_read, +169 .unlocked_ioctl = test_ioctl_ioctl, +170}; +171 +172static int ioctl_init(void) +173{ +174 dev_t dev = MKDEV(test_ioctl_major, 0); +175 int alloc_ret = 0; +176 int cdev_ret = 0; +177 alloc_ret = alloc_chrdev_region(&dev, 0, num_of_dev, DRIVER_NAME); +178 +179 if (alloc_ret) { +180 goto error; +181 } +182 +183 test_ioctl_major = MAJOR(dev); +184 cdev_init(&test_ioctl_cdev, &fops); +185 cdev_ret = cdev_add(&test_ioctl_cdev, dev, num_of_dev); +186 +187 if (cdev_ret) { +188 goto error; +189 } +190 +191 pr_alert("%s driver(major: %d) installed.\n", DRIVER_NAME, +192 test_ioctl_major); +193 return 0; +194error: +195 +196 if (cdev_ret == 0) { +197 cdev_del(&test_ioctl_cdev); +198 } +199 +200 if (alloc_ret == 0) { +201 unregister_chrdev_region(dev, num_of_dev); +202 } +203 +204 return -1; +205} +206 +207static void ioctl_exit(void) +208{ +209 dev_t dev = MKDEV(test_ioctl_major, 0); +210 cdev_del(&test_ioctl_cdev); +211 unregister_chrdev_region(dev, num_of_dev); +212 pr_alert("%s driver removed.\n", DRIVER_NAME); +213} +214 +215module_init(ioctl_init); +216module_exit(ioctl_exit); +217 +218MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +219MODULE_DESCRIPTION("This is test_ioctl module");
0.10 System Calls
@@ -2913,151 +2907,151 @@ Depending on your kernel version, you might even need to hand apply the patch.-
1/* -2 * syscall.c -3 * -4 * System call "stealing" sample. -5 * -6 * Disables page protection at a processor level by -7 * changing the 16th bit in the cr0 register (could be Intel specific) -8 * -9 * Based on example by Peter Jay Salzman and -10 * https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=139406 -11 */ +1/* +2 * syscall.c +3 * +4 * System call "stealing" sample. +5 * +6 * Disables page protection at a processor level by +7 * changing the 16th bit in the cr0 register (could be Intel specific) +8 * +9 * Based on example by Peter Jay Salzman and +10 * https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=139406 +11 */ 12 -13#include <linux/delay.h> -14#include <linux/kernel.h> -15#include <linux/module.h> -16#include <linux/moduleparam.h> /* which will have params */ -17#include <linux/syscalls.h> -18#include <linux/unistd.h> /* The list of system calls */ +13#include <linux/delay.h> +14#include <linux/kernel.h> +15#include <linux/module.h> +16#include <linux/moduleparam.h> /* which will have params */ +17#include <linux/syscalls.h> +18#include <linux/unistd.h> /* The list of system calls */ 19 -20/* -21 * For the current (process) structure, we need -22 * this to know who the current user is. -23 */ -24#include <linux/sched.h> -25#include <linux/uaccess.h> +20/* +21 * For the current (process) structure, we need +22 * this to know who the current user is. +23 */ +24#include <linux/sched.h> +25#include <linux/uaccess.h> 26 -27unsigned long **sys_call_table; -28unsigned long original_cr0; +27unsigned long **sys_call_table; +28unsigned long original_cr0; 29 -30/* -31 * UID we want to spy on - will be filled from the -32 * command line -33 */ -34static int uid; -35module_param(uid, int, 0644); +30/* +31 * UID we want to spy on - will be filled from the +32 * command line +33 */ +34static int uid; +35module_param(uid, int, 0644); 36 -37/* -38 * A pointer to the original system call. The reason -39 * we keep this, rather than call the original function -40 * (sys_open), is because somebody else might have -41 * replaced the system call before us. Note that this -42 * is not 100% safe, because if another module -43 * replaced sys_open before us, then when we're inserted -44 * we'll call the function in that module - and it -45 * might be removed before we are. -46 * -47 * Another reason for this is that we can't get sys_open. -48 * It's a static variable, so it is not exported. -49 */ -50asmlinkage int (*original_call)(const char *, int, int); +37/* +38 * A pointer to the original system call. The reason +39 * we keep this, rather than call the original function +40 * (sys_open), is because somebody else might have +41 * replaced the system call before us. Note that this +42 * is not 100% safe, because if another module +43 * replaced sys_open before us, then when we're inserted +44 * we'll call the function in that module - and it +45 * might be removed before we are. +46 * +47 * Another reason for this is that we can't get sys_open. +48 * It's a static variable, so it is not exported. +49 */ +50asmlinkage int (*original_call)(const char *, int, int); 51 -52/* -53 * The function we'll replace sys_open (the function -54 * called when you call the open system call) with. To -55 * find the exact prototype, with the number and type -56 * of arguments, we find the original function first -57 * (it's at fs/open.c). -58 * -59 * In theory, this means that we're tied to the -60 * current version of the kernel. In practice, the -61 * system calls almost never change (it would wreck havoc -62 * and require programs to be recompiled, since the system -63 * calls are the interface between the kernel and the -64 * processes). -65 */ -66asmlinkage int our_sys_open(const char *filename, int flags, int mode) +52/* +53 * The function we'll replace sys_open (the function +54 * called when you call the open system call) with. To +55 * find the exact prototype, with the number and type +56 * of arguments, we find the original function first +57 * (it's at fs/open.c). +58 * +59 * In theory, this means that we're tied to the +60 * current version of the kernel. In practice, the +61 * system calls almost never change (it would wreck havoc +62 * and require programs to be recompiled, since the system +63 * calls are the interface between the kernel and the +64 * processes). +65 */ +66asmlinkage int our_sys_open(const char *filename, int flags, int mode) 67{ -68 int i = 0; -69 char ch; +68 int i = 0; +69 char ch; 70 -71 /* -72 * Report the file, if relevant -73 */ -74 pr_info("Opened file by %d: ", uid); -75 do { +71 /* +72 * Report the file, if relevant +73 */ +74 pr_info("Opened file by %d: ", uid); +75 do { 76 get_user(ch, filename + i); 77 i++; -78 pr_info("%c", ch); -79 } while (ch != 0); -80 pr_info("\n"); +78 pr_info("%c", ch); +79 } while (ch != 0); +80 pr_info("\n"); 81 -82 /* -83 * Call the original sys_open - otherwise, we lose -84 * the ability to open files -85 */ -86 return original_call(filename, flags, mode); +82 /* +83 * Call the original sys_open - otherwise, we lose +84 * the ability to open files +85 */ +86 return original_call(filename, flags, mode); 87} 88 -89static unsigned long **aquire_sys_call_table(void) +89static unsigned long **aquire_sys_call_table(void) 90{ -91 unsigned long int offset = PAGE_OFFSET; -92 unsigned long **sct; +91 unsigned long int offset = PAGE_OFFSET; +92 unsigned long **sct; 93 -94 while (offset < ULLONG_MAX) { -95 sct = (unsigned long **) offset; +94 while (offset < ULLONG_MAX) { +95 sct = (unsigned long **) offset; 96 -97 if (sct[__NR_close] == (unsigned long *) ksys_close) -98 return sct; +97 if (sct[__NR_close] == (unsigned long *) ksys_close) +98 return sct; 99 -100 offset += sizeof(void *); +100 offset += sizeof(void *); 101 } 102 -103 return NULL; +103 return NULL; 104} 105 -106static int __init syscall_start(void) +106static int __init syscall_start(void) 107{ -108 if (!(sys_call_table = aquire_sys_call_table())) -109 return -1; +108 if (!(sys_call_table = aquire_sys_call_table())) +109 return -1; 110 111 original_cr0 = read_cr0(); 112 113 write_cr0(original_cr0 & ~0x00010000); 114 -115 /* keep track of the original open function */ -116 original_call = (void *) sys_call_table[__NR_open]; +115 /* keep track of the original open function */ +116 original_call = (void *) sys_call_table[__NR_open]; 117 -118 /* use our open function instead */ -119 sys_call_table[__NR_open] = (unsigned long *) our_sys_open; +118 /* use our open function instead */ +119 sys_call_table[__NR_open] = (unsigned long *) our_sys_open; 120 121 write_cr0(original_cr0); 122 -123 pr_info("Spying on UID:%d\n", uid); +123 pr_info("Spying on UID:%d\n", uid); 124 -125 return 0; +125 return 0; 126} 127 -128static void __exit syscall_end(void) +128static void __exit syscall_end(void) 129{ -130 if (!sys_call_table) { -131 return; +130 if (!sys_call_table) { +131 return; 132 } 133 -134 /* -135 * Return the system call back to normal -136 */ -137 if (sys_call_table[__NR_open] != (unsigned long *) our_sys_open) { -138 pr_alert("Somebody else also played with the "); -139 pr_alert("open system call\n"); -140 pr_alert("The system may be left in "); -141 pr_alert("an unstable state.\n"); +134 /* +135 * Return the system call back to normal +136 */ +137 if (sys_call_table[__NR_open] != (unsigned long *) our_sys_open) { +138 pr_alert("Somebody else also played with the "); +139 pr_alert("open system call\n"); +140 pr_alert("The system may be left in "); +141 pr_alert("an unstable state.\n"); 142 } 143 144 write_cr0(original_cr0 & ~0x00010000); -145 sys_call_table[__NR_open] = (unsigned long *) original_call; +145 sys_call_table[__NR_open] = (unsigned long *) original_call; 146 write_cr0(original_cr0); 147 148 msleep(2000); @@ -3066,7 +3060,7 @@ patch. 151module_init(syscall_start); 152module_exit(syscall_end); 153 -154MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+154MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
0.11 Blocking Processes and threads
@@ -3166,348 +3160,343 @@ $
-
1/* -2 * sleep.c - create a /proc file, and if several processes try to open it at -3 * the same time, put all but one to sleep -4 */ +1/* +2 * sleep.c - create a /proc file, and if several processes try to open it at +3 * the same time, put all but one to sleep +4 */ 5 -6#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */ -7#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ -8#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */ -9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For putting processes to sleep and -10 waking them up */ -11#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ -12#include <linux/version.h> +6#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */ +7#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +8#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */ +9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For putting processes to sleep and +10 waking them up */ +11#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ +12#include <linux/version.h> 13 -14#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -15#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -16#endif +14#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +15#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +16#endif 17 -18/* -19 * The module's file functions -20 */ +18/* +19 * The module's file functions +20 */ 21 -22/* -23 * Here we keep the last message received, to prove that we can process our -24 * input -25 */ -26#define MESSAGE_LENGTH 80 -27static char Message[MESSAGE_LENGTH]; +22/* +23 * Here we keep the last message received, to prove that we can process our +24 * input +25 */ +26#define MESSAGE_LENGTH 80 +27static char Message[MESSAGE_LENGTH]; 28 -29static struct proc_dir_entry *Our_Proc_File; -30#define PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME "sleep" +29static struct proc_dir_entry *Our_Proc_File; +30#define PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME "sleep" 31 -32/* -33 * Since we use the file operations struct, we can't use the special proc -34 * output provisions - we have to use a standard read function, which is this -35 * function -36 */ -37static ssize_t module_output(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ -38 char *buf, /* The buffer to put data to -39 (in the user segment) */ -40 size_t len, /* The length of the buffer */ +32/* +33 * Since we use the file operations struct, we can't use the special proc +34 * output provisions - we have to use a standard read function, which is this +35 * function +36 */ +37static ssize_t module_output(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ +38 char *buf, /* The buffer to put data to +39 (in the user segment) */ +40 size_t len, /* The length of the buffer */ 41 loff_t *offset) 42{ -43 static int finished = 0; -44 int i; -45 char message[MESSAGE_LENGTH + 30]; +43 static int finished = 0; +44 int i; +45 char message[MESSAGE_LENGTH + 30]; 46 -47 /* -48 * Return 0 to signify end of file - that we have nothing -49 * more to say at this point. -50 */ -51 if (finished) { +47 /* +48 * Return 0 to signify end of file - that we have nothing +49 * more to say at this point. +50 */ +51 if (finished) { 52 finished = 0; -53 return 0; +53 return 0; 54 } 55 -56 /* -57 * If you don't understand this by now, you're hopeless as a kernel -58 * programmer. -59 */ -60 sprintf(message, "Last input:%s\n", Message); -61 for (i = 0; i < len && message[i]; i++) +56 /* +57 * If you don't understand this by now, you're hopeless as a kernel +58 * programmer. +59 */ +60 sprintf(message, "Last input:%s\n", Message); +61 for (i = 0; i < len && message[i]; i++) 62 put_user(message[i], buf + i); 63 64 finished = 1; -65 return i; /* Return the number of bytes "read" */ +65 return i; /* Return the number of bytes "read" */ 66} 67 -68/* -69 * This function receives input from the user when the user writes to the /proc -70 * file. -71 */ -72static ssize_t module_input(struct file *file, /* The file itself */ -73 const char *buf, /* The buffer with input */ -74 size_t length, /* The buffer's length */ -75 loff_t *offset) /* offset to file - ignore */ +68/* +69 * This function receives input from the user when the user writes to the /proc +70 * file. +71 */ +72static ssize_t module_input(struct file *file, /* The file itself */ +73 const char *buf, /* The buffer with input */ +74 size_t length, /* The buffer's length */ +75 loff_t *offset) /* offset to file - ignore */ 76{ -77 int i; +77 int i; 78 -79 /* -80 * Put the input into Message, where module_output will later be -81 * able to use it -82 */ -83 for (i = 0; i < MESSAGE_LENGTH - 1 && i < length; i++) +79 /* +80 * Put the input into Message, where module_output will later be +81 * able to use it +82 */ +83 for (i = 0; i < MESSAGE_LENGTH - 1 && i < length; i++) 84 get_user(Message[i], buf + i); -85 /* -86 * we want a standard, zero terminated string -87 */ -88 Message[i] = '\0'; +85 /* +86 * we want a standard, zero terminated string +87 */ +88 Message[i] = '\0'; 89 -90 /* -91 * We need to return the number of input characters used -92 */ -93 return i; +90 /* +91 * We need to return the number of input characters used +92 */ +93 return i; 94} 95 -96/* -97 * 1 if the file is currently open by somebody -98 */ -99int Already_Open = 0; +96/* +97 * 1 if the file is currently open by somebody +98 */ +99int Already_Open = 0; 100 -101/* -102 * Queue of processes who want our file -103 */ +101/* +102 * Queue of processes who want our file +103 */ 104DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(WaitQ); -105/* -106 * Called when the /proc file is opened -107 */ -108static int module_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +105/* +106 * Called when the /proc file is opened +107 */ +108static int module_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 109{ -110 /* -111 * If the file's flags include O_NONBLOCK, it means the process doesn't -112 * want to wait for the file. In this case, if the file is already -113 * open, we should fail with -EAGAIN, meaning "you'll have to try -114 * again", instead of blocking a process which would rather stay awake. -115 */ -116 if ((file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) && Already_Open) -117 return -EAGAIN; +110 /* +111 * If the file's flags include O_NONBLOCK, it means the process doesn't +112 * want to wait for the file. In this case, if the file is already +113 * open, we should fail with -EAGAIN, meaning "you'll have to try +114 * again", instead of blocking a process which would rather stay awake. +115 */ +116 if ((file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) && Already_Open) +117 return -EAGAIN; 118 -119 /* -120 * This is the correct place for try_module_get(THIS_MODULE) because -121 * if a process is in the loop, which is within the kernel module, -122 * the kernel module must not be removed. -123 */ +119 /* +120 * This is the correct place for try_module_get(THIS_MODULE) because +121 * if a process is in the loop, which is within the kernel module, +122 * the kernel module must not be removed. +123 */ 124 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); 125 -126 /* -127 * If the file is already open, wait until it isn't -128 */ +126 /* +127 * If the file is already open, wait until it isn't +128 */ 129 -130 while (Already_Open) { -131 int i, is_sig = 0; +130 while (Already_Open) { +131 int i, is_sig = 0; 132 -133 /* -134 * This function puts the current process, including any system -135 * calls, such as us, to sleep. Execution will be resumed right -136 * after the function call, either because somebody called -137 * wake_up(&WaitQ) (only module_close does that, when the file -138 * is closed) or when a signal, such as Ctrl-C, is sent -139 * to the process -140 */ +133 /* +134 * This function puts the current process, including any system +135 * calls, such as us, to sleep. Execution will be resumed right +136 * after the function call, either because somebody called +137 * wake_up(&WaitQ) (only module_close does that, when the file +138 * is closed) or when a signal, such as Ctrl-C, is sent +139 * to the process +140 */ 141 wait_event_interruptible(WaitQ, !Already_Open); 142 -143 /* -144 * If we woke up because we got a signal we're not blocking, -145 * return -EINTR (fail the system call). This allows processes -146 * to be killed or stopped. -147 */ +143 /* +144 * If we woke up because we got a signal we're not blocking, +145 * return -EINTR (fail the system call). This allows processes +146 * to be killed or stopped. +147 */ 148 -149 /* -150 * Emmanuel Papirakis: -151 * -152 * This is a little update to work with 2.2.*. Signals now are -153 * contained in two words (64 bits) and are stored in a structure that -154 * contains an array of two unsigned longs. We now have to make 2 -155 * checks in our if. -156 * -157 * Ori Pomerantz: -158 * -159 * Nobody promised me they'll never use more than 64 bits, or that this -160 * book won't be used for a version of Linux with a word size of 16 -161 * bits. This code would work in any case. -162 */ -163 for (i = 0; i < _NSIG_WORDS && !is_sig; i++) +149 /* +150 * Emmanuel Papirakis: +151 * +152 * This is a little update to work with 2.2.*. Signals now are +153 * contained in two words (64 bits) and are stored in a structure that +154 * contains an array of two unsigned longs. We now have to make 2 +155 * checks in our if. +156 * +157 * Ori Pomerantz: +158 * +159 * Nobody promised me they'll never use more than 64 bits, or that this +160 * book won't be used for a version of Linux with a word size of 16 +161 * bits. This code would work in any case. +162 */ +163 for (i = 0; i < _NSIG_WORDS && !is_sig; i++) 164 is_sig = current->pending.signal.sig[i] & ~current->blocked.sig[i]; 165 -166 if (is_sig) { -167 /* -168 * It's important to put module_put(THIS_MODULE) here, -169 * because for processes where the open is interrupted -170 * there will never be a corresponding close. If we -171 * don't decrement the usage count here, we will be -172 * left with a positive usage count which we'll have no -173 * way to bring down to zero, giving us an immortal -174 * module, which can only be killed by rebooting -175 * the machine. -176 */ +166 if (is_sig) { +167 /* +168 * It's important to put module_put(THIS_MODULE) here, +169 * because for processes where the open is interrupted +170 * there will never be a corresponding close. If we +171 * don't decrement the usage count here, we will be +172 * left with a positive usage count which we'll have no +173 * way to bring down to zero, giving us an immortal +174 * module, which can only be killed by rebooting +175 * the machine. +176 */ 177 module_put(THIS_MODULE); -178 return -EINTR; +178 return -EINTR; 179 } 180 } 181 -182 /* -183 * If we got here, Already_Open must be zero -184 */ +182 /* +183 * If we got here, Already_Open must be zero +184 */ 185 -186 /* -187 * Open the file -188 */ +186 /* +187 * Open the file +188 */ 189 Already_Open = 1; -190 return 0; /* Allow the access */ +190 return 0; /* Allow the access */ 191} 192 -193/* -194 * Called when the /proc file is closed -195 */ -196int module_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +193/* +194 * Called when the /proc file is closed +195 */ +196int module_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 197{ -198 /* -199 * Set Already_Open to zero, so one of the processes in the WaitQ will -200 * be able to set Already_Open back to one and to open the file. All -201 * the other processes will be called when Already_Open is back to one, -202 * so they'll go back to sleep. -203 */ +198 /* +199 * Set Already_Open to zero, so one of the processes in the WaitQ will +200 * be able to set Already_Open back to one and to open the file. All +201 * the other processes will be called when Already_Open is back to one, +202 * so they'll go back to sleep. +203 */ 204 Already_Open = 0; 205 -206 /* -207 * Wake up all the processes in WaitQ, so if anybody is waiting for the -208 * file, they can have it. -209 */ +206 /* +207 * Wake up all the processes in WaitQ, so if anybody is waiting for the +208 * file, they can have it. +209 */ 210 wake_up(&WaitQ); 211 212 module_put(THIS_MODULE); 213 -214 return 0; /* success */ +214 return 0; /* success */ 215} 216 -217/* -218 * Structures to register as the /proc file, with pointers to all the relevant -219 * functions. -220 */ +217/* +218 * Structures to register as the /proc file, with pointers to all the relevant +219 * functions. +220 */ 221 -222/* -223 * File operations for our proc file. This is where we place pointers to all -224 * the functions called when somebody tries to do something to our file. NULL -225 * means we don't want to deal with something. -226 */ -227#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -228static const struct proc_ops File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File = { -229 .proc_read = module_output, /* "read" from the file */ -230 .proc_write = module_input, /* "write" to the file */ -231 .proc_open = module_open, /* called when the /proc file is opened */ -232 .proc_release = module_close, /* called when it's closed */ +222/* +223 * File operations for our proc file. This is where we place pointers to all +224 * the functions called when somebody tries to do something to our file. NULL +225 * means we don't want to deal with something. +226 */ +227#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +228static const struct proc_ops File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File = { +229 .proc_read = module_output, /* "read" from the file */ +230 .proc_write = module_input, /* "write" to the file */ +231 .proc_open = module_open, /* called when the /proc file is opened */ +232 .proc_release = module_close, /* called when it's closed */ 233}; -234#else -235static const struct file_operations File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File = { +234#else +235static const struct file_operations File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File = { 236 .read = module_output, 237 .write = module_input, 238 .open = module_open, 239 .release = module_close, 240}; -241#endif +241#endif 242 -243/* -244 * Module initialization and cleanup -245 */ -246 -247/* -248 * Initialize the module - register the proc file -249 */ -250 -251int init_module() -252{ -253 Our_Proc_File = -254 proc_create(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, 0644, NULL, &File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File); -255 if (Our_Proc_File == NULL) { -256 remove_proc_entry(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL); -257 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); -258 return -ENOMEM; -259 } -260 proc_set_size(Our_Proc_File, 80); -261 proc_set_user(Our_Proc_File, GLOBAL_ROOT_UID, GLOBAL_ROOT_GID); -262 -263 pr_info("/proc/test created\n"); -264 -265 return 0; -266} -267 -268/* -269 * Cleanup - unregister our file from /proc. This could get dangerous if -270 * there are still processes waiting in WaitQ, because they are inside our -271 * open function, which will get unloaded. I'll explain how to avoid removal -272 * of a kernel module in such a case in chapter 10. -273 */ -274void cleanup_module() -275{ -276 remove_proc_entry(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL); -277 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); -278} -279 -280MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+243/* Initialize the module - register the proc file */ +244static int __init sleep_init(void) +245{ +246 Our_Proc_File = +247 proc_create(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, 0644, NULL, &File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File); +248 if (Our_Proc_File == NULL) { +249 remove_proc_entry(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL); +250 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); +251 return -ENOMEM; +252 } +253 proc_set_size(Our_Proc_File, 80); +254 proc_set_user(Our_Proc_File, GLOBAL_ROOT_UID, GLOBAL_ROOT_GID); +255 +256 pr_info("/proc/test created\n"); +257 +258 return 0; +259} +260 +261/* Cleanup - unregister our file from /proc. This could get dangerous if +262 * there are still processes waiting in WaitQ, because they are inside our +263 * open function, which will get unloaded. I'll explain how to avoid removal +264 * of a kernel module in such a case in chapter 10. +265 */ +266static void __exit sleep_exit(void) +267{ +268 remove_proc_entry(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL); +269 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); +270} +271 +272module_init(sleep_init); +273module_exit(sleep_exit); +274 +275MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");-
1/* -2 * cat_nonblock.c - open a file and display its contents, but exit rather than -3 * wait for input. -4 */ -5#include <errno.h> /* for errno */ -6#include <fcntl.h> /* for open */ -7#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */ -8#include <stdlib.h> /* for exit */ -9#include <unistd.h> /* for read */ -10 -11#define MAX_BYTES 1024 * 4 -12 -13int main(int argc, char *argv[]) -14{ -15 int fd; /* The file descriptor for the file to read */ -16 size_t bytes; /* The number of bytes read */ -17 char buffer[MAX_BYTES]; /* The buffer for the bytes */ -18 -19 /* Usage */ -20 if (argc != 2) { -21 printf("Usage: %s <filename>\n", argv[0]); -22 puts("Reads the content of a file, but doesn't wait for input"); -23 exit(-1); -24 } -25 -26 /* Open the file for reading in non blocking mode */ -27 fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK); -28 -29 /* If open failed */ -30 if (fd == -1) { -31 puts(errno == EAGAIN ? "Open would block" : "Open failed"); -32 exit(-1); -33 } -34 -35 /* Read the file and output its contents */ -36 do { -37 /* Read characters from the file */ -38 bytes = read(fd, buffer, MAX_BYTES); -39 -40 /* If there's an error, report it and die */ -41 if (bytes == -1) { -42 if (errno = EAGAIN) -43 puts("Normally I'd block, but you told me not to"); -44 else -45 puts("Another read error"); -46 exit(-1); -47 } -48 -49 /* Print the characters */ -50 if (bytes > 0) { -51 for (int i = 0; i < bytes; i++) -52 putchar(buffer[i]); -53 } -54 -55 /* While there are no errors and the file isn't over */ -56 } while (bytes > 0); -57 -58 return 0; -59}+1/* +2 * cat_nonblock.c - open a file and display its contents, but exit rather than +3 * wait for input. +4 */ +5#include <errno.h> /* for errno */ +6#include <fcntl.h> /* for open */ +7#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */ +8#include <stdlib.h> /* for exit */ +9#include <unistd.h> /* for read */ +10 +11#define MAX_BYTES 1024 * 4 +12 +13int main(int argc, char *argv[]) +14{ +15 int fd; /* The file descriptor for the file to read */ +16 size_t bytes; /* The number of bytes read */ +17 char buffer[MAX_BYTES]; /* The buffer for the bytes */ +18 +19 /* Usage */ +20 if (argc != 2) { +21 printf("Usage: %s <filename>\n", argv[0]); +22 puts("Reads the content of a file, but doesn't wait for input"); +23 exit(-1); +24 } +25 +26 /* Open the file for reading in non blocking mode */ +27 fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK); +28 +29 /* If open failed */ +30 if (fd == -1) { +31 puts(errno == EAGAIN ? "Open would block" : "Open failed"); +32 exit(-1); +33 } +34 +35 /* Read the file and output its contents */ +36 do { +37 /* Read characters from the file */ +38 bytes = read(fd, buffer, MAX_BYTES); +39 +40 /* If there's an error, report it and die */ +41 if (bytes == -1) { +42 if (errno = EAGAIN) +43 puts("Normally I'd block, but you told me not to"); +44 else +45 puts("Another read error"); +46 exit(-1); +47 } +48 +49 /* Print the characters */ +50 if (bytes > 0) { +51 for (int i = 0; i < bytes; i++) +52 putchar(buffer[i]); +53 } +54 +55 /* While there are no errors and the file isn't over */ +56 } while (bytes > 0); +57 +58 return 0; +59}
0.11.2 Completions
@@ -3521,82 +3510,82 @@ another. -1/* -2 * completions.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/completion.h> -5#include <linux/init.h> -6#include <linux/kernel.h> -7#include <linux/kthread.h> -8#include <linux/module.h> +1/* +2 * completions.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/completion.h> +5#include <linux/init.h> +6#include <linux/kernel.h> +7#include <linux/kthread.h> +8#include <linux/module.h> 9 -10static struct { -11 struct completion crank_comp; -12 struct completion flywheel_comp; +10static struct { +11 struct completion crank_comp; +12 struct completion flywheel_comp; 13} machine; 14 -15static int machine_crank_thread(void *arg) +15static int machine_crank_thread(void *arg) 16{ -17 pr_info("Turn the crank\n"); +17 pr_info("Turn the crank\n"); 18 19 complete_all(&machine.crank_comp); 20 complete_and_exit(&machine.crank_comp, 0); 21} 22 -23static int machine_flywheel_spinup_thread(void *arg) +23static int machine_flywheel_spinup_thread(void *arg) 24{ 25 wait_for_completion(&machine.crank_comp); 26 -27 pr_info("Flywheel spins up\n"); +27 pr_info("Flywheel spins up\n"); 28 29 complete_all(&machine.flywheel_comp); 30 complete_and_exit(&machine.flywheel_comp, 0); 31} 32 -33static int completions_init(void) +33static int completions_init(void) 34{ -35 struct task_struct *crank_thread; -36 struct task_struct *flywheel_thread; +35 struct task_struct *crank_thread; +36 struct task_struct *flywheel_thread; 37 -38 pr_info("completions example\n"); +38 pr_info("completions example\n"); 39 40 init_completion(&machine.crank_comp); 41 init_completion(&machine.flywheel_comp); 42 -43 crank_thread = kthread_create(machine_crank_thread, NULL, "KThread Crank"); -44 if (IS_ERR(crank_thread)) -45 goto ERROR_THREAD_1; +43 crank_thread = kthread_create(machine_crank_thread, NULL, "KThread Crank"); +44 if (IS_ERR(crank_thread)) +45 goto ERROR_THREAD_1; 46 47 flywheel_thread = kthread_create(machine_flywheel_spinup_thread, NULL, -48 "KThread Flywheel"); -49 if (IS_ERR(flywheel_thread)) -50 goto ERROR_THREAD_2; +48 "KThread Flywheel"); +49 if (IS_ERR(flywheel_thread)) +50 goto ERROR_THREAD_2; 51 52 wake_up_process(flywheel_thread); 53 wake_up_process(crank_thread); 54 -55 return 0; +55 return 0; 56 57ERROR_THREAD_2: 58 kthread_stop(crank_thread); 59ERROR_THREAD_1: 60 -61 return -1; +61 return -1; 62} 63 -64void completions_exit(void) +64void completions_exit(void) 65{ 66 wait_for_completion(&machine.crank_comp); 67 wait_for_completion(&machine.flywheel_comp); 68 -69 pr_info("completions exit\n"); +69 pr_info("completions exit\n"); 70} 71 72module_init(completions_init); 73module_exit(completions_exit); 74 -75MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Completions example"); -76MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+75MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Completions example"); +76MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");The machine structure stores the completion states for the two threads. At the exit point of each thread the respective completion state is updated, and {wait_for_completion is used by the flywheel thread to ensure that it does not @@ -3622,47 +3611,47 @@ might deploy them in userland. This may be all that is needed to avoid collision most cases.
-
1/* -2 * example_mutex.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> -5#include <linux/kernel.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/mutex.h> +1/* +2 * example_mutex.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/mutex.h> 8 9DEFINE_MUTEX(mymutex); 10 -11static int example_mutex_init(void) +11static int example_mutex_init(void) 12{ -13 int ret; +13 int ret; 14 -15 pr_info("example_mutex init\n"); +15 pr_info("example_mutex init\n"); 16 17 ret = mutex_trylock(&mymutex); -18 if (ret != 0) { -19 pr_info("mutex is locked\n"); +18 if (ret != 0) { +19 pr_info("mutex is locked\n"); 20 -21 if (mutex_is_locked(&mymutex) == 0) -22 pr_info("The mutex failed to lock!\n"); +21 if (mutex_is_locked(&mymutex) == 0) +22 pr_info("The mutex failed to lock!\n"); 23 24 mutex_unlock(&mymutex); -25 pr_info("mutex is unlocked\n"); -26 } else -27 pr_info("Failed to lock\n"); +25 pr_info("mutex is unlocked\n"); +26 } else +27 pr_info("Failed to lock\n"); 28 -29 return 0; +29 return 0; 30} 31 -32static void example_mutex_exit(void) +32static void example_mutex_exit(void) 33{ -34 pr_info("example_mutex exit\n"); +34 pr_info("example_mutex exit\n"); 35} 36 37module_init(example_mutex_init); 38module_exit(example_mutex_exit); 39 -40MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Mutex example"); -41MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+40MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Mutex example"); +41MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
0.12.2 Spinlocks
@@ -3679,71 +3668,71 @@ they will not be forgotten and will activate when the unlock happens, using the variable to retain their state.-
1/* -2 * example_spinlock.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> -5#include <linux/interrupt.h> -6#include <linux/kernel.h> -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/spinlock.h> +1/* +2 * example_spinlock.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> +5#include <linux/interrupt.h> +6#include <linux/kernel.h> +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/spinlock.h> 9 10DEFINE_SPINLOCK(sl_static); 11spinlock_t sl_dynamic; 12 -13static void example_spinlock_static(void) +13static void example_spinlock_static(void) 14{ -15 unsigned long flags; +15 unsigned long flags; 16 17 spin_lock_irqsave(&sl_static, flags); -18 pr_info("Locked static spinlock\n"); +18 pr_info("Locked static spinlock\n"); 19 -20 /* Do something or other safely. -21 Because this uses 100% CPU time this -22 code should take no more than a few -23 milliseconds to run */ +20 /* Do something or other safely. +21 Because this uses 100% CPU time this +22 code should take no more than a few +23 milliseconds to run */ 24 25 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&sl_static, flags); -26 pr_info("Unlocked static spinlock\n"); +26 pr_info("Unlocked static spinlock\n"); 27} 28 -29static void example_spinlock_dynamic(void) +29static void example_spinlock_dynamic(void) 30{ -31 unsigned long flags; +31 unsigned long flags; 32 33 spin_lock_init(&sl_dynamic); 34 spin_lock_irqsave(&sl_dynamic, flags); -35 pr_info("Locked dynamic spinlock\n"); +35 pr_info("Locked dynamic spinlock\n"); 36 -37 /* Do something or other safely. -38 Because this uses 100% CPU time this -39 code should take no more than a few -40 milliseconds to run */ +37 /* Do something or other safely. +38 Because this uses 100% CPU time this +39 code should take no more than a few +40 milliseconds to run */ 41 42 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&sl_dynamic, flags); -43 pr_info("Unlocked dynamic spinlock\n"); +43 pr_info("Unlocked dynamic spinlock\n"); 44} 45 -46static int example_spinlock_init(void) +46static int example_spinlock_init(void) 47{ -48 pr_info("example spinlock started\n"); +48 pr_info("example spinlock started\n"); 49 50 example_spinlock_static(); 51 example_spinlock_dynamic(); 52 -53 return 0; +53 return 0; 54} 55 -56static void example_spinlock_exit(void) +56static void example_spinlock_exit(void) 57{ -58 pr_info("example spinlock exit\n"); +58 pr_info("example spinlock exit\n"); 59} 60 61module_init(example_spinlock_init); 62module_exit(example_spinlock_exit); 63 -64MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Spinlock example"); -65MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+64MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Spinlock example"); +65MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
0.12.3 Read and write locks
@@ -3757,61 +3746,61 @@ the system and cause users to start revolting against the tyranny of your module.-
1/* -2 * example_rwlock.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/interrupt.h> -5#include <linux/kernel.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> +1/* +2 * example_rwlock.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/interrupt.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> 7 8DEFINE_RWLOCK(myrwlock); 9 -10static void example_read_lock(void) +10static void example_read_lock(void) 11{ -12 unsigned long flags; +12 unsigned long flags; 13 14 read_lock_irqsave(&myrwlock, flags); -15 pr_info("Read Locked\n"); +15 pr_info("Read Locked\n"); 16 -17 /* Read from something */ +17 /* Read from something */ 18 19 read_unlock_irqrestore(&myrwlock, flags); -20 pr_info("Read Unlocked\n"); +20 pr_info("Read Unlocked\n"); 21} 22 -23static void example_write_lock(void) +23static void example_write_lock(void) 24{ -25 unsigned long flags; +25 unsigned long flags; 26 27 write_lock_irqsave(&myrwlock, flags); -28 pr_info("Write Locked\n"); +28 pr_info("Write Locked\n"); 29 -30 /* Write to something */ +30 /* Write to something */ 31 32 write_unlock_irqrestore(&myrwlock, flags); -33 pr_info("Write Unlocked\n"); +33 pr_info("Write Unlocked\n"); 34} 35 -36static int example_rwlock_init(void) +36static int example_rwlock_init(void) 37{ -38 pr_info("example_rwlock started\n"); +38 pr_info("example_rwlock started\n"); 39 40 example_read_lock(); 41 example_write_lock(); 42 -43 return 0; +43 return 0; 44} 45 -46static void example_rwlock_exit(void) +46static void example_rwlock_exit(void) 47{ -48 pr_info("example_rwlock exit\n"); +48 pr_info("example_rwlock exit\n"); 49} 50 51module_init(example_rwlock_init); 52module_exit(example_rwlock_exit); 53 -54MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Read/Write locks example"); -55MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+54MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Read/Write locks example"); +55MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Of course, if you know for sure that there are no functions triggered by irqs which could possibly interfere with your logic then you can use the simpler read_lock(&myrwlock) and read_unlock(&myrwlock) or the corresponding write @@ -3826,80 +3815,80 @@ and was not overwritten by some other shenanigans. An example is shown below.
-
1/* -2 * example_atomic.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/interrupt.h> -5#include <linux/kernel.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> +@@ -3923,85 +3912,85 @@ a pointer to a string write function, which we use to write a string to the tty.1/* +2 * example_atomic.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/interrupt.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> 7 -8#define BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN "%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c" -9#define BYTE_TO_BINARY(byte) \ -10 (byte & 0x80 ? '1' : '0'), (byte & 0x40 ? '1' : '0'), \ -11 (byte & 0x20 ? '1' : '0'), (byte & 0x10 ? '1' : '0'), \ -12 (byte & 0x08 ? '1' : '0'), (byte & 0x04 ? '1' : '0'), \ -13 (byte & 0x02 ? '1' : '0'), (byte & 0x01 ? '1' : '0') +8#define BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN "%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c" +9#define BYTE_TO_BINARY(byte) \ +10 (byte & 0x80 ? '1' : '0'), (byte & 0x40 ? '1' : '0'), \ +11 (byte & 0x20 ? '1' : '0'), (byte & 0x10 ? '1' : '0'), \ +12 (byte & 0x08 ? '1' : '0'), (byte & 0x04 ? '1' : '0'), \ +13 (byte & 0x02 ? '1' : '0'), (byte & 0x01 ? '1' : '0') 14 -15static void atomic_add_subtract(void) +15static void atomic_add_subtract(void) 16{ 17 atomic_t debbie; 18 atomic_t chris = ATOMIC_INIT(50); 19 20 atomic_set(&debbie, 45); 21 -22 /* subtract one */ +22 /* subtract one */ 23 atomic_dec(&debbie); 24 25 atomic_add(7, &debbie); 26 -27 /* add one */ +27 /* add one */ 28 atomic_inc(&debbie); 29 -30 pr_info("chris: %d, debbie: %d\n", atomic_read(&chris), +30 pr_info("chris: %d, debbie: %d\n", atomic_read(&chris), 31 atomic_read(&debbie)); 32} 33 -34static void atomic_bitwise(void) +34static void atomic_bitwise(void) 35{ -36 unsigned long word = 0; +36 unsigned long word = 0; 37 -38 pr_info("Bits 0: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +38 pr_info("Bits 0: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 39 set_bit(3, &word); 40 set_bit(5, &word); -41 pr_info("Bits 1: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +41 pr_info("Bits 1: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 42 clear_bit(5, &word); -43 pr_info("Bits 2: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +43 pr_info("Bits 2: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 44 change_bit(3, &word); 45 -46 pr_info("Bits 3: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); -47 if (test_and_set_bit(3, &word)) -48 pr_info("wrong\n"); -49 pr_info("Bits 4: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +46 pr_info("Bits 3: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +47 if (test_and_set_bit(3, &word)) +48 pr_info("wrong\n"); +49 pr_info("Bits 4: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 50 51 word = 255; -52 pr_info("Bits 5: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +52 pr_info("Bits 5: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 53} 54 -55static int example_atomic_init(void) +55static int example_atomic_init(void) 56{ -57 pr_info("example_atomic started\n"); +57 pr_info("example_atomic started\n"); 58 59 atomic_add_subtract(); 60 atomic_bitwise(); 61 -62 return 0; +62 return 0; 63} 64 -65static void example_atomic_exit(void) +65static void example_atomic_exit(void) 66{ -67 pr_info("example_atomic exit\n"); +67 pr_info("example_atomic exit\n"); 68} 69 70module_init(example_atomic_init); 71module_exit(example_atomic_exit); 72 -73MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Atomic operations example"); -74MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+73MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Atomic operations example"); +74MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");-
1/* -2 * print_string.c - Send output to the tty we're running on, regardless if it's -3 * through X11, telnet, etc. We do this by printing the string to the tty -4 * associated with the current task. -5 */ -6#include <linux/init.h> -7#include <linux/kernel.h> -8#include <linux/module.h> -9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For current */ -10#include <linux/tty.h> /* For the tty declarations */ +1/* +2 * print_string.c - Send output to the tty we're running on, regardless if it's +3 * through X11, telnet, etc. We do this by printing the string to the tty +4 * associated with the current task. +5 */ +6#include <linux/init.h> +7#include <linux/kernel.h> +8#include <linux/module.h> +9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For current */ +10#include <linux/tty.h> /* For the tty declarations */ 11 -12MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +12MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); 13 -14static void print_string(char *str) +14static void print_string(char *str) 15{ -16 struct tty_struct *my_tty; -17 const struct tty_operations *ttyops; +16 struct tty_struct *my_tty; +17 const struct tty_operations *ttyops; 18 -19 /* -20 * The tty for the current task, for 2.6.6+ kernels -21 */ +19 /* +20 * The tty for the current task, for 2.6.6+ kernels +21 */ 22 my_tty = get_current_tty(); 23 ttyops = my_tty->driver->ops; 24 -25 /* -26 * If my_tty is NULL, the current task has no tty you can print to -27 * (ie, if it's a daemon). If so, there's nothing we can do. -28 */ -29 if (my_tty != NULL) { -30 /* -31 * my_tty->driver is a struct which holds the tty's functions, -32 * one of which (write) is used to write strings to the tty. -33 * It can be used to take a string either from the user's or -34 * kernel's memory segment. -35 * -36 * The function's 1st parameter is the tty to write to, -37 * because the same function would normally be used for all -38 * tty's of a certain type. -39 * The 2nd parameter is a pointer to a string. -40 * The 3rd parameter is the length of the string. -41 * -42 * As you will see below, sometimes it's necessary to use -43 * preprocessor stuff to create code that works for different -44 * kernel versions. The (naive) approach we've taken here -45 * does not scale well. The right way to deal with this -46 * is described in section 2 of -47 * linux/Documentation/SubmittingPatches -48 */ -49 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, /* The tty itself */ -50 str, /* String */ -51 strlen(str)); /* Length */ +25 /* +26 * If my_tty is NULL, the current task has no tty you can print to +27 * (ie, if it's a daemon). If so, there's nothing we can do. +28 */ +29 if (my_tty != NULL) { +30 /* +31 * my_tty->driver is a struct which holds the tty's functions, +32 * one of which (write) is used to write strings to the tty. +33 * It can be used to take a string either from the user's or +34 * kernel's memory segment. +35 * +36 * The function's 1st parameter is the tty to write to, +37 * because the same function would normally be used for all +38 * tty's of a certain type. +39 * The 2nd parameter is a pointer to a string. +40 * The 3rd parameter is the length of the string. +41 * +42 * As you will see below, sometimes it's necessary to use +43 * preprocessor stuff to create code that works for different +44 * kernel versions. The (naive) approach we've taken here +45 * does not scale well. The right way to deal with this +46 * is described in section 2 of +47 * linux/Documentation/SubmittingPatches +48 */ +49 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, /* The tty itself */ +50 str, /* String */ +51 strlen(str)); /* Length */ 52 -53 /* -54 * ttys were originally hardware devices, which (usually) -55 * strictly followed the ASCII standard. In ASCII, to move to -56 * a new line you need two characters, a carriage return and a -57 * line feed. On Unix, the ASCII line feed is used for both -58 * purposes - so we can't just use \n, because it wouldn't have -59 * a carriage return and the next line will start at the -60 * column right after the line feed. -61 * -62 * This is why text files are different between Unix and -63 * MS Windows. In CP/M and derivatives, like MS-DOS and -64 * MS Windows, the ASCII standard was strictly adhered to, -65 * and therefore a newline requirs both a LF and a CR. -66 */ -67 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, "\015\012", 2); +53 /* +54 * ttys were originally hardware devices, which (usually) +55 * strictly followed the ASCII standard. In ASCII, to move to +56 * a new line you need two characters, a carriage return and a +57 * line feed. On Unix, the ASCII line feed is used for both +58 * purposes - so we can't just use \n, because it wouldn't have +59 * a carriage return and the next line will start at the +60 * column right after the line feed. +61 * +62 * This is why text files are different between Unix and +63 * MS Windows. In CP/M and derivatives, like MS-DOS and +64 * MS Windows, the ASCII standard was strictly adhered to, +65 * and therefore a newline requirs both a LF and a CR. +66 */ +67 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, "\015\012", 2); 68 } 69} 70 -71static int __init print_string_init(void) +71static int __init print_string_init(void) 72{ -73 print_string("The module has been inserted. Hello world!"); -74 return 0; +73 print_string("The module has been inserted. Hello world!"); +74 return 0; 75} 76 -77static void __exit print_string_exit(void) +77static void __exit print_string_exit(void) 78{ -79 print_string("The module has been removed. Farewell world!"); +79 print_string("The module has been removed. Farewell world!"); 80} 81 82module_init(print_string_init); @@ -4019,53 +4008,53 @@ file. loaded, starts blinking the keyboard LEDs until it is unloaded.-
1/* -2 * kbleds.c - Blink keyboard leds until the module is unloaded. -3 */ +1/* +2 * kbleds.c - Blink keyboard leds until the module is unloaded. +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/init.h> -6#include <linux/kd.h> /* For KDSETLED */ -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/tty.h> /* For fg_console, MAX_NR_CONSOLES */ -9#include <linux/vt.h> -10#include <linux/vt_kern.h> /* for fg_console */ +5#include <linux/init.h> +6#include <linux/kd.h> /* For KDSETLED */ +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/tty.h> /* For fg_console, MAX_NR_CONSOLES */ +9#include <linux/vt.h> +10#include <linux/vt_kern.h> /* for fg_console */ 11 -12#include <linux/console_struct.h> /* For vc_cons */ +12#include <linux/console_struct.h> /* For vc_cons */ 13 -14MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Example module illustrating the use of Keyboard LEDs."); -15MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +14MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Example module illustrating the use of Keyboard LEDs."); +15MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); 16 -17struct timer_list my_timer; -18struct tty_driver *my_driver; -19char kbledstatus = 0; +17struct timer_list my_timer; +18struct tty_driver *my_driver; +19char kbledstatus = 0; 20 -21#define BLINK_DELAY HZ / 5 -22#define ALL_LEDS_ON 0x07 -23#define RESTORE_LEDS 0xFF +21#define BLINK_DELAY HZ / 5 +22#define ALL_LEDS_ON 0x07 +23#define RESTORE_LEDS 0xFF 24 -25/* -26 * Function my_timer_func blinks the keyboard LEDs periodically by invoking -27 * command KDSETLED of ioctl() on the keyboard driver. To learn more on virtual -28 * terminal ioctl operations, please see file: -29 * /usr/src/linux/drivers/char/vt_ioctl.c, function vt_ioctl(). -30 * -31 * The argument to KDSETLED is alternatively set to 7 (thus causing the led -32 * mode to be set to LED_SHOW_IOCTL, and all the leds are lit) and to 0xFF -33 * (any value above 7 switches back the led mode to LED_SHOW_FLAGS, thus -34 * the LEDs reflect the actual keyboard status). To learn more on this, -35 * please see file: -36 * /usr/src/linux/drivers/char/keyboard.c, function setledstate(). -37 * -38 */ +25/* +26 * Function my_timer_func blinks the keyboard LEDs periodically by invoking +27 * command KDSETLED of ioctl() on the keyboard driver. To learn more on virtual +28 * terminal ioctl operations, please see file: +29 * /usr/src/linux/drivers/char/vt_ioctl.c, function vt_ioctl(). +30 * +31 * The argument to KDSETLED is alternatively set to 7 (thus causing the led +32 * mode to be set to LED_SHOW_IOCTL, and all the leds are lit) and to 0xFF +33 * (any value above 7 switches back the led mode to LED_SHOW_FLAGS, thus +34 * the LEDs reflect the actual keyboard status). To learn more on this, +35 * please see file: +36 * /usr/src/linux/drivers/char/keyboard.c, function setledstate(). +37 * +38 */ 39 -40static void my_timer_func(unsigned long ptr) +40static void my_timer_func(unsigned long ptr) 41{ -42 unsigned long *pstatus = (unsigned long *) ptr; -43 struct tty_struct *t = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty; +42 unsigned long *pstatus = (unsigned long *) ptr; +43 struct tty_struct *t = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty; 44 -45 if (*pstatus == ALL_LEDS_ON) +45 if (*pstatus == ALL_LEDS_ON) 46 *pstatus = RESTORE_LEDS; -47 else +47 else 48 *pstatus = ALL_LEDS_ON; 49 50 (my_driver->ops->ioctl)(t, KDSETLED, *pstatus); @@ -4074,37 +4063,37 @@ loaded, starts blinking the keyboard LEDs until it is unloaded. 53 add_timer(&my_timer); 54} 55 -56static int __init kbleds_init(void) +56static int __init kbleds_init(void) 57{ -58 int i; +58 int i; 59 -60 pr_info("kbleds: loading\n"); -61 pr_info("kbleds: fgconsole is %x\n", fg_console); -62 for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_CONSOLES; i++) { -63 if (!vc_cons[i].d) -64 break; -65 pr_info("poet_atkm: console[%i/%i] #%i, tty %lx\n", i, MAX_NR_CONSOLES, -66 vc_cons[i].d->vc_num, (unsigned long) vc_cons[i].d->port.tty); +60 pr_info("kbleds: loading\n"); +61 pr_info("kbleds: fgconsole is %x\n", fg_console); +62 for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_CONSOLES; i++) { +63 if (!vc_cons[i].d) +64 break; +65 pr_info("poet_atkm: console[%i/%i] #%i, tty %lx\n", i, MAX_NR_CONSOLES, +66 vc_cons[i].d->vc_num, (unsigned long) vc_cons[i].d->port.tty); 67 } -68 pr_info("kbleds: finished scanning consoles\n"); +68 pr_info("kbleds: finished scanning consoles\n"); 69 70 my_driver = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty->driver; -71 pr_info("kbleds: tty driver magic %x\n", my_driver->magic); +71 pr_info("kbleds: tty driver magic %x\n", my_driver->magic); 72 -73 /* -74 * Set up the LED blink timer the first time -75 */ -76 timer_setup(&my_timer, (void *) &my_timer_func, -77 (unsigned long) &kbledstatus); +73 /* +74 * Set up the LED blink timer the first time +75 */ +76 timer_setup(&my_timer, (void *) &my_timer_func, +77 (unsigned long) &kbledstatus); 78 my_timer.expires = jiffies + BLINK_DELAY; 79 add_timer(&my_timer); 80 -81 return 0; +81 return 0; 82} 83 -84static void __exit kbleds_cleanup(void) +84static void __exit kbleds_cleanup(void) 85{ -86 pr_info("kbleds: unloading...\n"); +86 pr_info("kbleds: unloading...\n"); 87 del_timer(&my_timer); 88 (my_driver->ops->ioctl)(vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty, KDSETLED, 89 RESTORE_LEDS); @@ -4145,43 +4134,43 @@ and in the mean time execution of the -+11 /* A non 0 return means init_module failed; module can't be loaded. */ +12 return 0; +13} +14 +15void cleanup_module(void) +16{ +17 pr_info("Goodbye world 1.\n"); +18} +19 +20MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");1/* -2 * example_tasklet.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/delay.h> -5#include <linux/interrupt.h> -6#include <linux/kernel.h> -7#include <linux/module.h> +1/* +2 * example_tasklet.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/delay.h> +5#include <linux/interrupt.h> +6#include <linux/kernel.h> +7#include <linux/module.h> 8 -9static void tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) +9static void tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) 10{ -11 pr_info("Example tasklet starts\n"); +11 pr_info("Example tasklet starts\n"); 12 mdelay(5000); -13 pr_info("Example tasklet ends\n"); +13 pr_info("Example tasklet ends\n"); 14} 15 16DECLARE_TASKLET(mytask, tasklet_fn, 0L); 17 -18static int example_tasklet_init(void) +18static int example_tasklet_init(void) 19{ -20 pr_info("tasklet example init\n"); +20 pr_info("tasklet example init\n"); 21 tasklet_schedule(&mytask); 22 mdelay(200); -23 pr_info("Example tasklet init continues...\n"); -24 return 0; +23 pr_info("Example tasklet init continues...\n"); +24 return 0; 25} 26 -27static void example_tasklet_exit(void) +27static void example_tasklet_exit(void) 28{ -29 pr_info("tasklet example exit\n"); +29 pr_info("tasklet example exit\n"); 30 tasklet_kill(&mytask); 31} 32 33module_init(example_tasklet_init); 34module_exit(example_tasklet_exit); 35 -36MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Tasklet example"); -37MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+36MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Tasklet example"); +37MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");So with this example loaded dmesg should show: @@ -4201,37 +4190,40 @@ Example tasklet ends Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS) to execute work within the queue.
-
1/* -2 * sched.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> -6#include <linux/workqueue.h> +1/* +2 * sched.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> +6#include <linux/workqueue.h> 7 -8static struct workqueue_struct *queue = NULL; -9static struct work_struct work; +8static struct workqueue_struct *queue = NULL; +9static struct work_struct work; 10 -11static void work_handler(struct work_struct *data) +11static void work_handler(struct work_struct *data) 12{ -13 pr_info("work handler function.\n"); +13 pr_info("work handler function.\n"); 14} 15 -16int init_module() +16static int __init sched_init(void) 17{ -18 queue = alloc_workqueue("HELLOWORLD", WQ_UNBOUND, 1); +18 queue = alloc_workqueue("HELLOWORLD", WQ_UNBOUND, 1); 19 INIT_WORK(&work, work_handler); 20 schedule_work(&work); 21 -22 return 0; +22 return 0; 23} 24 -25void cleanup_module() +25static void __exit sched_exit(void) 26{ 27 destroy_workqueue(queue); 28} 29 -30MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -31MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Workqueue example");+30module_init(sched_init); +31module_exit(sched_exit); +32 +33MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +34MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Workqueue example");
0.15 Interrupt Handlers
@@ -4313,48 +4305,48 @@ an LED is connected to GPIO 4. You can change those numbers to whatever is appropriate for your board.-
1/* -2 * intrpt.c - Handling GPIO with interrupts -3 * -4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) -5 * from: -6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples -7 * -8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off -9 */ +1/* +2 * intrpt.c - Handling GPIO with interrupts +3 * +4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) +5 * from: +6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples +7 * +8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off +9 */ 10 -11#include <linux/gpio.h> -12#include <linux/interrupt.h> -13#include <linux/kernel.h> -14#include <linux/module.h> +11#include <linux/gpio.h> +12#include <linux/interrupt.h> +13#include <linux/kernel.h> +14#include <linux/module.h> 15 -16static int button_irqs[] = {-1, -1}; +16static int button_irqs[] = {-1, -1}; 17 -18/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. -19 Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. */ -20static struct gpio leds[] = {{4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1"}}; +18/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. +19 Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. */ +20static struct gpio leds[] = {{4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1"}}; 21 -22/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS -23 Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. */ -24static struct gpio buttons[] = {{17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON"}, -25 {18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON"}}; +22/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS +23 Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. */ +24static struct gpio buttons[] = {{17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON"}, +25 {18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON"}}; 26 -27/* -28 * interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed -29 */ -30static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) +27/* +28 * interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed +29 */ +30static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) 31{ -32 /* first button */ -33 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +32 /* first button */ +33 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 34 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 1); -35 /* second button */ -36 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +35 /* second button */ +36 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 37 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); 38 -39 return IRQ_HANDLED; +39 return IRQ_HANDLED; 40} 41 -42int init_module() +42static int __init intrpt_init(void) 43{ 44 int ret = 0; 45 @@ -4434,27 +4426,30 @@ appropriate for your board. 119 return ret; 120} 121 -122void cleanup_module() +122static void __exit intrpt_exit(void) 123{ -124 int i; +124 int i; 125 -126 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +126 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 127 -128 /* free irqs */ +128 /* free irqs */ 129 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 130 free_irq(button_irqs[1], NULL); 131 -132 /* turn all LEDs off */ -133 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) +132 /* turn all LEDs off */ +133 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) 134 gpio_set_value(leds[i].gpio, 0); 135 -136 /* unregister */ +136 /* unregister */ 137 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 138 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 139} 140 -141MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -142MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Handle some GPIO interrupts");+141module_init(intrpt_init); +142module_exit(intrpt_exit); +143 +144MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +145MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Handle some GPIO interrupts");
0.15.3 Bottom Half
@@ -4466,162 +4461,167 @@ scheduler. when an interrupt is triggered.-
1/* -2 * bottomhalf.c - Top and bottom half interrupt handling -3 * -4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) -5 * from: -6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples -7 * -8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off -9 */ +1/* +2 * bottomhalf.c - Top and bottom half interrupt handling +3 * +4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) +5 * from: +6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples +7 * +8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off +9 */ 10 -11#include <linux/delay.h> -12#include <linux/gpio.h> -13#include <linux/interrupt.h> -14#include <linux/kernel.h> -15#include <linux/module.h> +11#include <linux/delay.h> +12#include <linux/gpio.h> +13#include <linux/interrupt.h> +14#include <linux/kernel.h> +15#include <linux/module.h> 16 -17static int button_irqs[] = {-1, -1}; +17static int button_irqs[] = {-1, -1}; 18 -19/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. -20 Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. */ -21static struct gpio leds[] = {{4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1"}}; +19/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. +20 Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. */ +21static struct gpio leds[] = {{4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1"}}; 22 -23/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS -24 Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. */ -25static struct gpio buttons[] = {{17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON"}, -26 {18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON"}}; -27 -28/* Tasklet containing some non-trivial amount of processing */ -29static void bottomhalf_tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) -30{ -31 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet starts\n"); -32 /* do something which takes a while */ -33 mdelay(500); -34 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet ends\n"); -35} -36 -37DECLARE_TASKLET(buttontask, bottomhalf_tasklet_fn, 0L); +23/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS +24 Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. */ +25static struct gpio buttons[] = { +26 {17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON"}, +27 {18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON"}, +28}; +29 +30/* Tasklet containing some non-trivial amount of processing */ +31static void bottomhalf_tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) +32{ +33 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet starts\n"); +34 /* do something which takes a while */ +35 mdelay(500); +36 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet ends\n"); +37} 38 -39/* -40 * interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed -41 */ -42static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) -43{ -44 /* Do something quickly right now */ -45 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) -46 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 1); -47 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) -48 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); -49 -50 /* Do the rest at leisure via the scheduler */ -51 tasklet_schedule(&buttontask); -52 -53 return IRQ_HANDLED; -54} -55 -56int init_module() -57{ -58 int ret = 0; -59 -60 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +39DECLARE_TASKLET(buttontask, bottomhalf_tasklet_fn, 0L); +40 +41/* +42 * interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed +43 */ +44static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) +45{ +46 /* Do something quickly right now */ +47 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +48 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 1); +49 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +50 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); +51 +52 /* Do the rest at leisure via the scheduler */ +53 tasklet_schedule(&buttontask); +54 +55 return IRQ_HANDLED; +56} +57 +58static int __init bottomhalf_init(void) +59{ +60 int ret = 0; 61 -62 /* register LED gpios */ -63 ret = gpio_request_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); -64 -65 if (ret) { -66 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); -67 return ret; -68 } -69 -70 /* register BUTTON gpios */ -71 ret = gpio_request_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); -72 -73 if (ret) { -74 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -75 goto fail1; -76 } -77 -78 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); +62 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +63 +64 /* register LED gpios */ +65 ret = gpio_request_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); +66 +67 if (ret) { +68 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); +69 return ret; +70 } +71 +72 /* register BUTTON gpios */ +73 ret = gpio_request_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); +74 +75 if (ret) { +76 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +77 goto fail1; +78 } 79 -80 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[0].gpio); +80 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); 81 -82 if (ret < 0) { -83 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -84 goto fail2; -85 } -86 -87 button_irqs[0] = ret; +82 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[0].gpio); +83 +84 if (ret < 0) { +85 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +86 goto fail2; +87 } 88 -89 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); +89 button_irqs[0] = ret; 90 -91 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[0], button_isr, -92 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -93 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); -94 -95 if (ret) { -96 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -97 goto fail2; -98 } -99 -100 -101 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[1].gpio); +91 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); +92 +93 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[0], button_isr, +94 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, +95 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); +96 +97 if (ret) { +98 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +99 goto fail2; +100 } +101 102 -103 if (ret < 0) { -104 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -105 goto fail2; -106 } -107 -108 button_irqs[1] = ret; +103 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[1].gpio); +104 +105 if (ret < 0) { +106 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +107 goto fail2; +108 } 109 -110 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); +110 button_irqs[1] = ret; 111 -112 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[1], button_isr, -113 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -114 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); -115 -116 if (ret) { -117 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -118 goto fail3; -119 } -120 -121 return 0; +112 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); +113 +114 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[1], button_isr, +115 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, +116 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); +117 +118 if (ret) { +119 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +120 goto fail3; +121 } 122 -123/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ -124fail3: -125 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); -126 -127fail2: -128 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); -129 -130fail1: -131 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); -132 -133 return ret; -134} -135 -136void cleanup_module() -137{ -138 int i; -139 -140 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +123 return 0; +124 +125/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ +126fail3: +127 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); +128 +129fail2: +130 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); +131 +132fail1: +133 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); +134 +135 return ret; +136} +137 +138static void __exit bottomhalf_exit(void) +139{ +140 int i; 141 -142 /* free irqs */ -143 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); -144 free_irq(button_irqs[1], NULL); -145 -146 /* turn all LEDs off */ -147 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) -148 gpio_set_value(leds[i].gpio, 0); -149 -150 /* unregister */ -151 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); -152 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); -153} -154 -155MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -156MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Interrupt with top and bottom half");+142 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +143 +144 /* free irqs */ +145 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); +146 free_irq(button_irqs[1], NULL); +147 +148 /* turn all LEDs off */ +149 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) +150 gpio_set_value(leds[i].gpio, 0); +151 +152 /* unregister */ +153 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); +154 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); +155} +156 +157module_init(bottomhalf_init); +158module_exit(bottomhalf_exit); +159 +160MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +161MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Interrupt with top and bottom half");
0.16 Crypto
@@ -4641,68 +4641,68 @@ favourite hash functions. demonstration of how to calculate a sha256 hash within a kernel module.-
1/* -2 * cryptosha256.c -3 */ -4#include <crypto/internal/hash.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> +1/* +2 * cryptosha256.c +3 */ +4#include <crypto/internal/hash.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> 6 -7#define SHA256_LENGTH 32 +7#define SHA256_LENGTH 32 8 -9static void show_hash_result(char *plaintext, char *hash_sha256) +9static void show_hash_result(char *plaintext, char *hash_sha256) 10{ -11 int i; -12 char str[SHA256_LENGTH * 2 + 1]; +11 int i; +12 char str[SHA256_LENGTH * 2 + 1]; 13 -14 pr_info("sha256 test for string: \"%s\"\n", plaintext); -15 for (i = 0; i < SHA256_LENGTH; i++) -16 sprintf(&str[i * 2], "%02x", (unsigned char) hash_sha256[i]); +14 pr_info("sha256 test for string: \"%s\"\n", plaintext); +15 for (i = 0; i < SHA256_LENGTH; i++) +16 sprintf(&str[i * 2], "%02x", (unsigned char) hash_sha256[i]); 17 str[i * 2] = 0; -18 pr_info("%s\n", str); +18 pr_info("%s\n", str); 19} 20 -21int cryptosha256_init(void) +21int cryptosha256_init(void) 22{ -23 char *plaintext = "This is a test"; -24 char hash_sha256[SHA256_LENGTH]; -25 struct crypto_shash *sha256; -26 struct shash_desc *shash; +23 char *plaintext = "This is a test"; +24 char hash_sha256[SHA256_LENGTH]; +25 struct crypto_shash *sha256; +26 struct shash_desc *shash; 27 -28 sha256 = crypto_alloc_shash("sha256", 0, 0); -29 if (IS_ERR(sha256)) -30 return -1; +28 sha256 = crypto_alloc_shash("sha256", 0, 0); +29 if (IS_ERR(sha256)) +30 return -1; 31 -32 shash = kmalloc(sizeof(struct shash_desc) + crypto_shash_descsize(sha256), +32 shash = kmalloc(sizeof(struct shash_desc) + crypto_shash_descsize(sha256), 33 GFP_KERNEL); -34 if (!shash) -35 return -ENOMEM; +34 if (!shash) +35 return -ENOMEM; 36 37 shash->tfm = sha256; 38 -39 if (crypto_shash_init(shash)) -40 return -1; +39 if (crypto_shash_init(shash)) +40 return -1; 41 -42 if (crypto_shash_update(shash, plaintext, strlen(plaintext))) -43 return -1; +42 if (crypto_shash_update(shash, plaintext, strlen(plaintext))) +43 return -1; 44 -45 if (crypto_shash_final(shash, hash_sha256)) -46 return -1; +45 if (crypto_shash_final(shash, hash_sha256)) +46 return -1; 47 48 kfree(shash); 49 crypto_free_shash(sha256); 50 51 show_hash_result(plaintext, hash_sha256); 52 -53 return 0; +53 return 0; 54} 55 -56void cryptosha256_exit(void) {} +56void cryptosha256_exit(void) {} 57 58module_init(cryptosha256_init); 59module_exit(cryptosha256_exit); 60 -61MODULE_DESCRIPTION("sha256 hash test"); -62MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+61MODULE_DESCRIPTION("sha256 hash test"); +62MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Make and install the module:
@@ -4721,183 +4721,183 @@ demonstration of how to calculate a sha256 hash within a kernel module. and a password.
-
1/* -2 * cryptosk.c -3 */ -4#include <crypto/internal/skcipher.h> -5#include <linux/crypto.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> +1/* +2 * cryptosk.c +3 */ +4#include <crypto/internal/skcipher.h> +5#include <linux/crypto.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> 7 -8#define SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH 32 -9#define CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE 16 +8#define SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH 32 +9#define CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE 16 10 -11struct tcrypt_result { -12 struct completion completion; -13 int err; +11struct tcrypt_result { +12 struct completion completion; +13 int err; 14}; 15 -16struct skcipher_def { -17 struct scatterlist sg; -18 struct crypto_skcipher *tfm; -19 struct skcipher_request *req; -20 struct tcrypt_result result; -21 char *scratchpad; -22 char *ciphertext; -23 char *ivdata; +16struct skcipher_def { +17 struct scatterlist sg; +18 struct crypto_skcipher *tfm; +19 struct skcipher_request *req; +20 struct tcrypt_result result; +21 char *scratchpad; +22 char *ciphertext; +23 char *ivdata; 24}; 25 -26static struct skcipher_def sk; +26static struct skcipher_def sk; 27 -28static void test_skcipher_finish(struct skcipher_def *sk) +28static void test_skcipher_finish(struct skcipher_def *sk) 29{ -30 if (sk->tfm) +30 if (sk->tfm) 31 crypto_free_skcipher(sk->tfm); -32 if (sk->req) +32 if (sk->req) 33 skcipher_request_free(sk->req); -34 if (sk->ivdata) +34 if (sk->ivdata) 35 kfree(sk->ivdata); -36 if (sk->scratchpad) +36 if (sk->scratchpad) 37 kfree(sk->scratchpad); -38 if (sk->ciphertext) +38 if (sk->ciphertext) 39 kfree(sk->ciphertext); 40} 41 -42static int test_skcipher_result(struct skcipher_def *sk, int rc) +42static int test_skcipher_result(struct skcipher_def *sk, int rc) 43{ -44 switch (rc) { -45 case 0: -46 break; -47 case -EINPROGRESS || -EBUSY: +44 switch (rc) { +45 case 0: +46 break; +47 case -EINPROGRESS || -EBUSY: 48 rc = wait_for_completion_interruptible(&sk->result.completion); -49 if (!rc && !sk->result.err) { +49 if (!rc && !sk->result.err) { 50 reinit_completion(&sk->result.completion); -51 break; +51 break; 52 } -53 pr_info("skcipher encrypt returned with %d result %d\n", rc, +53 pr_info("skcipher encrypt returned with %d result %d\n", rc, 54 sk->result.err); -55 break; -56 default: -57 pr_info("skcipher encrypt returned with %d result %d\n", rc, +55 break; +56 default: +57 pr_info("skcipher encrypt returned with %d result %d\n", rc, 58 sk->result.err); -59 break; +59 break; 60 } 61 62 init_completion(&sk->result.completion); 63 -64 return rc; +64 return rc; 65} 66 -67static void test_skcipher_callback(struct crypto_async_request *req, int error) +67static void test_skcipher_callback(struct crypto_async_request *req, int error) 68{ -69 struct tcrypt_result *result = req->data; -70 /* int ret; */ +69 struct tcrypt_result *result = req->data; +70 /* int ret; */ 71 -72 if (error == -EINPROGRESS) -73 return; +72 if (error == -EINPROGRESS) +73 return; 74 75 result->err = error; 76 complete(&result->completion); -77 pr_info("Encryption finished successfully\n"); +77 pr_info("Encryption finished successfully\n"); 78 -79 /* decrypt data */ -80 /* -81 memset((void*)sk.scratchpad, '-', CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); -82 ret = crypto_skcipher_decrypt(sk.req); -83 ret = test_skcipher_result(&sk, ret); -84 if (ret) -85 return; +79 /* decrypt data */ +80 /* +81 memset((void*)sk.scratchpad, '-', CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); +82 ret = crypto_skcipher_decrypt(sk.req); +83 ret = test_skcipher_result(&sk, ret); +84 if (ret) +85 return; 86 -87 sg_copy_from_buffer(&sk.sg, 1, sk.scratchpad, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); -88 sk.scratchpad[CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE-1] = 0; +87 sg_copy_from_buffer(&sk.sg, 1, sk.scratchpad, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); +88 sk.scratchpad[CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE-1] = 0; 89 -90 pr_info("Decryption request successful\n"); -91 pr_info("Decrypted: %s\n", sk.scratchpad); -92 */ +90 pr_info("Decryption request successful\n"); +91 pr_info("Decrypted: %s\n", sk.scratchpad); +92 */ 93} 94 -95static int test_skcipher_encrypt(char *plaintext, -96 char *password, -97 struct skcipher_def *sk) +95static int test_skcipher_encrypt(char *plaintext, +96 char *password, +97 struct skcipher_def *sk) 98{ -99 int ret = -EFAULT; -100 unsigned char key[SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH]; +99 int ret = -EFAULT; +100 unsigned char key[SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH]; 101 -102 if (!sk->tfm) { -103 sk->tfm = crypto_alloc_skcipher("cbc-aes-aesni", 0, 0); -104 if (IS_ERR(sk->tfm)) { -105 pr_info("could not allocate skcipher handle\n"); -106 return PTR_ERR(sk->tfm); +102 if (!sk->tfm) { +103 sk->tfm = crypto_alloc_skcipher("cbc-aes-aesni", 0, 0); +104 if (IS_ERR(sk->tfm)) { +105 pr_info("could not allocate skcipher handle\n"); +106 return PTR_ERR(sk->tfm); 107 } 108 } 109 -110 if (!sk->req) { +110 if (!sk->req) { 111 sk->req = skcipher_request_alloc(sk->tfm, GFP_KERNEL); -112 if (!sk->req) { -113 pr_info("could not allocate skcipher request\n"); +112 if (!sk->req) { +113 pr_info("could not allocate skcipher request\n"); 114 ret = -ENOMEM; -115 goto out; +115 goto out; 116 } 117 } 118 119 skcipher_request_set_callback(sk->req, CRYPTO_TFM_REQ_MAY_BACKLOG, 120 test_skcipher_callback, &sk->result); 121 -122 /* clear the key */ -123 memset((void *) key, '\0', SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH); +122 /* clear the key */ +123 memset((void *) key, '\0', SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH); 124 -125 /* Use the world's favourite password */ -126 sprintf((char *) key, "%s", password); +125 /* Use the world's favourite password */ +126 sprintf((char *) key, "%s", password); 127 -128 /* AES 256 with given symmetric key */ -129 if (crypto_skcipher_setkey(sk->tfm, key, SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH)) { -130 pr_info("key could not be set\n"); +128 /* AES 256 with given symmetric key */ +129 if (crypto_skcipher_setkey(sk->tfm, key, SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH)) { +130 pr_info("key could not be set\n"); 131 ret = -EAGAIN; -132 goto out; +132 goto out; 133 } -134 pr_info("Symmetric key: %s\n", key); -135 pr_info("Plaintext: %s\n", plaintext); +134 pr_info("Symmetric key: %s\n", key); +135 pr_info("Plaintext: %s\n", plaintext); 136 -137 if (!sk->ivdata) { -138 /* see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialization_vector */ +137 if (!sk->ivdata) { +138 /* see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialization_vector */ 139 sk->ivdata = kmalloc(CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL); -140 if (!sk->ivdata) { -141 pr_info("could not allocate ivdata\n"); -142 goto out; +140 if (!sk->ivdata) { +141 pr_info("could not allocate ivdata\n"); +142 goto out; 143 } 144 get_random_bytes(sk->ivdata, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); 145 } 146 -147 if (!sk->scratchpad) { -148 /* The text to be encrypted */ +147 if (!sk->scratchpad) { +148 /* The text to be encrypted */ 149 sk->scratchpad = kmalloc(CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL); -150 if (!sk->scratchpad) { -151 pr_info("could not allocate scratchpad\n"); -152 goto out; +150 if (!sk->scratchpad) { +151 pr_info("could not allocate scratchpad\n"); +152 goto out; 153 } 154 } -155 sprintf((char *) sk->scratchpad, "%s", plaintext); +155 sprintf((char *) sk->scratchpad, "%s", plaintext); 156 157 sg_init_one(&sk->sg, sk->scratchpad, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); 158 skcipher_request_set_crypt(sk->req, &sk->sg, &sk->sg, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE, 159 sk->ivdata); 160 init_completion(&sk->result.completion); 161 -162 /* encrypt data */ +162 /* encrypt data */ 163 ret = crypto_skcipher_encrypt(sk->req); 164 ret = test_skcipher_result(sk, ret); -165 if (ret) -166 goto out; +165 if (ret) +166 goto out; 167 -168 pr_info("Encryption request successful\n"); +168 pr_info("Encryption request successful\n"); 169 170out: -171 return ret; +171 return ret; 172} 173 -174int cryptoapi_init(void) +174int cryptoapi_init(void) 175{ -176 /* The world's favorite password */ -177 char *password = "password123"; +176 /* The world's favorite password */ +177 char *password = "password123"; 178 179 sk.tfm = NULL; 180 sk.req = NULL; @@ -4905,11 +4905,11 @@ and a password. 182 sk.ciphertext = NULL; 183 sk.ivdata = NULL; 184 -185 test_skcipher_encrypt("Testing", password, &sk); -186 return 0; +185 test_skcipher_encrypt("Testing", password, &sk); +186 return 0; 187} 188 -189void cryptoapi_exit(void) +189void cryptoapi_exit(void) 190{ 191 test_skcipher_finish(&sk); 192} @@ -4917,8 +4917,8 @@ and a password. 194module_init(cryptoapi_init); 195module_exit(cryptoapi_exit); 196 -197MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Symmetric key encryption example"); -198MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+197MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Symmetric key encryption example"); +198MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
0.17 Standardizing the interfaces: The Device Model
@@ -4930,59 +4930,59 @@ use this as a template to add your own suspend, resume or other interface functions.-
1/* -2 * devicemodel.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/kernel.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> -6#include <linux/platform_device.h> +@@ -5049,10 +5049,10 @@ succeed.1/* +2 * devicemodel.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/kernel.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> +6#include <linux/platform_device.h> 7 -8struct devicemodel_data { -9 char *greeting; -10 int number; +8struct devicemodel_data { +9 char *greeting; +10 int number; 11}; 12 -13static int devicemodel_probe(struct platform_device *dev) +13static int devicemodel_probe(struct platform_device *dev) 14{ -15 struct devicemodel_data *pd = -16 (struct devicemodel_data *) (dev->dev.platform_data); +15 struct devicemodel_data *pd = +16 (struct devicemodel_data *) (dev->dev.platform_data); 17 -18 pr_info("devicemodel probe\n"); -19 pr_info("devicemodel greeting: %s; %d\n", pd->greeting, pd->number); +18 pr_info("devicemodel probe\n"); +19 pr_info("devicemodel greeting: %s; %d\n", pd->greeting, pd->number); 20 -21 /* Your device initialization code */ +21 /* Your device initialization code */ 22 -23 return 0; +23 return 0; 24} 25 -26static int devicemodel_remove(struct platform_device *dev) +26static int devicemodel_remove(struct platform_device *dev) 27{ -28 pr_info("devicemodel example removed\n"); +28 pr_info("devicemodel example removed\n"); 29 -30 /* Your device removal code */ +30 /* Your device removal code */ 31 -32 return 0; +32 return 0; 33} 34 -35static int devicemodel_suspend(struct device *dev) +35static int devicemodel_suspend(struct device *dev) 36{ -37 pr_info("devicemodel example suspend\n"); +37 pr_info("devicemodel example suspend\n"); 38 -39 /* Your device suspend code */ +39 /* Your device suspend code */ 40 -41 return 0; +41 return 0; 42} 43 -44static int devicemodel_resume(struct device *dev) +44static int devicemodel_resume(struct device *dev) 45{ -46 pr_info("devicemodel example resume\n"); +46 pr_info("devicemodel example resume\n"); 47 -48 /* Your device resume code */ +48 /* Your device resume code */ 49 -50 return 0; +50 return 0; 51} 52 -53static const struct dev_pm_ops devicemodel_pm_ops = { +53static const struct dev_pm_ops devicemodel_pm_ops = { 54 .suspend = devicemodel_suspend, 55 .resume = devicemodel_resume, 56 .poweroff = devicemodel_suspend, @@ -4991,10 +4991,10 @@ functions. 59 .restore = devicemodel_resume, 60}; 61 -62static struct platform_driver devicemodel_driver = { +62static struct platform_driver devicemodel_driver = { 63 .driver = 64 { -65 .name = "devicemodel_example", +65 .name = "devicemodel_example", 66 .owner = THIS_MODULE, 67 .pm = &devicemodel_pm_ops, 68 }, @@ -5002,33 +5002,33 @@ functions. 70 .remove = devicemodel_remove, 71}; 72 -73static int devicemodel_init(void) +73static int devicemodel_init(void) 74{ -75 int ret; +75 int ret; 76 -77 pr_info("devicemodel init\n"); +77 pr_info("devicemodel init\n"); 78 79 ret = platform_driver_register(&devicemodel_driver); 80 -81 if (ret) { -82 pr_err("Unable to register driver\n"); -83 return ret; +81 if (ret) { +82 pr_err("Unable to register driver\n"); +83 return ret; 84 } 85 -86 return 0; +86 return 0; 87} 88 -89static void devicemodel_exit(void) +89static void devicemodel_exit(void) 90{ -91 pr_info("devicemodel exit\n"); +91 pr_info("devicemodel exit\n"); 92 platform_driver_unregister(&devicemodel_driver); 93} 94 -95MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -96MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Linux Device Model example"); +95module_init(devicemodel_init); +96module_exit(devicemodel_exit); 97 -98module_init(devicemodel_init); -99module_exit(devicemodel_exit);+98MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +99MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Linux Device Model example");
1bvl = bvec_alloc(gfp_mask, nr_iovecs, &idx); -2if (unlikely(!bvl)) { +2if (unlikely(!bvl)) { 3 mempool_free(bio, bio_pool); 4 bio = NULL; -5 goto out; +5 goto out; 6}When the unlikely macro is used, the compiler alters its machine instruction output, so that it continues along the false branch and only jumps if the condition is diff --git a/lkmpg.css b/lkmpg.css index cfcdb13..e1d531a 100644 --- a/lkmpg.css +++ b/lkmpg.css @@ -241,28 +241,26 @@ span#textcolor12{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor13{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor14{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor15{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor16{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor17{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor18{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor19{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor20{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor16{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor17{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor18{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor19{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor20{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor21{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor22{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor23{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor24{color:rgb(163,20,20)} pre#fancyvrb11{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb11{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb11{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb11{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb11{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } +#colorbox23{border: solid 1px rgb(255,0,0);} +#colorbox23{background-color: rgb(255,255,255);} +#colorbox24{border: solid 1px rgb(255,0,0);} +#colorbox24{background-color: rgb(255,255,255);} #colorbox25{border: solid 1px rgb(255,0,0);} #colorbox25{background-color: rgb(255,255,255);} #colorbox26{border: solid 1px rgb(255,0,0);} #colorbox26{background-color: rgb(255,255,255);} -#colorbox27{border: solid 1px rgb(255,0,0);} -#colorbox27{background-color: rgb(255,255,255);} -#colorbox28{border: solid 1px rgb(255,0,0);} -#colorbox28{background-color: rgb(255,255,255);} pre#fancyvrb12{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb12{ 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-span#textcolor104{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor105{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor100{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor101{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor102{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor103{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor104{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor105{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor106{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor107{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor108{color:rgb(163,20,20)} pre#fancyvrb23{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb23{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb23{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb23{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb23{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor109{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor110{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor107{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor108{color:rgb(43,145,175)} pre#fancyvrb24{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb24{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb24{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb24{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb24{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor111{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor109{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor110{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor111{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor112{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor113{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor113{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor114{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor115{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor116{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor117{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor115{color:rgb(0,127,0)} pre#fancyvrb25{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb25{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb25{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb25{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb25{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } +span#textcolor116{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor117{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor118{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor119{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor119{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor120{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor121{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor122{color:rgb(0,127,0)} @@ -437,52 +437,52 @@ span#textcolor125{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor126{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor127{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor128{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor129{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor130{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor131{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor132{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor133{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor129{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor130{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor131{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor132{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor133{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor134{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor135{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor136{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor137{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor138{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor137{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor138{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor139{color:rgb(43,145,175)} 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span#textcolor548{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor549{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor550{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor550{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor551{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor552{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor553{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor554{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor554{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor555{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor556{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor557{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor557{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor558{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor559{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor560{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor559{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor560{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor561{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor562{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor563{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor562{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor563{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor564{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor565{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor566{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor567{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor566{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor567{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor568{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor569{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor569{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor570{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor571{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor571{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor572{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor573{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor574{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor573{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor574{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor575{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor576{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor577{color:rgb(0,0,255)} @@ -961,7 +961,7 @@ span#textcolor580{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor581{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor582{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor583{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor584{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor584{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor585{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor586{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor587{color:rgb(163,20,20)} @@ -972,20 +972,20 @@ span#textcolor591{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor592{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor593{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor594{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor595{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor596{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor597{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor595{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor596{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor597{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor598{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor599{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor600{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor601{color:rgb(163,20,20)} pre#fancyvrb38{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb38{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb38{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb38{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb38{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor600{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor601{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor602{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor603{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor603{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor604{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor605{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor606{color:rgb(0,127,0)} @@ -996,69 +996,69 @@ span#textcolor610{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor611{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor612{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor613{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor614{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor614{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor615{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor616{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor617{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor618{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor619{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor618{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor619{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor620{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor621{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor622{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor623{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor624{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor625{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor622{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor623{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor624{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor625{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor626{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor627{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor628{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor629{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor630{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor631{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor628{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor629{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor630{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor631{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor632{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor633{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor634{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor635{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor636{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor637{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor638{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor634{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor635{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor636{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor637{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor638{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor639{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor640{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor641{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor642{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor641{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor642{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor643{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor644{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor644{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor645{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor646{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor647{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor646{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor647{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor648{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor649{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor650{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor649{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor650{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor651{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor652{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor653{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor654{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor653{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor654{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor655{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor656{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor656{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor657{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor658{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor658{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor659{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor660{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor661{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor662{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor660{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor661{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor662{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor663{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor664{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor665{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor666{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor665{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor666{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor667{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor668{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor669{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor670{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor671{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor672{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor668{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor669{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor670{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor671{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor672{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor673{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor674{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor674{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor675{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor676{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor676{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor677{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor678{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor679{color:rgb(0,0,255)} @@ -1067,10 +1067,10 @@ span#textcolor681{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor682{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor683{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor684{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor685{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor686{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor687{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor688{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor685{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor686{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor687{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor688{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor689{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor690{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor691{color:rgb(163,20,20)} @@ -1081,22 +1081,22 @@ span#textcolor695{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor696{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor697{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor698{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor699{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor700{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor701{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor702{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor703{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor699{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor700{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor701{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor702{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor703{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor704{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor705{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor706{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor707{color:rgb(163,20,20)} pre#fancyvrb39{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb39{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb39{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb39{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb39{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } +span#textcolor706{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor707{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor708{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor709{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor709{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor710{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor711{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor712{color:rgb(0,127,0)} @@ -1109,55 +1109,55 @@ span#textcolor718{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor719{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor720{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor721{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor722{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor722{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor723{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor724{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor725{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor726{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor727{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor728{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor728{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor729{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor730{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor731{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor732{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor731{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor732{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor733{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor734{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor735{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor736{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor737{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor736{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor737{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor738{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor739{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor740{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor741{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor740{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor741{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor742{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor743{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor744{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor743{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor744{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor745{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor746{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor747{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor746{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor747{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor748{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor749{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor750{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor751{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor749{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor750{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor751{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor752{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor753{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor754{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor755{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor756{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor757{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor753{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor754{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor755{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor756{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor757{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor758{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor759{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor760{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor761{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor760{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor761{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor762{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor763{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor764{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor763{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor764{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor765{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor766{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor766{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor767{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor768{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor768{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor769{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor770{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor770{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor771{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor772{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor773{color:rgb(0,0,255)} @@ -1168,7 +1168,7 @@ span#textcolor777{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor778{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor779{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor780{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor781{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor781{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor782{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor783{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor784{color:rgb(163,20,20)} @@ -1179,21 +1179,21 @@ span#textcolor788{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor789{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor790{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor791{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor792{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor793{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor794{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor792{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor793{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor794{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor795{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor796{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor797{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor798{color:rgb(163,20,20)} pre#fancyvrb40{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb40{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb40{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb40{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb40{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor797{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor798{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor799{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor800{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor801{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor801{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor802{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor803{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor804{color:rgb(0,127,0)} @@ -1204,65 +1204,65 @@ span#textcolor808{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor809{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor810{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor811{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor812{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor812{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor813{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor814{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor815{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor816{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor815{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor816{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor817{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor818{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor819{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor820{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor821{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor822{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor823{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor821{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor822{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor823{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor824{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor825{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor825{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor826{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor827{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor828{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor829{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor830{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor831{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor832{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor833{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor827{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor828{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor829{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor830{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor831{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor832{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor833{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor834{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor835{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor836{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor837{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor838{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor839{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor836{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor837{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor838{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor839{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor840{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor841{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor842{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor843{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor844{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor845{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor846{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor847{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor848{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor849{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor850{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor844{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor845{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor846{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor847{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor848{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor849{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor850{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor851{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor852{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor853{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor854{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor855{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor856{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor852{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor853{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor854{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor855{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor856{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor857{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor858{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor859{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor860{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor861{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor859{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor860{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor861{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor862{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor863{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor864{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor865{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor866{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor863{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor864{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor865{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor866{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor867{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor868{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor869{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor870{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor869{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor870{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor871{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor872{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor873{color:rgb(0,0,255)} @@ -1271,22 +1271,24 @@ span#textcolor875{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor876{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor877{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor878{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor879{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor880{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor879{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor880{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor881{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor882{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor882{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor883{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor884{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor884{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor885{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor886{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor887{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor887{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor888{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor889{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor890{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor889{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor890{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor891{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor892{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor892{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor893{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor894{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor895{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor896{color:rgb(163,20,20)} pre#fancyvrb41{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb41{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb41{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } @@ -1297,10 +1299,8 @@ pre#fancyvrb42{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb42{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb42{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb42{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor895{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor896{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor897{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor898{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor898{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor899{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor900{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor901{color:rgb(0,127,0)} @@ -1312,54 +1312,56 @@ span#textcolor906{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor907{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor908{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor909{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor910{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor911{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor912{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor913{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor910{color:rgb(0,0,255)} 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span#textcolor957{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor958{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor959{color:rgb(163,20,20)} pre#fancyvrb43{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb43{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb43{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } @@ -1380,7 +1382,7 @@ pre#fancyvrb46{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb46{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb46{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb46{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor958{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor960{color:rgb(163,20,20)} pre#fancyvrb47{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb47{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb47{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } @@ -1391,10 +1393,8 @@ pre#fancyvrb48{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb48{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb48{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb48{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor959{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor960{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor961{color:rgb(0,127,0)} 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span#textcolor2197{color:rgb(0,127,0)} @@ -2703,20 +2703,20 @@ span#textcolor2200{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2201{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2202{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2203{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor2204{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2205{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor2204{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2205{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor2206{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2207{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor2208{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2209{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor2210{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2211{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2212{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2213{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2214{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2215{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2216{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2217{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2207{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2208{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2209{color:rgb(0,0,255)} 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span#textcolor2346{color:rgb(0,127,0)} @@ -2865,7 +2865,7 @@ span#textcolor2347{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2348{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2349{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2350{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor2351{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor2351{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2352{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2353{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2354{color:rgb(0,127,0)} @@ -2874,32 +2874,32 @@ span#textcolor2356{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2357{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2358{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2359{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2360{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor2361{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2362{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2363{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor2364{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor2365{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2366{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2367{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2368{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor2369{color:rgb(0,127,0)} 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+span#textcolor2375{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2376{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2377{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2378{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor2379{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2380{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2381{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2382{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor2382{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2383{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2384{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2385{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2385{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor2386{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor2387{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor2388{color:rgb(163,20,20)} @@ -2951,24 +2951,24 @@ span#textcolor2433{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2434{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2435{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2436{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2437{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2437{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2438{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2439{color:rgb(163,20,20)} 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span#textcolor2450{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2451{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2452{color:rgb(0,127,0)} @@ -2976,7 +2976,7 @@ span#textcolor2453{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2454{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2455{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2456{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor2457{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2457{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2458{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2459{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2460{color:rgb(0,127,0)} @@ -2987,58 +2987,58 @@ span#textcolor2464{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2465{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2466{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2467{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2468{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2469{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor2470{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor2471{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2472{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2473{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2474{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor2475{color:rgb(0,127,0)} 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span#textcolor2512{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2513{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2513{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2514{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2515{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor2516{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2515{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2516{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor2517{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2518{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2519{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2518{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2519{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2520{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2521{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor2522{color:rgb(163,20,20)} @@ -3051,85 +3051,85 @@ span#textcolor2528{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2529{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor2530{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor2531{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2532{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2533{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2532{color:rgb(0,0,255)} 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+span#textcolor2587{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2588{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor2589{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor2590{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2591{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2592{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2591{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2592{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor2593{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor2594{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor2595{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2596{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2597{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2598{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2599{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2600{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2601{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2602{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2596{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2597{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2598{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2599{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2600{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2601{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2602{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor2603{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2604{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2605{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2605{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor2606{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2607{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2608{color:rgb(0,0,255)} @@ -3137,10 +3137,16 @@ span#textcolor2609{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2610{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2611{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2612{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2613{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2614{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2615{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2616{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2613{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2614{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2615{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2616{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2617{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2618{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2619{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2620{color:rgb(43,145,175)} 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+span#textcolor2845{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2846{color:rgb(163,20,20)} pre#fancyvrb71{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb71{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb71{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb71{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb71{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor2841{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2842{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2847{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2848{color:rgb(0,0,255)} /* end css.sty */ diff --git a/lkmpg.html b/lkmpg.html index b0e8b1f..e6dde37 100644 --- a/lkmpg.html +++ b/lkmpg.html @@ -281,55 +281,53 @@ module. 8{ 9 pr_info("Hello world 1.\n"); 10 -11 /* -12 * A non 0 return means init_module failed; module can't be loaded. -13 */ -14 return 0; -15} -16 -17void cleanup_module(void) -18{ -19 pr_info("Goodbye world 1.\n"); -20} -21 -22MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
Now you will need a Makefile. If you copy and paste this, change the indentation to use tabs, not spaces.
-
1obj-m += hello-1.o -2 -3all: -4 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules -5 -6clean: -7 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean+1obj-m += hello-1.o +2 +3all: +4 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules +5 +6clean: +7 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) cleanAnd finally just:
-1make+1makeIf all goes smoothly you should then find that you have a compiled hello-1.ko module. You can find info on it with the command:
-1sudo modinfo hello-1.ko+1sudo modinfo hello-1.koAt this point the command:
-1sudo lsmod | grep hello+1sudo lsmod | grep helloshould return nothing. You can try loading your shiny new module with:
-1sudo insmod hello-1.ko+1sudo insmod hello-1.koThe dash character will get converted to an underscore, so when you again try:
-1sudo lsmod | grep hello+1sudo lsmod | grep helloyou should now see your loaded module. It can be removed again with:
-1sudo rmmod hello_1+1sudo rmmod hello_1Notice that the dash was replaced by an underscore. To see what just happened in the logs:
-1journalctl --since "1 hour ago" | grep kernel+1journalctl --since "1 hour ago" | grep kernelYou now know the basics of creating, compiling, installing and removing modules. Now for more of a description of how this module works.
Kernel modules must have at least two functions: a "start" (initialization) @@ -354,20 +352,20 @@ which you’ll learn about in Section 2.1.1. -
A point about coding style. Another thing which may not be immediately + A point about coding style. Another thing which may not be immediately obvious to anyone getting started with kernel programming is that indentation within your code should be using tabs and not spaces. It is one of the coding conventions of the kernel. You may not like it, but you’ll need to get used to it if you ever submit a patch upstream. -Introducing print macros. In the beginning there was printk, usually + Introducing print macros. In the beginning there was printk, usually followed by a priority such as KERN_INFO or KERN_DEBUG. More recently this can also be expressed in abbreviated form using a set of print macros, such as pr_info and pr_debug. This just saves some mindless keyboard bashing and looks a bit neater. They can be found within linux/printk.h. Take time to read through the available priority macros. -+ About Compiling. Kernel modules need to be compiled a bit differently from regular userspace apps. Former kernel versions required us to care much about these settings, which are usually stored in Makefiles. @@ -404,29 +402,29 @@ macros, otherwise you’ll get compilation errors. Here is an example of this technique:
-
1/* -2 * hello-2.c - Demonstrating the module_init() and module_exit() macros. -3 * This is preferred over using init_module() and cleanup_module(). -4 */ -5#include <linux/init.h> /* Needed for the macros */ -6#include <linux/kernel.h> /* Needed for KERN_INFO */ -7#include <linux/module.h> /* Needed by all modules */ +1/* +2 * hello-2.c - Demonstrating the module_init() and module_exit() macros. +3 * This is preferred over using init_module() and cleanup_module(). +4 */ +5#include <linux/init.h> /* Needed for the macros */ +6#include <linux/kernel.h> /* Needed for KERN_INFO */ +7#include <linux/module.h> /* Needed by all modules */ 8 -9static int __init hello_2_init(void) +9static int __init hello_2_init(void) 10{ -11 pr_info("Hello, world 2\n"); -12 return 0; +11 pr_info("Hello, world 2\n"); +12 return 0; 13} 14 -15static void __exit hello_2_exit(void) +15static void __exit hello_2_exit(void) 16{ -17 pr_info("Goodbye, world 2\n"); +17 pr_info("Goodbye, world 2\n"); 18} 19 20module_init(hello_2_init); 21module_exit(hello_2_exit); 22 -23MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+23MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");So now we have two real kernel modules under our belt. Adding another module is as simple as this:
@@ -435,10 +433,10 @@ is as simple as this: 2obj-m += hello-2.o 3 4all: -5 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules +5 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules 6 7clean: -8 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean
Now have a look at linux/drivers/char/Makefile for a real world example. As you can see, some things get hardwired into the kernel (obj-y) but where are all those obj-m gone? Those familiar with shell scripts will easily be able to spot them. @@ -470,30 +468,30 @@ When you boot your kernel and see something like Freeing unused kernel memory: 236k freed, this is precisely what the kernel is freeing.
-
1/* -2 * hello-3.c - Illustrating the __init, __initdata and __exit macros. -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> /* Needed for the macros */ -5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* Needed for KERN_INFO */ -6#include <linux/module.h> /* Needed by all modules */ +1/* +2 * hello-3.c - Illustrating the __init, __initdata and __exit macros. +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> /* Needed for the macros */ +5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* Needed for KERN_INFO */ +6#include <linux/module.h> /* Needed by all modules */ 7 -8static int hello3_data __initdata = 3; +8static int hello3_data __initdata = 3; 9 -10static int __init hello_3_init(void) +10static int __init hello_3_init(void) 11{ -12 pr_info("Hello, world %d\n", hello3_data); -13 return 0; +12 pr_info("Hello, world %d\n", hello3_data); +13 return 0; 14} 15 -16static void __exit hello_3_exit(void) +16static void __exit hello_3_exit(void) 17{ -18 pr_info("Goodbye, world 3\n"); +18 pr_info("Goodbye, world 3\n"); 19} 20 21module_init(hello_3_init); 22module_exit(hello_3_exit); 23 -24MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+24MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
0.4.4 Licensing and Module Documentation
@@ -518,27 +516,27 @@ MIT/GPL", "Dual MPL/GPL" and "Proprietary". They are defined within illustrated in the below example.-
1/* -2 * hello-4.c - Demonstrates module documentation. -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> /* Needed for the macros */ -5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* Needed for KERN_INFO */ -6#include <linux/module.h> /* Needed by all modules */ +1/* +2 * hello-4.c - Demonstrates module documentation. +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> /* Needed for the macros */ +5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* Needed for KERN_INFO */ +6#include <linux/module.h> /* Needed by all modules */ 7 -8MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -9MODULE_AUTHOR("LKMPG"); -10MODULE_DESCRIPTION("A sample driver"); -11MODULE_SUPPORTED_DEVICE("testdevice"); +8MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +9MODULE_AUTHOR("LKMPG"); +10MODULE_DESCRIPTION("A sample driver"); +11MODULE_SUPPORTED_DEVICE("testdevice"); 12 -13static int __init init_hello_4(void) +13static int __init init_hello_4(void) 14{ -15 pr_info("Hello, world 4\n"); -16 return 0; +15 pr_info("Hello, world 4\n"); +16 return 0; 17} 18 -19static void __exit cleanup_hello_4(void) +19static void __exit cleanup_hello_4(void) 20{ -21 pr_info("Goodbye, world 4\n"); +21 pr_info("Goodbye, world 4\n"); 22} 23 24module_init(init_hello_4); @@ -562,8 +560,8 @@ as usual or unsigned. If you’d like to use arrays of integers or strings see module_param_array() and module_param_string().-
1int myint = 3; -2module_param(myint, int, 0);+1int myint = 3; +2module_param(myint, int, 0);Arrays are supported too, but things are a bit different now than they were in the olden days. To keep track of the number of parameters you need to pass a @@ -574,12 +572,12 @@ also ignore the count and pass NULL instead. We show both possibilities here:
-
1int myintarray[2]; -2module_param_array(myintarray, int, NULL, 0); /* not interested in count */ +1int myintarray[2]; +2module_param_array(myintarray, int, NULL, 0); /* not interested in count */ 3 -4short myshortarray[4]; -5int count; -6module_param_array(myshortarray, short, &count, 0); /* put count into "count" variable */+4short myshortarray[4]; +5int count; +6module_param_array(myshortarray, short, &count, 0); /* put count into "count" variable */A good use for this is to have the module variable’s default values set, like an port or IO address. If the variables contain the default values, then perform autodetection (explained elsewhere). Otherwise, keep the current value. This will be made clear @@ -589,103 +587,103 @@ document arguments that the module can take. It takes two parameters: a variable name and a free form string describing that variable.
-
1/* -2 * hello-5.c - Demonstrates command line argument passing to a module. -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> -5#include <linux/kernel.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/moduleparam.h> -8#include <linux/stat.h> ++13 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean1/* +2 * hello-5.c - Demonstrates command line argument passing to a module. +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/moduleparam.h> +8#include <linux/stat.h> 9 -10MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +10MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); 11 -12static short int myshort = 1; -13static int myint = 420; -14static long int mylong = 9999; -15static char *mystring = "blah"; -16static int myintArray[2] = {420, 420}; -17static int arr_argc = 0; +12static short int myshort = 1; +13static int myint = 420; +14static long int mylong = 9999; +15static char *mystring = "blah"; +16static int myintArray[2] = {420, 420}; +17static int arr_argc = 0; 18 -19/* -20 * module_param(foo, int, 0000) -21 * The first param is the parameters name -22 * The second param is it's data type -23 * The final argument is the permissions bits, -24 * for exposing parameters in sysfs (if non-zero) at a later stage. -25 */ +19/* +20 * module_param(foo, int, 0000) +21 * The first param is the parameters name +22 * The second param is it's data type +23 * The final argument is the permissions bits, +24 * for exposing parameters in sysfs (if non-zero) at a later stage. +25 */ 26 -27module_param(myshort, short, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP); -28MODULE_PARM_DESC(myshort, "A short integer"); -29module_param(myint, int, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH); -30MODULE_PARM_DESC(myint, "An integer"); -31module_param(mylong, long, S_IRUSR); -32MODULE_PARM_DESC(mylong, "A long integer"); +27module_param(myshort, short, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP); +28MODULE_PARM_DESC(myshort, "A short integer"); +29module_param(myint, int, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH); +30MODULE_PARM_DESC(myint, "An integer"); +31module_param(mylong, long, S_IRUSR); +32MODULE_PARM_DESC(mylong, "A long integer"); 33module_param(mystring, charp, 0000); -34MODULE_PARM_DESC(mystring, "A character string"); +34MODULE_PARM_DESC(mystring, "A character string"); 35 -36/* -37 * module_param_array(name, type, num, perm); -38 * The first param is the parameter's (in this case the array's) name -39 * The second param is the data type of the elements of the array -40 * The third argument is a pointer to the variable that will store the number -41 * of elements of the array initialized by the user at module loading time -42 * The fourth argument is the permission bits -43 */ -44module_param_array(myintArray, int, &arr_argc, 0000); -45MODULE_PARM_DESC(myintArray, "An array of integers"); +36/* +37 * module_param_array(name, type, num, perm); +38 * The first param is the parameter's (in this case the array's) name +39 * The second param is the data type of the elements of the array +40 * The third argument is a pointer to the variable that will store the number +41 * of elements of the array initialized by the user at module loading time +42 * The fourth argument is the permission bits +43 */ +44module_param_array(myintArray, int, &arr_argc, 0000); +45MODULE_PARM_DESC(myintArray, "An array of integers"); 46 -47static int __init hello_5_init(void) +47static int __init hello_5_init(void) 48{ -49 int i; -50 pr_info("Hello, world 5\n=============\n"); -51 pr_info("myshort is a short integer: %hd\n", myshort); -52 pr_info("myint is an integer: %d\n", myint); -53 pr_info("mylong is a long integer: %ld\n", mylong); -54 pr_info("mystring is a string: %s\n", mystring); +49 int i; +50 pr_info("Hello, world 5\n=============\n"); +51 pr_info("myshort is a short integer: %hd\n", myshort); +52 pr_info("myint is an integer: %d\n", myint); +53 pr_info("mylong is a long integer: %ld\n", mylong); +54 pr_info("mystring is a string: %s\n", mystring); 55 -56 for (i = 0; i < (sizeof myintArray / sizeof(int)); i++) -57 pr_info("myintArray[%d] = %d\n", i, myintArray[i]); +56 for (i = 0; i < (sizeof myintArray / sizeof(int)); i++) +57 pr_info("myintArray[%d] = %d\n", i, myintArray[i]); 58 -59 pr_info("got %d arguments for myintArray.\n", arr_argc); -60 return 0; +59 pr_info("got %d arguments for myintArray.\n", arr_argc); +60 return 0; 61} 62 -63static void __exit hello_5_exit(void) +63static void __exit hello_5_exit(void) 64{ -65 pr_info("Goodbye, world 5\n"); +65 pr_info("Goodbye, world 5\n"); 66} 67 68module_init(hello_5_init); 69module_exit(hello_5_exit);I would recommend playing around with this code:
-1$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mystring="bebop" myintArray=-1 -2myshort is a short integer: 1 +1$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mystring="bebop" myintArray=-1 +2myshort is a short integer: 1 3myint is an integer: 420 -4mylong is a long integer: 9999 +4mylong is a long integer: 9999 5mystring is a string: bebop 6myintArray[0] = -1 7myintArray[1] = 420 -8got 1 arguments for myintArray. +8got 1 arguments for myintArray. 9 -10$ sudo rmmod hello-5 +10$ sudo rmmod hello-5 11Goodbye, world 5 12 -13$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mystring="supercalifragilisticexpialidocious" myintArray=-1,-1 -14myshort is a short integer: 1 +13$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mystring="supercalifragilisticexpialidocious" myintArray=-1,-1 +14myshort is a short integer: 1 15myint is an integer: 420 -16mylong is a long integer: 9999 +16mylong is a long integer: 9999 17mystring is a string: supercalifragilisticexpialidocious 18myintArray[0] = -1 19myintArray[1] = -1 -20got 2 arguments for myintArray. +20got 2 arguments for myintArray. 21 -22$ sudo rmmod hello-5 +22$ sudo rmmod hello-5 23Goodbye, world 5 24 -25$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mylong=hello -26hello-5.o: invalid argument syntax for mylong: 'h'+25$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mylong=hello +26hello-5.o: invalid argument syntax for mylong: 'h'
0.4.6 Modules Spanning Multiple Files
@@ -693,35 +691,35 @@ name and a free form string describing that variable. files.Here is an example of such a kernel module.
-1/* -2 * start.c - Illustration of multi filed modules -3 */ +1/* +2 * start.c - Illustration of multi filed modules +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */ -6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */ +6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ 7 -8int init_module(void) +8int init_module(void) 9{ -10 pr_info("Hello, world - this is the kernel speaking\n"); -11 return 0; +10 pr_info("Hello, world - this is the kernel speaking\n"); +11 return 0; 12} 13 -14MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+14MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");The next file:
-1/* -2 * stop.c - Illustration of multi filed modules -3 */ +1/* +2 * stop.c - Illustration of multi filed modules +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */ -6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */ +6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ 7 -8void cleanup_module() +8void cleanup_module() 9{ -10 pr_info("Short is the life of a kernel module\n"); +10 pr_info("Short is the life of a kernel module\n"); 11} 12 -13MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+13MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");And finally, the makefile:
@@ -734,10 +732,10 @@ files. 7startstop-objs := start.o stop.o 8 9all: -10 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules +10 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules 11 12clean: -13 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean
This is the complete makefile for all the examples we have seen so far. The first five lines are nothing special, but for the last example we will need two lines. First we invent an object name for our combined module, second we tell make what object @@ -928,12 +926,12 @@ output. the following program:
-
1#include <stdio.h> +1#include <stdio.h> 2 -3int main(void) +3int main(void) 4{ -5 printf("hello"); -6 return 0; +5 printf("hello"); +6 return 0; 7}with gcc -Wall -o hello hello.c. Run the exectable with strace ./hello. Are you impressed? Every line you see corresponds to a system call. strace is a handy @@ -1146,43 +1144,43 @@ that performs that operation. Here is what the definition looks like for kernel 5.4:
-
1struct file_operations { -2 struct module *owner; -3 loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int); -4 ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); -5 ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); -6 ssize_t (*read_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *); -7 ssize_t (*write_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *); -8 int (*iopoll)(struct kiocb *kiocb, bool spin); -9 int (*iterate) (struct file *, struct dir_context *); -10 int (*iterate_shared) (struct file *, struct dir_context *); -11 __poll_t (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *); -12 long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long); -13 long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long); -14 int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *); -15 unsigned long mmap_supported_flags; -16 int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *); -17 int (*flush) (struct file *, fl_owner_t id); -18 int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *); -19 int (*fsync) (struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int datasync); -20 int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int); -21 int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *); -22 ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t, loff_t *, int); -23 unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long); -24 int (*check_flags)(int); -25 int (*flock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *); -26 ssize_t (*splice_write)(struct pipe_inode_info *, struct file *, loff_t *, size_t, unsigned int); -27 ssize_t (*splice_read)(struct file *, loff_t *, struct pipe_inode_info *, size_t, unsigned int); -28 int (*setlease)(struct file *, long, struct file_lock **, void **); -29 long (*fallocate)(struct file *file, int mode, loff_t offset, +1struct file_operations { +2 struct module *owner; +3 loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int); +4 ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); +5 ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); +6 ssize_t (*read_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *); +7 ssize_t (*write_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *); +8 int (*iopoll)(struct kiocb *kiocb, bool spin); +9 int (*iterate) (struct file *, struct dir_context *); +10 int (*iterate_shared) (struct file *, struct dir_context *); +11 __poll_t (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *); +12 long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long); +13 long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long); +14 int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *); +15 unsigned long mmap_supported_flags; +16 int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *); +17 int (*flush) (struct file *, fl_owner_t id); +18 int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *); +19 int (*fsync) (struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int datasync); +20 int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int); +21 int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *); +22 ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t, loff_t *, int); +23 unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long); +24 int (*check_flags)(int); +25 int (*flock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *); +26 ssize_t (*splice_write)(struct pipe_inode_info *, struct file *, loff_t *, size_t, unsigned int); +27 ssize_t (*splice_read)(struct file *, loff_t *, struct pipe_inode_info *, size_t, unsigned int); +28 int (*setlease)(struct file *, long, struct file_lock **, void **); +29 long (*fallocate)(struct file *file, int mode, loff_t offset, 30 loff_t len); -31 void (*show_fdinfo)(struct seq_file *m, struct file *f); -32 ssize_t (*copy_file_range)(struct file *, loff_t, struct file *, -33 loff_t, size_t, unsigned int); -34 loff_t (*remap_file_range)(struct file *file_in, loff_t pos_in, -35 struct file *file_out, loff_t pos_out, -36 loff_t len, unsigned int remap_flags); -37 int (*fadvise)(struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int); +31 void (*show_fdinfo)(struct seq_file *m, struct file *f); +32 ssize_t (*copy_file_range)(struct file *, loff_t, struct file *, +33 loff_t, size_t, unsigned int); +34 loff_t (*remap_file_range)(struct file *file_in, loff_t pos_in, +35 struct file *file_out, loff_t pos_out, +36 loff_t len, unsigned int remap_flags); +37 int (*fadvise)(struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int); 38} __randomize_layout;Some operations are not implemented by a driver. For example, a driver that handles a video card will not need to read from a directory structure. The @@ -1196,7 +1194,7 @@ new way of assigning to the structure looks like:
-1struct file_operations fops = { +1struct file_operations fops = { 2 read: device_read, 3 write: device_write, 4 open: device_open, @@ -1208,7 +1206,7 @@ You should use this syntax in case someone wants to port your driver. It will he with compatibility:-
1struct file_operations fops = { +1struct file_operations fops = { 2 .read = device_read, 3 .write = device_write, 4 .open = device_open, @@ -1256,7 +1254,7 @@ initialization. You do this by using the -1int register_chrdev(unsigned int major, const char *name, struct file_operations *fops);+1int register_chrdev(unsigned int major, const char *name, struct file_operations *fops);where unsigned int major is the major number you want to request, const char *name is the name of the device as it will appear in /proc/devices and struct file_operations *fops is a pointer to the file_operations table for your driver. A @@ -1329,154 +1327,155 @@ simply read in the data and print a message acknowledging that we received it.
-
1/* -2 * chardev.c: Creates a read-only char device that says how many times -3 * you have read from the dev file -4 */ +@@ -1556,56 +1555,56 @@ HelloWorld!1/* +2 * chardev.c: Creates a read-only char device that says how many times +3 * you have read from the dev file +4 */ 5 -6#include <linux/cdev.h> -7#include <linux/delay.h> -8#include <linux/device.h> -9#include <linux/fs.h> -10#include <linux/init.h> -11#include <linux/irq.h> -12#include <linux/kernel.h> -13#include <linux/module.h> -14#include <linux/poll.h> +6#include <linux/cdev.h> +7#include <linux/delay.h> +8#include <linux/device.h> +9#include <linux/fs.h> +10#include <linux/init.h> +11#include <linux/irq.h> +12#include <linux/kernel.h> +13#include <linux/module.h> +14#include <linux/poll.h> 15 -16/* Prototypes - this would normally go in a .h file */ -17static int device_open(struct inode *, struct file *); -18static int device_release(struct inode *, struct file *); -19static ssize_t device_read(struct file *, char *, size_t, loff_t *); -20static ssize_t device_write(struct file *, const char *, size_t, loff_t *); +16/* Prototypes - this would normally go in a .h file */ +17static int device_open(struct inode *, struct file *); +18static int device_release(struct inode *, struct file *); +19static ssize_t device_read(struct file *, char *, size_t, loff_t *); +20static ssize_t device_write(struct file *, const char *, size_t, loff_t *); 21 -22#define SUCCESS 0 -23#define DEVICE_NAME "chardev" /* Dev name as it appears in /proc/devices */ -24#define BUF_LEN 80 /* Max length of the message from the device */ +22#define SUCCESS 0 +23#define DEVICE_NAME "chardev" /* Dev name as it appears in /proc/devices */ +24#define BUF_LEN 80 /* Max length of the message from the device */ 25 -26/* Global variables are declared as static, so are global within the file. */ +26/* Global variables are declared as static, so are global within the file. */ 27 -28static int major; /* major number assigned to our device driver */ -29static int open_device_cnt = 0; /* Is device open? -30 * Used to prevent multiple access to device */ -31static char msg[BUF_LEN]; /* The msg the device will give when asked */ -32static char *msg_ptr; +28static int major; /* major number assigned to our device driver */ +29static int open_device_cnt = 0; /* Is device open? +30 * Used to prevent multiple access to device */ +31static char msg[BUF_LEN]; /* The msg the device will give when asked */ +32static char *msg_ptr; 33 -34static struct class *cls; +34static struct class *cls; 35 -36static struct file_operations chardev_fops = { +36static struct file_operations chardev_fops = { 37 .read = device_read, 38 .write = device_write, 39 .open = device_open, 40 .release = device_release, 41}; 42 -43/* This function is called when the module is loaded. */ -44int init_module(void) -45{ -46 major = register_chrdev(0, DEVICE_NAME, &chardev_fops); -47 -48 if (major < 0) { -49 pr_alert("Registering char device failed with %d\n", major); -50 return major; -51 } -52 -53 pr_info("I was assigned major number %d.\n", major); -54 -55 cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_NAME); -56 device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(major, 0), NULL, DEVICE_NAME); -57 -58 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME); -59 -60 return SUCCESS; -61} -62 -63/* This function is called when the module is unloaded. */ -64void cleanup_module(void) -65{ -66 device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(major, 0)); -67 class_destroy(cls); -68 -69 /* Unregister the device */ -70 unregister_chrdev(major, DEVICE_NAME); -71} +43static int __init chardev_init(void) +44{ +45 major = register_chrdev(0, DEVICE_NAME, &chardev_fops); +46 +47 if (major < 0) { +48 pr_alert("Registering char device failed with %d\n", major); +49 return major; +50 } +51 +52 pr_info("I was assigned major number %d.\n", major); +53 +54 cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_NAME); +55 device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(major, 0), NULL, DEVICE_NAME); +56 +57 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME); +58 +59 return SUCCESS; +60} +61 +62static void __exit chardev_exit(void) +63{ +64 device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(major, 0)); +65 class_destroy(cls); +66 +67 /* Unregister the device */ +68 unregister_chrdev(major, DEVICE_NAME); +69} +70 +71/* Methods */ 72 -73/* Methods */ -74 -75/* Called when a process tries to open the device file, like -76 * "sudo cat /dev/chardev" -77 */ -78static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) -79{ -80 static int counter = 0; -81 -82 if (open_device_cnt) -83 return -EBUSY; -84 -85 open_device_cnt++; -86 sprintf(msg, "I already told you %d times Hello world!\n", counter++); -87 msg_ptr = msg; -88 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); -89 -90 return SUCCESS; -91} -92 -93/* Called when a process closes the device file. */ -94static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) -95{ -96 open_device_cnt--; /* We're now ready for our next caller */ -97 -98 /* Decrement the usage count, or else once you opened the file, you will -99 * never get get rid of the module. -100 */ -101 module_put(THIS_MODULE); -102 -103 return SUCCESS; -104} -105 -106/* Called when a process, which already opened the dev file, attempts to -107 * read from it. -108 */ -109static ssize_t device_read(struct file *filp, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ -110 char *buffer, /* buffer to fill with data */ -111 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ -112 loff_t *offset) -113{ -114 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */ -115 int bytes_read = 0; -116 -117 /* If we are at the end of message, return 0 signifying end of file. */ -118 if (*msg_ptr == 0) -119 return 0; -120 -121 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ -122 while (length && *msg_ptr) { -123 /* The buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel -124 * segment so "*" assignment won't work. We have to use -125 * put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to -126 * the user data segment. -127 */ -128 put_user(*(msg_ptr++), buffer++); -129 -130 length--; -131 bytes_read++; -132 } -133 -134 /* Most read functions return the number of bytes put into the buffer. */ -135 return bytes_read; -136} -137 -138/* Called when a process writes to dev file: echo "hi" > /dev/hello */ -139static ssize_t device_write(struct file *filp, -140 const char *buff, -141 size_t len, -142 loff_t *off) -143{ -144 pr_alert("Sorry, this operation is not supported.\n"); -145 return -EINVAL; -146} -147 -148MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+73/* Called when a process tries to open the device file, like +74 * "sudo cat /dev/chardev" +75 */ +76static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +77{ +78 static int counter = 0; +79 +80 if (open_device_cnt) +81 return -EBUSY; +82 +83 open_device_cnt++; +84 sprintf(msg, "I already told you %d times Hello world!\n", counter++); +85 msg_ptr = msg; +86 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); +87 +88 return SUCCESS; +89} +90 +91/* Called when a process closes the device file. */ +92static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +93{ +94 open_device_cnt--; /* We're now ready for our next caller */ +95 +96 /* Decrement the usage count, or else once you opened the file, you will +97 * never get get rid of the module. +98 */ +99 module_put(THIS_MODULE); +100 +101 return SUCCESS; +102} +103 +104/* Called when a process, which already opened the dev file, attempts to +105 * read from it. +106 */ +107static ssize_t device_read(struct file *filp, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ +108 char *buffer, /* buffer to fill with data */ +109 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ +110 loff_t *offset) +111{ +112 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */ +113 int bytes_read = 0; +114 +115 /* If we are at the end of message, return 0 signifying end of file. */ +116 if (*msg_ptr == 0) +117 return 0; +118 +119 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ +120 while (length && *msg_ptr) { +121 /* The buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel +122 * segment so "*" assignment won't work. We have to use +123 * put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to +124 * the user data segment. +125 */ +126 put_user(*(msg_ptr++), buffer++); +127 +128 length--; +129 bytes_read++; +130 } +131 +132 /* Most read functions return the number of bytes put into the buffer. */ +133 return bytes_read; +134} +135 +136/* Called when a process writes to dev file: echo "hi" > /dev/hello */ +137static ssize_t device_write(struct file *filp, +138 const char *buff, +139 size_t len, +140 loff_t *off) +141{ +142 pr_alert("Sorry, this operation is not supported.\n"); +143 return -EINVAL; +144} +145 +146module_init(chardev_init); +147module_exit(chardev_exit); +148 +149MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
-
1/* -2 * procfs1.c -3 */ +1/* +2 * procfs1.c +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> -8#include <linux/uaccess.h> -9#include <linux/version.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> +8#include <linux/uaccess.h> +9#include <linux/version.h> 10 -11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -13#endif +11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +13#endif 14 -15#define procfs_name "helloworld" +15#define procfs_name "helloworld" 16 -17struct proc_dir_entry *Our_Proc_File; +17struct proc_dir_entry *Our_Proc_File; 18 19 -20ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *filePointer, -21 char *buffer, -22 size_t buffer_length, +20ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *filePointer, +21 char *buffer, +22 size_t buffer_length, 23 loff_t *offset) 24{ -25 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n"; -26 int len = sizeof(s); -27 ssize_t ret = len; +25 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n"; +26 int len = sizeof(s); +27 ssize_t ret = len; 28 -29 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) { -30 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n"); +29 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) { +30 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n"); 31 ret = 0; -32 } else { -33 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", filePointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name); +32 } else { +33 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", filePointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name); 34 *offset += len; 35 } 36 -37 return ret; +37 return ret; 38} 39 -40#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -41static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = { +40#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +41static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = { 42 .proc_read = procfile_read, 43}; -44#else -45static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = { +44#else +45static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = { 46 .read = procfile_read, 47}; -48#endif +48#endif 49 -50int init_module() +50static int __init procfs1_init(void) 51{ 52 Our_Proc_File = proc_create(procfs_name, 0644, NULL, &proc_file_fops); 53 if (NULL == Our_Proc_File) { @@ -1618,13 +1617,16 @@ HelloWorld! 60 return 0; 61} 62 -63void cleanup_module() +63static void __exit procfs1_exit(void) 64{ 65 proc_remove(Our_Proc_File); -66 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", procfs_name); +66 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", procfs_name); 67} 68 -69MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+69module_init(procfs1_init); +70module_exit(procfs1_exit); +71 +72MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
0.7.1 The proc_ops Structure
@@ -1669,126 +1671,121 @@ user space, but not for the read function because data is already in kernel space.-
1/* -2 * procfs2.c - create a "file" in /proc -3 */ +1/* +2 * procfs2.c - create a "file" in /proc +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */ -6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ -7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use the proc fs */ -8#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for copy_from_user */ -9#include <linux/version.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */ +6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use the proc fs */ +8#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for copy_from_user */ +9#include <linux/version.h> 10 -11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -13#endif +11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +13#endif 14 -15#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 1024 -16#define PROCFS_NAME "buffer1k" +15#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 1024 +16#define PROCFS_NAME "buffer1k" 17 -18/** -19 * This structure hold information about the /proc file -20 * -21 */ -22static struct proc_dir_entry *Our_Proc_File; +18/** +19 * This structure hold information about the /proc file +20 * +21 */ +22static struct proc_dir_entry *Our_Proc_File; 23 -24/** -25 * The buffer used to store character for this module -26 * -27 */ -28static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE]; +24/** +25 * The buffer used to store character for this module +26 * +27 */ +28static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE]; 29 -30/** -31 * The size of the buffer -32 * -33 */ -34static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0; +30/** +31 * The size of the buffer +32 * +33 */ +34static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0; 35 -36/** -37 * This function is called then the /proc file is read -38 * -39 */ -40ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *filePointer, -41 char *buffer, -42 size_t buffer_length, +36/** +37 * This function is called then the /proc file is read +38 * +39 */ +40ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *filePointer, +41 char *buffer, +42 size_t buffer_length, 43 loff_t *offset) 44{ -45 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n"; -46 int len = sizeof(s); -47 ssize_t ret = len; +45 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n"; +46 int len = sizeof(s); +47 ssize_t ret = len; 48 -49 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) { -50 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n"); +49 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) { +50 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n"); 51 ret = 0; -52 } else { -53 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", filePointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name); +52 } else { +53 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", filePointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name); 54 *offset += len; 55 } 56 -57 return ret; +57 return ret; 58} 59 60 -61/** -62 * This function is called with the /proc file is written -63 * -64 */ -65static ssize_t procfile_write(struct file *file, -66 const char *buff, -67 size_t len, +61/** +62 * This function is called with the /proc file is written +63 * +64 */ +65static ssize_t procfile_write(struct file *file, +66 const char *buff, +67 size_t len, 68 loff_t *off) 69{ 70 procfs_buffer_size = len; -71 if (procfs_buffer_size > PROCFS_MAX_SIZE) +71 if (procfs_buffer_size > PROCFS_MAX_SIZE) 72 procfs_buffer_size = PROCFS_MAX_SIZE; 73 -74 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buff, procfs_buffer_size)) -75 return -EFAULT; +74 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buff, procfs_buffer_size)) +75 return -EFAULT; 76 -77 procfs_buffer[procfs_buffer_size] = '\0'; -78 return procfs_buffer_size; +77 procfs_buffer[procfs_buffer_size] = '\0'; +78 return procfs_buffer_size; 79} 80 -81#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -82static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = { +81#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +82static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = { 83 .proc_read = procfile_read, 84 .proc_write = procfile_write, 85}; -86#else -87static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = { +86#else +87static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = { 88 .read = procfile_read, 89 .write = procfile_write, 90}; -91#endif +91#endif 92 -93/** -94 *This function is called when the module is loaded -95 * -96 */ -97int init_module() -98{ -99 Our_Proc_File = proc_create(PROCFS_NAME, 0644, NULL, &proc_file_fops); -100 if (NULL == Our_Proc_File) { -101 proc_remove(Our_Proc_File); -102 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROCFS_NAME); -103 return -ENOMEM; -104 } +93static int __init procfs2_init(void) +94{ +95 Our_Proc_File = proc_create(PROCFS_NAME, 0644, NULL, &proc_file_fops); +96 if (NULL == Our_Proc_File) { +97 proc_remove(Our_Proc_File); +98 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROCFS_NAME); +99 return -ENOMEM; +100 } +101 +102 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_NAME); +103 return 0; +104} 105 -106 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_NAME); -107 return 0; -108} -109 -110/** -111 *This function is called when the module is unloaded -112 * -113 */ -114void cleanup_module() -115{ -116 proc_remove(Our_Proc_File); -117 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_NAME); -118} -119 -120MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+106static void __exit procfs2_exit(void) +107{ +108 proc_remove(Our_Proc_File); +109 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_NAME); +110} +111 +112module_init(procfs2_init); +113module_exit(procfs2_exit); +114 +115MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
0.7.3 Manage /proc file with standard filesystem
@@ -1825,87 +1822,87 @@ if a process writes something to the kernel, then the kernel receives it as input.-
1/* -2 * procfs3.c -3 */ +1/* +2 * procfs3.c +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> -8#include <linux/sched.h> -9#include <linux/uaccess.h> -10#include <linux/version.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> +8#include <linux/sched.h> +9#include <linux/uaccess.h> +10#include <linux/version.h> 11 -12#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -13#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -14#endif +12#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +13#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +14#endif 15 -16#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 2048 -17#define PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME "buffer2k" +16#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 2048 +17#define PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME "buffer2k" 18 -19struct proc_dir_entry *Our_Proc_File; -20static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE]; -21static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0; +19struct proc_dir_entry *Our_Proc_File; +20static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE]; +21static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0; 22 -23static ssize_t procfs_read(struct file *filp, -24 char *buffer, -25 size_t length, +23static ssize_t procfs_read(struct file *filp, +24 char *buffer, +25 size_t length, 26 loff_t *offset) 27{ -28 static int finished = 0; -29 if (finished) { -30 pr_debug("procfs_read: END\n"); +28 static int finished = 0; +29 if (finished) { +30 pr_debug("procfs_read: END\n"); 31 finished = 0; -32 return 0; +32 return 0; 33 } 34 finished = 1; -35 if (copy_to_user(buffer, procfs_buffer, procfs_buffer_size)) -36 return -EFAULT; -37 pr_debug("procfs_read: read %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size); -38 return procfs_buffer_size; +35 if (copy_to_user(buffer, procfs_buffer, procfs_buffer_size)) +36 return -EFAULT; +37 pr_debug("procfs_read: read %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size); +38 return procfs_buffer_size; 39} -40static ssize_t procfs_write(struct file *file, -41 const char *buffer, -42 size_t len, +40static ssize_t procfs_write(struct file *file, +41 const char *buffer, +42 size_t len, 43 loff_t *off) 44{ -45 if (len > PROCFS_MAX_SIZE) +45 if (len > PROCFS_MAX_SIZE) 46 procfs_buffer_size = PROCFS_MAX_SIZE; -47 else +47 else 48 procfs_buffer_size = len; -49 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buffer, procfs_buffer_size)) -50 return -EFAULT; -51 pr_debug("procfs_write: write %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size); -52 return procfs_buffer_size; +49 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buffer, procfs_buffer_size)) +50 return -EFAULT; +51 pr_debug("procfs_write: write %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size); +52 return procfs_buffer_size; 53} -54int procfs_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +54int procfs_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 55{ 56 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); -57 return 0; +57 return 0; 58} -59int procfs_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +59int procfs_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 60{ 61 module_put(THIS_MODULE); -62 return 0; +62 return 0; 63} 64 -65#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -66static struct proc_ops File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File = { +65#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +66static struct proc_ops File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File = { 67 .proc_read = procfs_read, 68 .proc_write = procfs_write, 69 .proc_open = procfs_open, 70 .proc_release = procfs_close, 71}; -72#else -73static const struct file_operations File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File = { +72#else +73static const struct file_operations File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File = { 74 .read = procfs_read, 75 .write = procfs_write, 76 .open = procfs_open, 77 .release = procfs_close, 78}; -79#endif +79#endif 80 -81int init_module() +81static int __init procfs3_init(void) 82{ 83 Our_Proc_File = proc_create(PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME, 0644, NULL, 84 &File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File); @@ -1921,13 +1918,17 @@ input. 94 pr_debug("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME); 95 return 0; 96} -97void cleanup_module() -98{ -99 remove_proc_entry(PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL); -100 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME); -101} -102 -103MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+97 +98static void __exit procfs3_exit(void) +99{ +100 remove_proc_entry(PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL); +101 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME); +102} +103 +104module_init(procfs3_init); +105module_exit(procfs3_exit); +106 +107MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Still hungry for procfs examples? Well, first of all keep in mind, there are rumors around, claiming that procfs is on its way out, consider using sysfs instead. Consider using this mechanism, in case you want to document something kernel related @@ -1971,122 +1972,123 @@ Figure 1
If you want more information, you can read this web page:
@@ -2107,66 +2109,66 @@ under the sys directory on your system. accessible via sysfs is given below.
-
1/* -2 * hello-sysfs.c sysfs example -3 */ -4#include <linux/fs.h> -5#include <linux/init.h> -6#include <linux/kobject.h> -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/string.h> -9#include <linux/sysfs.h> +1/* +2 * hello-sysfs.c sysfs example +3 */ +4#include <linux/fs.h> +5#include <linux/init.h> +6#include <linux/kobject.h> +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/string.h> +9#include <linux/sysfs.h> 10 -11MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +11MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); 12 -13static struct kobject *mymodule; +13static struct kobject *mymodule; 14 -15/* the variable you want to be able to change */ -16static int myvariable = 0; +15/* the variable you want to be able to change */ +16static int myvariable = 0; 17 -18static ssize_t myvariable_show(struct kobject *kobj, -19 struct kobj_attribute *attr, -20 char *buf) +18static ssize_t myvariable_show(struct kobject *kobj, +19 struct kobj_attribute *attr, +20 char *buf) 21{ -22 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", myvariable); +22 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", myvariable); 23} 24 -25static ssize_t myvariable_store(struct kobject *kobj, -26 struct kobj_attribute *attr, -27 char *buf, -28 size_t count) +25static ssize_t myvariable_store(struct kobject *kobj, +26 struct kobj_attribute *attr, +27 char *buf, +28 size_t count) 29{ -30 sscanf(buf, "%du", &myvariable); -31 return count; +30 sscanf(buf, "%du", &myvariable); +31 return count; 32} 33 34 -35static struct kobj_attribute myvariable_attribute = -36 __ATTR(myvariable, 0660, myvariable_show, (void *) myvariable_store); +35static struct kobj_attribute myvariable_attribute = +36 __ATTR(myvariable, 0660, myvariable_show, (void *) myvariable_store); 37 -38static int __init mymodule_init(void) +38static int __init mymodule_init(void) 39{ -40 int error = 0; +40 int error = 0; 41 -42 pr_info("mymodule: initialised\n"); +42 pr_info("mymodule: initialised\n"); 43 -44 mymodule = kobject_create_and_add("mymodule", kernel_kobj); -45 if (!mymodule) -46 return -ENOMEM; +44 mymodule = kobject_create_and_add("mymodule", kernel_kobj); +45 if (!mymodule) +46 return -ENOMEM; 47 48 error = sysfs_create_file(mymodule, &myvariable_attribute.attr); -49 if (error) { +49 if (error) { 50 pr_info( -51 "failed to create the myvariable file " -52 "in /sys/kernel/mymodule\n"); +51 "failed to create the myvariable file " +52 "in /sys/kernel/mymodule\n"); 53 } 54 -55 return error; +55 return error; 56} 57 -58static void __exit mymodule_exit(void) +58static void __exit mymodule_exit(void) 59{ -60 pr_info("mymodule: Exit success\n"); +60 pr_info("mymodule: Exit success\n"); 61 kobject_put(mymodule); 62} 63 @@ -2191,7 +2193,7 @@ accessible via sysfs is given below.Set the value of myvariable and check that it changed.
-
1echo "32" > /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariable +1echo "32" > /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariable 2cat /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariableFinally, remove the test module:
@@ -2244,573 +2246,565 @@ get yours, you’ll know something is wrong. For more information, consult the k source tree at Documentation/ioctl-number.txt.
-
1/* -2 * chardev2.c - Create an input/output character device -3 */ +1/* +2 * chardev2.c - Create an input/output character device +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/cdev.h> -6#include <linux/delay.h> -7#include <linux/device.h> -8#include <linux/fs.h> -9#include <linux/init.h> -10#include <linux/irq.h> -11#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */ -12#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ -13#include <linux/poll.h> +5#include <linux/cdev.h> +6#include <linux/delay.h> +7#include <linux/device.h> +8#include <linux/fs.h> +9#include <linux/init.h> +10#include <linux/irq.h> +11#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ +12#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +13#include <linux/poll.h> 14 -15#include "chardev.h" -16#define SUCCESS 0 -17#define DEVICE_NAME "char_dev" -18#define BUF_LEN 80 +15#include "chardev.h" +16#define SUCCESS 0 +17#define DEVICE_NAME "char_dev" +18#define BUF_LEN 80 19 -20/* -21 * Is the device open right now? Used to prevent -22 * concurent access into the same device -23 */ -24static int Device_Open = 0; +20/* +21 * Is the device open right now? Used to prevent +22 * concurent access into the same device +23 */ +24static int Device_Open = 0; 25 -26/* -27 * The message the device will give when asked -28 */ -29static char Message[BUF_LEN]; +26/* +27 * The message the device will give when asked +28 */ +29static char Message[BUF_LEN]; 30 -31/* -32 * How far did the process reading the message get? -33 * Useful if the message is larger than the size of the -34 * buffer we get to fill in device_read. -35 */ -36static char *Message_Ptr; +31/* +32 * How far did the process reading the message get? +33 * Useful if the message is larger than the size of the +34 * buffer we get to fill in device_read. +35 */ +36static char *Message_Ptr; 37 -38static int Major; /* Major number assigned to our device driver */ -39static struct class *cls; +38static int Major; /* Major number assigned to our device driver */ +39static struct class *cls; 40 -41/* -42 * This is called whenever a process attempts to open the device file -43 */ -44static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +41/* +42 * This is called whenever a process attempts to open the device file +43 */ +44static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 45{ -46 pr_info("device_open(%p)\n", file); +46 pr_info("device_open(%p)\n", file); 47 -48 /* -49 * We don't want to talk to two processes at the same time -50 */ -51 if (Device_Open) -52 return -EBUSY; +48 /* +49 * We don't want to talk to two processes at the same time +50 */ +51 if (Device_Open) +52 return -EBUSY; 53 54 Device_Open++; -55 /* -56 * Initialize the message -57 */ +55 /* +56 * Initialize the message +57 */ 58 Message_Ptr = Message; 59 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); -60 return SUCCESS; +60 return SUCCESS; 61} 62 -63static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +63static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 64{ -65 pr_info("device_release(%p,%p)\n", inode, file); +65 pr_info("device_release(%p,%p)\n", inode, file); 66 -67 /* -68 * We're now ready for our next caller -69 */ +67 /* +68 * We're now ready for our next caller +69 */ 70 Device_Open--; 71 72 module_put(THIS_MODULE); -73 return SUCCESS; +73 return SUCCESS; 74} 75 -76/* -77 * This function is called whenever a process which has already opened the -78 * device file attempts to read from it. -79 */ -80static ssize_t device_read(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ -81 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to be -82 * filled with data */ -83 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ +76/* +77 * This function is called whenever a process which has already opened the +78 * device file attempts to read from it. +79 */ +80static ssize_t device_read(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ +81 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to be +82 * filled with data */ +83 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ 84 loff_t *offset) 85{ -86 /* -87 * Number of bytes actually written to the buffer -88 */ -89 int bytes_read = 0; +86 /* +87 * Number of bytes actually written to the buffer +88 */ +89 int bytes_read = 0; 90 -91 pr_info("device_read(%p,%p,%ld)\n", file, buffer, length); +91 pr_info("device_read(%p,%p,%ld)\n", file, buffer, length); 92 -93 /* -94 * If we're at the end of the message, return 0 -95 * (which signifies end of file) -96 */ -97 if (*Message_Ptr == 0) -98 return 0; +93 /* +94 * If we're at the end of the message, return 0 +95 * (which signifies end of file) +96 */ +97 if (*Message_Ptr == 0) +98 return 0; 99 -100 /* -101 * Actually put the data into the buffer -102 */ -103 while (length && *Message_Ptr) { -104 /* -105 * Because the buffer is in the user data segment, -106 * not the kernel data segment, assignment wouldn't -107 * work. Instead, we have to use put_user which -108 * copies data from the kernel data segment to the -109 * user data segment. -110 */ +100 /* +101 * Actually put the data into the buffer +102 */ +103 while (length && *Message_Ptr) { +104 /* +105 * Because the buffer is in the user data segment, +106 * not the kernel data segment, assignment wouldn't +107 * work. Instead, we have to use put_user which +108 * copies data from the kernel data segment to the +109 * user data segment. +110 */ 111 put_user(*(Message_Ptr++), buffer++); 112 length--; 113 bytes_read++; 114 } 115 -116 pr_info("Read %d bytes, %ld left\n", bytes_read, length); +116 pr_info("Read %d bytes, %ld left\n", bytes_read, length); 117 -118 /* -119 * Read functions are supposed to return the number -120 * of bytes actually inserted into the buffer -121 */ -122 return bytes_read; +118 /* +119 * Read functions are supposed to return the number +120 * of bytes actually inserted into the buffer +121 */ +122 return bytes_read; 123} 124 -125/* -126 * This function is called when somebody tries to -127 * write into our device file. -128 */ -129static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, -130 const char __user *buffer, -131 size_t length, +125/* +126 * This function is called when somebody tries to +127 * write into our device file. +128 */ +129static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, +130 const char __user *buffer, +131 size_t length, 132 loff_t *offset) 133{ -134 int i; +134 int i; 135 -136 pr_info("device_write(%p,%s,%ld)", file, buffer, length); +136 pr_info("device_write(%p,%s,%ld)", file, buffer, length); 137 -138 for (i = 0; i < length && i < BUF_LEN; i++) +138 for (i = 0; i < length && i < BUF_LEN; i++) 139 get_user(Message[i], buffer + i); 140 141 Message_Ptr = Message; 142 -143 /* -144 * Again, return the number of input characters used -145 */ -146 return i; +143 /* +144 * Again, return the number of input characters used +145 */ +146 return i; 147} 148 -149/* -150 * This function is called whenever a process tries to do an ioctl on our -151 * device file. We get two extra parameters (additional to the inode and file -152 * structures, which all device functions get): the number of the ioctl called -153 * and the parameter given to the ioctl function. -154 * -155 * If the ioctl is write or read/write (meaning output is returned to the -156 * calling process), the ioctl call returns the output of this function. -157 * -158 */ -159long device_ioctl(struct file *file, /* ditto */ -160 unsigned int ioctl_num, /* number and param for ioctl */ -161 unsigned long ioctl_param) +149/* +150 * This function is called whenever a process tries to do an ioctl on our +151 * device file. We get two extra parameters (additional to the inode and file +152 * structures, which all device functions get): the number of the ioctl called +153 * and the parameter given to the ioctl function. +154 * +155 * If the ioctl is write or read/write (meaning output is returned to the +156 * calling process), the ioctl call returns the output of this function. +157 * +158 */ +159long device_ioctl(struct file *file, /* ditto */ +160 unsigned int ioctl_num, /* number and param for ioctl */ +161 unsigned long ioctl_param) 162{ -163 int i; -164 char *temp; -165 char ch; +163 int i; +164 char *temp; +165 char ch; 166 -167 /* -168 * Switch according to the ioctl called -169 */ -170 switch (ioctl_num) { -171 case IOCTL_SET_MSG: -172 /* -173 * Receive a pointer to a message (in user space) and set that -174 * to be the device's message. Get the parameter given to -175 * ioctl by the process. -176 */ -177 temp = (char *) ioctl_param; +167 /* +168 * Switch according to the ioctl called +169 */ +170 switch (ioctl_num) { +171 case IOCTL_SET_MSG: +172 /* +173 * Receive a pointer to a message (in user space) and set that +174 * to be the device's message. Get the parameter given to +175 * ioctl by the process. +176 */ +177 temp = (char *) ioctl_param; 178 -179 /* -180 * Find the length of the message -181 */ +179 /* +180 * Find the length of the message +181 */ 182 get_user(ch, temp); -183 for (i = 0; ch && i < BUF_LEN; i++, temp++) +183 for (i = 0; ch && i < BUF_LEN; i++, temp++) 184 get_user(ch, temp); 185 -186 device_write(file, (char *) ioctl_param, i, 0); -187 break; +186 device_write(file, (char *) ioctl_param, i, 0); +187 break; 188 -189 case IOCTL_GET_MSG: -190 /* -191 * Give the current message to the calling process - -192 * the parameter we got is a pointer, fill it. -193 */ -194 i = device_read(file, (char *) ioctl_param, 99, 0); +189 case IOCTL_GET_MSG: +190 /* +191 * Give the current message to the calling process - +192 * the parameter we got is a pointer, fill it. +193 */ +194 i = device_read(file, (char *) ioctl_param, 99, 0); 195 -196 /* -197 * Put a zero at the end of the buffer, so it will be -198 * properly terminated -199 */ -200 put_user('\0', (char *) ioctl_param + i); -201 break; +196 /* +197 * Put a zero at the end of the buffer, so it will be +198 * properly terminated +199 */ +200 put_user('\0', (char *) ioctl_param + i); +201 break; 202 -203 case IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE: -204 /* -205 * This ioctl is both input (ioctl_param) and -206 * output (the return value of this function) -207 */ -208 return Message[ioctl_param]; -209 break; +203 case IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE: +204 /* +205 * This ioctl is both input (ioctl_param) and +206 * output (the return value of this function) +207 */ +208 return Message[ioctl_param]; +209 break; 210 } 211 -212 return SUCCESS; +212 return SUCCESS; 213} 214 -215/* Module Declarations */ +215/* Module Declarations */ 216 -217/* -218 * This structure will hold the functions to be called -219 * when a process does something to the device we -220 * created. Since a pointer to this structure is kept in -221 * the devices table, it can't be local to -222 * init_module. NULL is for unimplemented functions. -223 */ -224struct file_operations Fops = { +217/* +218 * This structure will hold the functions to be called +219 * when a process does something to the device we +220 * created. Since a pointer to this structure is kept in +221 * the devices table, it can't be local to +222 * init_module. NULL is for unimplemented functions. +223 */ +224struct file_operations Fops = { 225 .read = device_read, 226 .write = device_write, 227 .unlocked_ioctl = device_ioctl, 228 .open = device_open, -229 .release = device_release, /* a.k.a. close */ +229 .release = device_release, /* a.k.a. close */ 230}; 231 -232/* -233 * Initialize the module - Register the character device -234 */ -235int init_module() -236{ -237 int ret_val; -238 /* -239 * Register the character device (atleast try) -240 */ -241 ret_val = register_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME, &Fops); -242 -243 /* -244 * Negative values signify an error -245 */ -246 if (ret_val < 0) { -247 pr_alert("%s failed with %d\n", -248 "Sorry, registering the character device ", ret_val); -249 return ret_val; -250 } +232/* Initialize the module - Register the character device */ +233static int __init chardev2_init(void) +234{ +235 /* Register the character device (atleast try) */ +236 int ret_val = register_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME, &Fops); +237 +238 /* Negative values signify an error */ +239 if (ret_val < 0) { +240 pr_alert("%s failed with %d\n", +241 "Sorry, registering the character device ", ret_val); +242 return ret_val; +243 } +244 +245 Major = ret_val; +246 +247 cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_FILE_NAME); +248 device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(Major, MAJOR_NUM), NULL, DEVICE_FILE_NAME); +249 +250 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_FILE_NAME); 251 -252 Major = ret_val; -253 -254 cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_FILE_NAME); -255 device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(Major, MAJOR_NUM), NULL, DEVICE_FILE_NAME); -256 -257 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_FILE_NAME); -258 -259 return 0; -260} -261 -262/* -263 * Cleanup - unregister the appropriate file from /proc -264 */ -265void cleanup_module() -266{ -267 device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(Major, 0)); -268 class_destroy(cls); -269 -270 /* -271 * Unregister the device -272 */ -273 unregister_chrdev(Major, DEVICE_NAME); -274} -275 -276MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+252 return 0; +253} +254 +255/* Cleanup - unregister the appropriate file from /proc */ +256static void __exit chardev2_exit(void) +257{ +258 device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(Major, 0)); +259 class_destroy(cls); +260 +261 /* Unregister the device */ +262 unregister_chrdev(Major, DEVICE_NAME); +263} +264 +265module_init(chardev2_init); +266module_exit(chardev2_exit); +267 +268MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");-
1/* -2 * chardev.h - the header file with the ioctl definitions. -3 * -4 * The declarations here have to be in a header file, because -5 * they need to be known both to the kernel module -6 * (in chardev.c) and the process calling ioctl (ioctl.c) -7 */ -8 -9#ifndef CHARDEV_H -10#define CHARDEV_H -11 -12#include <linux/ioctl.h> -13 -14/* -15 * The major device number. We can't rely on dynamic -16 * registration any more, because ioctls need to know -17 * it. -18 */ -19#define MAJOR_NUM 100 -20 -21/* -22 * Set the message of the device driver -23 */ -24#define IOCTL_SET_MSG _IOW(MAJOR_NUM, 0, char *) -25/* -26 * _IOW means that we're creating an ioctl command -27 * number for passing information from a user process -28 * to the kernel module. -29 * -30 * The first arguments, MAJOR_NUM, is the major device -31 * number we're using. -32 * -33 * The second argument is the number of the command -34 * (there could be several with different meanings). -35 * -36 * The third argument is the type we want to get from -37 * the process to the kernel. -38 */ -39 -40/* -41 * Get the message of the device driver -42 */ -43#define IOCTL_GET_MSG _IOR(MAJOR_NUM, 1, char *) -44/* -45 * This IOCTL is used for output, to get the message -46 * of the device driver. However, we still need the -47 * buffer to place the message in to be input, -48 * as it is allocated by the process. -49 */ -50 -51/* -52 * Get the n'th byte of the message -53 */ -54#define IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE _IOWR(MAJOR_NUM, 2, int) -55/* -56 * The IOCTL is used for both input and output. It -57 * receives from the user a number, n, and returns -58 * Message[n]. -59 */ -60 -61/* -62 * The name of the device file -63 */ -64#define DEVICE_FILE_NAME "char_dev" -65 -66#endif+1/* +2 * chardev.h - the header file with the ioctl definitions. +3 * +4 * The declarations here have to be in a header file, because +5 * they need to be known both to the kernel module +6 * (in chardev.c) and the process calling ioctl (ioctl.c) +7 */ +8 +9#ifndef CHARDEV_H +10#define CHARDEV_H +11 +12#include <linux/ioctl.h> +13 +14/* +15 * The major device number. We can't rely on dynamic +16 * registration any more, because ioctls need to know +17 * it. +18 */ +19#define MAJOR_NUM 100 +20 +21/* +22 * Set the message of the device driver +23 */ +24#define IOCTL_SET_MSG _IOW(MAJOR_NUM, 0, char *) +25/* +26 * _IOW means that we're creating an ioctl command +27 * number for passing information from a user process +28 * to the kernel module. +29 * +30 * The first arguments, MAJOR_NUM, is the major device +31 * number we're using. +32 * +33 * The second argument is the number of the command +34 * (there could be several with different meanings). +35 * +36 * The third argument is the type we want to get from +37 * the process to the kernel. +38 */ +39 +40/* +41 * Get the message of the device driver +42 */ +43#define IOCTL_GET_MSG _IOR(MAJOR_NUM, 1, char *) +44/* +45 * This IOCTL is used for output, to get the message +46 * of the device driver. However, we still need the +47 * buffer to place the message in to be input, +48 * as it is allocated by the process. +49 */ +50 +51/* +52 * Get the n'th byte of the message +53 */ +54#define IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE _IOWR(MAJOR_NUM, 2, int) +55/* +56 * The IOCTL is used for both input and output. It +57 * receives from the user a number, n, and returns +58 * Message[n]. +59 */ +60 +61/* +62 * The name of the device file +63 */ +64#define DEVICE_FILE_NAME "char_dev" +65 +66#endif-
1/* -2 * ioctl.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/cdev.h> -5#include <linux/fs.h> -6#include <linux/init.h> -7#include <linux/ioctl.h> -8#include <linux/module.h> -9#include <linux/slab.h> -10#include <linux/uaccess.h> -11 -12struct ioctl_arg { -13 unsigned int reg; -14 unsigned int val; -15}; -16 -17/* Documentation/ioctl/ioctl-number.txt */ -18#define IOC_MAGIC '\x66' -19 -20#define IOCTL_VALSET _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 0, struct ioctl_arg) -21#define IOCTL_VALGET _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 1, struct ioctl_arg) -22#define IOCTL_VALGET_NUM _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 2, int) -23#define IOCTL_VALSET_NUM _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 3, int) -24 -25#define IOCTL_VAL_MAXNR 3 -26#define DRIVER_NAME "ioctltest" -27 -28static unsigned int test_ioctl_major = 0; -29static unsigned int num_of_dev = 1; -30static struct cdev test_ioctl_cdev; -31static int ioctl_num = 0; -32 -33struct test_ioctl_data { -34 unsigned char val; -35 rwlock_t lock; -36}; -37 -38static long test_ioctl_ioctl(struct file *filp, -39 unsigned int cmd, -40 unsigned long arg) -41{ -42 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data; -43 int retval = 0; -44 unsigned char val; -45 struct ioctl_arg data; -46 memset(&data, 0, sizeof(data)); -47 -48 switch (cmd) { -49 case IOCTL_VALSET: -50 -51 /* -52 if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) { -53 retval = -EPERM; -54 goto done; -55 } -56 if (!access_ok(VERIFY_READ, (void __user *)arg, _IOC_SIZE(cmd))) { -57 retval = -EFAULT; -58 goto done; -59 } -60 */ -61 if (copy_from_user(&data, (int __user *) arg, sizeof(data))) { -62 retval = -EFAULT; -63 goto done; -64 } -65 -66 pr_alert("IOCTL set val:%x .\n", data.val); -67 write_lock(&ioctl_data->lock); -68 ioctl_data->val = data.val; -69 write_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock); -70 break; -71 -72 case IOCTL_VALGET: -73 /* -74 if (!access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, (void __user *)arg, _IOC_SIZE(cmd))) { -75 retval = -EFAULT; -76 goto done; -77 } -78 */ -79 read_lock(&ioctl_data->lock); -80 val = ioctl_data->val; -81 read_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock); -82 data.val = val; -83 -84 if (copy_to_user((int __user *) arg, &data, sizeof(data))) { -85 retval = -EFAULT; -86 goto done; -87 } -88 -89 break; -90 -91 case IOCTL_VALGET_NUM: -92 retval = __put_user(ioctl_num, (int __user *) arg); -93 break; -94 -95 case IOCTL_VALSET_NUM: -96 /* -97 if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) -98 return -EPERM; -99 */ -100 ioctl_num = arg; -101 break; -102 -103 default: -104 retval = -ENOTTY; -105 } -106 -107done: -108 return retval; -109} -110 -111ssize_t test_ioctl_read(struct file *filp, -112 char __user *buf, -113 size_t count, -114 loff_t *f_pos) -115{ -116 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data; -117 unsigned char val; -118 int retval; -119 int i = 0; -120 read_lock(&ioctl_data->lock); -121 val = ioctl_data->val; -122 read_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock); -123 -124 for (; i < count; i++) { -125 if (copy_to_user(&buf[i], &val, 1)) { -126 retval = -EFAULT; -127 goto out; -128 } -129 } -130 -131 retval = count; -132out: -133 return retval; -134} -135 -136static int test_ioctl_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) -137{ -138 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__); -139 -140 if (filp->private_data) { -141 kfree(filp->private_data); -142 filp->private_data = NULL; -143 } -144 -145 return 0; -146} -147 -148static int test_ioctl_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) -149{ -150 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data; -151 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__); -152 ioctl_data = kmalloc(sizeof(struct test_ioctl_data), GFP_KERNEL); -153 -154 if (ioctl_data == NULL) { -155 return -ENOMEM; -156 } -157 -158 rwlock_init(&ioctl_data->lock); -159 ioctl_data->val = 0xFF; -160 filp->private_data = ioctl_data; -161 return 0; -162} -163 -164struct file_operations fops = { -165 .owner = THIS_MODULE, -166 .open = test_ioctl_open, -167 .release = test_ioctl_close, -168 .read = test_ioctl_read, -169 .unlocked_ioctl = test_ioctl_ioctl, -170}; -171 -172static int ioctl_init(void) -173{ -174 dev_t dev = MKDEV(test_ioctl_major, 0); -175 int alloc_ret = 0; -176 int cdev_ret = 0; -177 alloc_ret = alloc_chrdev_region(&dev, 0, num_of_dev, DRIVER_NAME); -178 -179 if (alloc_ret) { -180 goto error; -181 } -182 -183 test_ioctl_major = MAJOR(dev); -184 cdev_init(&test_ioctl_cdev, &fops); -185 cdev_ret = cdev_add(&test_ioctl_cdev, dev, num_of_dev); -186 -187 if (cdev_ret) { -188 goto error; -189 } -190 -191 pr_alert("%s driver(major: %d) installed.\n", DRIVER_NAME, -192 test_ioctl_major); -193 return 0; -194error: -195 -196 if (cdev_ret == 0) { -197 cdev_del(&test_ioctl_cdev); -198 } -199 -200 if (alloc_ret == 0) { -201 unregister_chrdev_region(dev, num_of_dev); -202 } -203 -204 return -1; -205} -206 -207static void ioctl_exit(void) -208{ -209 dev_t dev = MKDEV(test_ioctl_major, 0); -210 cdev_del(&test_ioctl_cdev); -211 unregister_chrdev_region(dev, num_of_dev); -212 pr_alert("%s driver removed.\n", DRIVER_NAME); -213} -214 -215module_init(ioctl_init); -216module_exit(ioctl_exit); -217 -218MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -219MODULE_DESCRIPTION("This is test_ioctl module");+1/* +2 * ioctl.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/cdev.h> +5#include <linux/fs.h> +6#include <linux/init.h> +7#include <linux/ioctl.h> +8#include <linux/module.h> +9#include <linux/slab.h> +10#include <linux/uaccess.h> +11 +12struct ioctl_arg { +13 unsigned int reg; +14 unsigned int val; +15}; +16 +17/* Documentation/ioctl/ioctl-number.txt */ +18#define IOC_MAGIC '\x66' +19 +20#define IOCTL_VALSET _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 0, struct ioctl_arg) +21#define IOCTL_VALGET _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 1, struct ioctl_arg) +22#define IOCTL_VALGET_NUM _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 2, int) +23#define IOCTL_VALSET_NUM _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 3, int) +24 +25#define IOCTL_VAL_MAXNR 3 +26#define DRIVER_NAME "ioctltest" +27 +28static unsigned int test_ioctl_major = 0; +29static unsigned int num_of_dev = 1; +30static struct cdev test_ioctl_cdev; +31static int ioctl_num = 0; +32 +33struct test_ioctl_data { +34 unsigned char val; +35 rwlock_t lock; +36}; +37 +38static long test_ioctl_ioctl(struct file *filp, +39 unsigned int cmd, +40 unsigned long arg) +41{ +42 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data; +43 int retval = 0; +44 unsigned char val; +45 struct ioctl_arg data; +46 memset(&data, 0, sizeof(data)); +47 +48 switch (cmd) { +49 case IOCTL_VALSET: +50 +51 /* +52 if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) { +53 retval = -EPERM; +54 goto done; +55 } +56 if (!access_ok(VERIFY_READ, (void __user *)arg, _IOC_SIZE(cmd))) { +57 retval = -EFAULT; +58 goto done; +59 } +60 */ +61 if (copy_from_user(&data, (int __user *) arg, sizeof(data))) { +62 retval = -EFAULT; +63 goto done; +64 } +65 +66 pr_alert("IOCTL set val:%x .\n", data.val); +67 write_lock(&ioctl_data->lock); +68 ioctl_data->val = data.val; +69 write_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock); +70 break; +71 +72 case IOCTL_VALGET: +73 /* +74 if (!access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, (void __user *)arg, _IOC_SIZE(cmd))) { +75 retval = -EFAULT; +76 goto done; +77 } +78 */ +79 read_lock(&ioctl_data->lock); +80 val = ioctl_data->val; +81 read_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock); +82 data.val = val; +83 +84 if (copy_to_user((int __user *) arg, &data, sizeof(data))) { +85 retval = -EFAULT; +86 goto done; +87 } +88 +89 break; +90 +91 case IOCTL_VALGET_NUM: +92 retval = __put_user(ioctl_num, (int __user *) arg); +93 break; +94 +95 case IOCTL_VALSET_NUM: +96 /* +97 if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) +98 return -EPERM; +99 */ +100 ioctl_num = arg; +101 break; +102 +103 default: +104 retval = -ENOTTY; +105 } +106 +107done: +108 return retval; +109} +110 +111ssize_t test_ioctl_read(struct file *filp, +112 char __user *buf, +113 size_t count, +114 loff_t *f_pos) +115{ +116 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data; +117 unsigned char val; +118 int retval; +119 int i = 0; +120 read_lock(&ioctl_data->lock); +121 val = ioctl_data->val; +122 read_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock); +123 +124 for (; i < count; i++) { +125 if (copy_to_user(&buf[i], &val, 1)) { +126 retval = -EFAULT; +127 goto out; +128 } +129 } +130 +131 retval = count; +132out: +133 return retval; +134} +135 +136static int test_ioctl_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) +137{ +138 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__); +139 +140 if (filp->private_data) { +141 kfree(filp->private_data); +142 filp->private_data = NULL; +143 } +144 +145 return 0; +146} +147 +148static int test_ioctl_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) +149{ +150 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data; +151 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__); +152 ioctl_data = kmalloc(sizeof(struct test_ioctl_data), GFP_KERNEL); +153 +154 if (ioctl_data == NULL) { +155 return -ENOMEM; +156 } +157 +158 rwlock_init(&ioctl_data->lock); +159 ioctl_data->val = 0xFF; +160 filp->private_data = ioctl_data; +161 return 0; +162} +163 +164struct file_operations fops = { +165 .owner = THIS_MODULE, +166 .open = test_ioctl_open, +167 .release = test_ioctl_close, +168 .read = test_ioctl_read, +169 .unlocked_ioctl = test_ioctl_ioctl, +170}; +171 +172static int ioctl_init(void) +173{ +174 dev_t dev = MKDEV(test_ioctl_major, 0); +175 int alloc_ret = 0; +176 int cdev_ret = 0; +177 alloc_ret = alloc_chrdev_region(&dev, 0, num_of_dev, DRIVER_NAME); +178 +179 if (alloc_ret) { +180 goto error; +181 } +182 +183 test_ioctl_major = MAJOR(dev); +184 cdev_init(&test_ioctl_cdev, &fops); +185 cdev_ret = cdev_add(&test_ioctl_cdev, dev, num_of_dev); +186 +187 if (cdev_ret) { +188 goto error; +189 } +190 +191 pr_alert("%s driver(major: %d) installed.\n", DRIVER_NAME, +192 test_ioctl_major); +193 return 0; +194error: +195 +196 if (cdev_ret == 0) { +197 cdev_del(&test_ioctl_cdev); +198 } +199 +200 if (alloc_ret == 0) { +201 unregister_chrdev_region(dev, num_of_dev); +202 } +203 +204 return -1; +205} +206 +207static void ioctl_exit(void) +208{ +209 dev_t dev = MKDEV(test_ioctl_major, 0); +210 cdev_del(&test_ioctl_cdev); +211 unregister_chrdev_region(dev, num_of_dev); +212 pr_alert("%s driver removed.\n", DRIVER_NAME); +213} +214 +215module_init(ioctl_init); +216module_exit(ioctl_exit); +217 +218MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +219MODULE_DESCRIPTION("This is test_ioctl module");
0.10 System Calls
@@ -2913,151 +2907,151 @@ Depending on your kernel version, you might even need to hand apply the patch.-
1/* -2 * syscall.c -3 * -4 * System call "stealing" sample. -5 * -6 * Disables page protection at a processor level by -7 * changing the 16th bit in the cr0 register (could be Intel specific) -8 * -9 * Based on example by Peter Jay Salzman and -10 * https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=139406 -11 */ +1/* +2 * syscall.c +3 * +4 * System call "stealing" sample. +5 * +6 * Disables page protection at a processor level by +7 * changing the 16th bit in the cr0 register (could be Intel specific) +8 * +9 * Based on example by Peter Jay Salzman and +10 * https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=139406 +11 */ 12 -13#include <linux/delay.h> -14#include <linux/kernel.h> -15#include <linux/module.h> -16#include <linux/moduleparam.h> /* which will have params */ -17#include <linux/syscalls.h> -18#include <linux/unistd.h> /* The list of system calls */ +13#include <linux/delay.h> +14#include <linux/kernel.h> +15#include <linux/module.h> +16#include <linux/moduleparam.h> /* which will have params */ +17#include <linux/syscalls.h> +18#include <linux/unistd.h> /* The list of system calls */ 19 -20/* -21 * For the current (process) structure, we need -22 * this to know who the current user is. -23 */ -24#include <linux/sched.h> -25#include <linux/uaccess.h> +20/* +21 * For the current (process) structure, we need +22 * this to know who the current user is. +23 */ +24#include <linux/sched.h> +25#include <linux/uaccess.h> 26 -27unsigned long **sys_call_table; -28unsigned long original_cr0; +27unsigned long **sys_call_table; +28unsigned long original_cr0; 29 -30/* -31 * UID we want to spy on - will be filled from the -32 * command line -33 */ -34static int uid; -35module_param(uid, int, 0644); +30/* +31 * UID we want to spy on - will be filled from the +32 * command line +33 */ +34static int uid; +35module_param(uid, int, 0644); 36 -37/* -38 * A pointer to the original system call. The reason -39 * we keep this, rather than call the original function -40 * (sys_open), is because somebody else might have -41 * replaced the system call before us. Note that this -42 * is not 100% safe, because if another module -43 * replaced sys_open before us, then when we're inserted -44 * we'll call the function in that module - and it -45 * might be removed before we are. -46 * -47 * Another reason for this is that we can't get sys_open. -48 * It's a static variable, so it is not exported. -49 */ -50asmlinkage int (*original_call)(const char *, int, int); +37/* +38 * A pointer to the original system call. The reason +39 * we keep this, rather than call the original function +40 * (sys_open), is because somebody else might have +41 * replaced the system call before us. Note that this +42 * is not 100% safe, because if another module +43 * replaced sys_open before us, then when we're inserted +44 * we'll call the function in that module - and it +45 * might be removed before we are. +46 * +47 * Another reason for this is that we can't get sys_open. +48 * It's a static variable, so it is not exported. +49 */ +50asmlinkage int (*original_call)(const char *, int, int); 51 -52/* -53 * The function we'll replace sys_open (the function -54 * called when you call the open system call) with. To -55 * find the exact prototype, with the number and type -56 * of arguments, we find the original function first -57 * (it's at fs/open.c). -58 * -59 * In theory, this means that we're tied to the -60 * current version of the kernel. In practice, the -61 * system calls almost never change (it would wreck havoc -62 * and require programs to be recompiled, since the system -63 * calls are the interface between the kernel and the -64 * processes). -65 */ -66asmlinkage int our_sys_open(const char *filename, int flags, int mode) +52/* +53 * The function we'll replace sys_open (the function +54 * called when you call the open system call) with. To +55 * find the exact prototype, with the number and type +56 * of arguments, we find the original function first +57 * (it's at fs/open.c). +58 * +59 * In theory, this means that we're tied to the +60 * current version of the kernel. In practice, the +61 * system calls almost never change (it would wreck havoc +62 * and require programs to be recompiled, since the system +63 * calls are the interface between the kernel and the +64 * processes). +65 */ +66asmlinkage int our_sys_open(const char *filename, int flags, int mode) 67{ -68 int i = 0; -69 char ch; +68 int i = 0; +69 char ch; 70 -71 /* -72 * Report the file, if relevant -73 */ -74 pr_info("Opened file by %d: ", uid); -75 do { +71 /* +72 * Report the file, if relevant +73 */ +74 pr_info("Opened file by %d: ", uid); +75 do { 76 get_user(ch, filename + i); 77 i++; -78 pr_info("%c", ch); -79 } while (ch != 0); -80 pr_info("\n"); +78 pr_info("%c", ch); +79 } while (ch != 0); +80 pr_info("\n"); 81 -82 /* -83 * Call the original sys_open - otherwise, we lose -84 * the ability to open files -85 */ -86 return original_call(filename, flags, mode); +82 /* +83 * Call the original sys_open - otherwise, we lose +84 * the ability to open files +85 */ +86 return original_call(filename, flags, mode); 87} 88 -89static unsigned long **aquire_sys_call_table(void) +89static unsigned long **aquire_sys_call_table(void) 90{ -91 unsigned long int offset = PAGE_OFFSET; -92 unsigned long **sct; +91 unsigned long int offset = PAGE_OFFSET; +92 unsigned long **sct; 93 -94 while (offset < ULLONG_MAX) { -95 sct = (unsigned long **) offset; +94 while (offset < ULLONG_MAX) { +95 sct = (unsigned long **) offset; 96 -97 if (sct[__NR_close] == (unsigned long *) ksys_close) -98 return sct; +97 if (sct[__NR_close] == (unsigned long *) ksys_close) +98 return sct; 99 -100 offset += sizeof(void *); +100 offset += sizeof(void *); 101 } 102 -103 return NULL; +103 return NULL; 104} 105 -106static int __init syscall_start(void) +106static int __init syscall_start(void) 107{ -108 if (!(sys_call_table = aquire_sys_call_table())) -109 return -1; +108 if (!(sys_call_table = aquire_sys_call_table())) +109 return -1; 110 111 original_cr0 = read_cr0(); 112 113 write_cr0(original_cr0 & ~0x00010000); 114 -115 /* keep track of the original open function */ -116 original_call = (void *) sys_call_table[__NR_open]; +115 /* keep track of the original open function */ +116 original_call = (void *) sys_call_table[__NR_open]; 117 -118 /* use our open function instead */ -119 sys_call_table[__NR_open] = (unsigned long *) our_sys_open; +118 /* use our open function instead */ +119 sys_call_table[__NR_open] = (unsigned long *) our_sys_open; 120 121 write_cr0(original_cr0); 122 -123 pr_info("Spying on UID:%d\n", uid); +123 pr_info("Spying on UID:%d\n", uid); 124 -125 return 0; +125 return 0; 126} 127 -128static void __exit syscall_end(void) +128static void __exit syscall_end(void) 129{ -130 if (!sys_call_table) { -131 return; +130 if (!sys_call_table) { +131 return; 132 } 133 -134 /* -135 * Return the system call back to normal -136 */ -137 if (sys_call_table[__NR_open] != (unsigned long *) our_sys_open) { -138 pr_alert("Somebody else also played with the "); -139 pr_alert("open system call\n"); -140 pr_alert("The system may be left in "); -141 pr_alert("an unstable state.\n"); +134 /* +135 * Return the system call back to normal +136 */ +137 if (sys_call_table[__NR_open] != (unsigned long *) our_sys_open) { +138 pr_alert("Somebody else also played with the "); +139 pr_alert("open system call\n"); +140 pr_alert("The system may be left in "); +141 pr_alert("an unstable state.\n"); 142 } 143 144 write_cr0(original_cr0 & ~0x00010000); -145 sys_call_table[__NR_open] = (unsigned long *) original_call; +145 sys_call_table[__NR_open] = (unsigned long *) original_call; 146 write_cr0(original_cr0); 147 148 msleep(2000); @@ -3066,7 +3060,7 @@ patch. 151module_init(syscall_start); 152module_exit(syscall_end); 153 -154MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+154MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
0.11 Blocking Processes and threads
@@ -3166,348 +3160,343 @@ $
-
1/* -2 * sleep.c - create a /proc file, and if several processes try to open it at -3 * the same time, put all but one to sleep -4 */ +1/* +2 * sleep.c - create a /proc file, and if several processes try to open it at +3 * the same time, put all but one to sleep +4 */ 5 -6#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */ -7#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ -8#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */ -9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For putting processes to sleep and -10 waking them up */ -11#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ -12#include <linux/version.h> +6#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */ +7#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +8#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */ +9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For putting processes to sleep and +10 waking them up */ +11#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ +12#include <linux/version.h> 13 -14#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -15#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -16#endif +14#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +15#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +16#endif 17 -18/* -19 * The module's file functions -20 */ +18/* +19 * The module's file functions +20 */ 21 -22/* -23 * Here we keep the last message received, to prove that we can process our -24 * input -25 */ -26#define MESSAGE_LENGTH 80 -27static char Message[MESSAGE_LENGTH]; +22/* +23 * Here we keep the last message received, to prove that we can process our +24 * input +25 */ +26#define MESSAGE_LENGTH 80 +27static char Message[MESSAGE_LENGTH]; 28 -29static struct proc_dir_entry *Our_Proc_File; -30#define PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME "sleep" +29static struct proc_dir_entry *Our_Proc_File; +30#define PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME "sleep" 31 -32/* -33 * Since we use the file operations struct, we can't use the special proc -34 * output provisions - we have to use a standard read function, which is this -35 * function -36 */ -37static ssize_t module_output(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ -38 char *buf, /* The buffer to put data to -39 (in the user segment) */ -40 size_t len, /* The length of the buffer */ +32/* +33 * Since we use the file operations struct, we can't use the special proc +34 * output provisions - we have to use a standard read function, which is this +35 * function +36 */ +37static ssize_t module_output(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ +38 char *buf, /* The buffer to put data to +39 (in the user segment) */ +40 size_t len, /* The length of the buffer */ 41 loff_t *offset) 42{ -43 static int finished = 0; -44 int i; -45 char message[MESSAGE_LENGTH + 30]; +43 static int finished = 0; +44 int i; +45 char message[MESSAGE_LENGTH + 30]; 46 -47 /* -48 * Return 0 to signify end of file - that we have nothing -49 * more to say at this point. -50 */ -51 if (finished) { +47 /* +48 * Return 0 to signify end of file - that we have nothing +49 * more to say at this point. +50 */ +51 if (finished) { 52 finished = 0; -53 return 0; +53 return 0; 54 } 55 -56 /* -57 * If you don't understand this by now, you're hopeless as a kernel -58 * programmer. -59 */ -60 sprintf(message, "Last input:%s\n", Message); -61 for (i = 0; i < len && message[i]; i++) +56 /* +57 * If you don't understand this by now, you're hopeless as a kernel +58 * programmer. +59 */ +60 sprintf(message, "Last input:%s\n", Message); +61 for (i = 0; i < len && message[i]; i++) 62 put_user(message[i], buf + i); 63 64 finished = 1; -65 return i; /* Return the number of bytes "read" */ +65 return i; /* Return the number of bytes "read" */ 66} 67 -68/* -69 * This function receives input from the user when the user writes to the /proc -70 * file. -71 */ -72static ssize_t module_input(struct file *file, /* The file itself */ -73 const char *buf, /* The buffer with input */ -74 size_t length, /* The buffer's length */ -75 loff_t *offset) /* offset to file - ignore */ +68/* +69 * This function receives input from the user when the user writes to the /proc +70 * file. +71 */ +72static ssize_t module_input(struct file *file, /* The file itself */ +73 const char *buf, /* The buffer with input */ +74 size_t length, /* The buffer's length */ +75 loff_t *offset) /* offset to file - ignore */ 76{ -77 int i; +77 int i; 78 -79 /* -80 * Put the input into Message, where module_output will later be -81 * able to use it -82 */ -83 for (i = 0; i < MESSAGE_LENGTH - 1 && i < length; i++) +79 /* +80 * Put the input into Message, where module_output will later be +81 * able to use it +82 */ +83 for (i = 0; i < MESSAGE_LENGTH - 1 && i < length; i++) 84 get_user(Message[i], buf + i); -85 /* -86 * we want a standard, zero terminated string -87 */ -88 Message[i] = '\0'; +85 /* +86 * we want a standard, zero terminated string +87 */ +88 Message[i] = '\0'; 89 -90 /* -91 * We need to return the number of input characters used -92 */ -93 return i; +90 /* +91 * We need to return the number of input characters used +92 */ +93 return i; 94} 95 -96/* -97 * 1 if the file is currently open by somebody -98 */ -99int Already_Open = 0; +96/* +97 * 1 if the file is currently open by somebody +98 */ +99int Already_Open = 0; 100 -101/* -102 * Queue of processes who want our file -103 */ +101/* +102 * Queue of processes who want our file +103 */ 104DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(WaitQ); -105/* -106 * Called when the /proc file is opened -107 */ -108static int module_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +105/* +106 * Called when the /proc file is opened +107 */ +108static int module_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 109{ -110 /* -111 * If the file's flags include O_NONBLOCK, it means the process doesn't -112 * want to wait for the file. In this case, if the file is already -113 * open, we should fail with -EAGAIN, meaning "you'll have to try -114 * again", instead of blocking a process which would rather stay awake. -115 */ -116 if ((file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) && Already_Open) -117 return -EAGAIN; +110 /* +111 * If the file's flags include O_NONBLOCK, it means the process doesn't +112 * want to wait for the file. In this case, if the file is already +113 * open, we should fail with -EAGAIN, meaning "you'll have to try +114 * again", instead of blocking a process which would rather stay awake. +115 */ +116 if ((file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) && Already_Open) +117 return -EAGAIN; 118 -119 /* -120 * This is the correct place for try_module_get(THIS_MODULE) because -121 * if a process is in the loop, which is within the kernel module, -122 * the kernel module must not be removed. -123 */ +119 /* +120 * This is the correct place for try_module_get(THIS_MODULE) because +121 * if a process is in the loop, which is within the kernel module, +122 * the kernel module must not be removed. +123 */ 124 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); 125 -126 /* -127 * If the file is already open, wait until it isn't -128 */ +126 /* +127 * If the file is already open, wait until it isn't +128 */ 129 -130 while (Already_Open) { -131 int i, is_sig = 0; +130 while (Already_Open) { +131 int i, is_sig = 0; 132 -133 /* -134 * This function puts the current process, including any system -135 * calls, such as us, to sleep. Execution will be resumed right -136 * after the function call, either because somebody called -137 * wake_up(&WaitQ) (only module_close does that, when the file -138 * is closed) or when a signal, such as Ctrl-C, is sent -139 * to the process -140 */ +133 /* +134 * This function puts the current process, including any system +135 * calls, such as us, to sleep. Execution will be resumed right +136 * after the function call, either because somebody called +137 * wake_up(&WaitQ) (only module_close does that, when the file +138 * is closed) or when a signal, such as Ctrl-C, is sent +139 * to the process +140 */ 141 wait_event_interruptible(WaitQ, !Already_Open); 142 -143 /* -144 * If we woke up because we got a signal we're not blocking, -145 * return -EINTR (fail the system call). This allows processes -146 * to be killed or stopped. -147 */ +143 /* +144 * If we woke up because we got a signal we're not blocking, +145 * return -EINTR (fail the system call). This allows processes +146 * to be killed or stopped. +147 */ 148 -149 /* -150 * Emmanuel Papirakis: -151 * -152 * This is a little update to work with 2.2.*. Signals now are -153 * contained in two words (64 bits) and are stored in a structure that -154 * contains an array of two unsigned longs. We now have to make 2 -155 * checks in our if. -156 * -157 * Ori Pomerantz: -158 * -159 * Nobody promised me they'll never use more than 64 bits, or that this -160 * book won't be used for a version of Linux with a word size of 16 -161 * bits. This code would work in any case. -162 */ -163 for (i = 0; i < _NSIG_WORDS && !is_sig; i++) +149 /* +150 * Emmanuel Papirakis: +151 * +152 * This is a little update to work with 2.2.*. Signals now are +153 * contained in two words (64 bits) and are stored in a structure that +154 * contains an array of two unsigned longs. We now have to make 2 +155 * checks in our if. +156 * +157 * Ori Pomerantz: +158 * +159 * Nobody promised me they'll never use more than 64 bits, or that this +160 * book won't be used for a version of Linux with a word size of 16 +161 * bits. This code would work in any case. +162 */ +163 for (i = 0; i < _NSIG_WORDS && !is_sig; i++) 164 is_sig = current->pending.signal.sig[i] & ~current->blocked.sig[i]; 165 -166 if (is_sig) { -167 /* -168 * It's important to put module_put(THIS_MODULE) here, -169 * because for processes where the open is interrupted -170 * there will never be a corresponding close. If we -171 * don't decrement the usage count here, we will be -172 * left with a positive usage count which we'll have no -173 * way to bring down to zero, giving us an immortal -174 * module, which can only be killed by rebooting -175 * the machine. -176 */ +166 if (is_sig) { +167 /* +168 * It's important to put module_put(THIS_MODULE) here, +169 * because for processes where the open is interrupted +170 * there will never be a corresponding close. If we +171 * don't decrement the usage count here, we will be +172 * left with a positive usage count which we'll have no +173 * way to bring down to zero, giving us an immortal +174 * module, which can only be killed by rebooting +175 * the machine. +176 */ 177 module_put(THIS_MODULE); -178 return -EINTR; +178 return -EINTR; 179 } 180 } 181 -182 /* -183 * If we got here, Already_Open must be zero -184 */ +182 /* +183 * If we got here, Already_Open must be zero +184 */ 185 -186 /* -187 * Open the file -188 */ +186 /* +187 * Open the file +188 */ 189 Already_Open = 1; -190 return 0; /* Allow the access */ +190 return 0; /* Allow the access */ 191} 192 -193/* -194 * Called when the /proc file is closed -195 */ -196int module_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +193/* +194 * Called when the /proc file is closed +195 */ +196int module_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 197{ -198 /* -199 * Set Already_Open to zero, so one of the processes in the WaitQ will -200 * be able to set Already_Open back to one and to open the file. All -201 * the other processes will be called when Already_Open is back to one, -202 * so they'll go back to sleep. -203 */ +198 /* +199 * Set Already_Open to zero, so one of the processes in the WaitQ will +200 * be able to set Already_Open back to one and to open the file. All +201 * the other processes will be called when Already_Open is back to one, +202 * so they'll go back to sleep. +203 */ 204 Already_Open = 0; 205 -206 /* -207 * Wake up all the processes in WaitQ, so if anybody is waiting for the -208 * file, they can have it. -209 */ +206 /* +207 * Wake up all the processes in WaitQ, so if anybody is waiting for the +208 * file, they can have it. +209 */ 210 wake_up(&WaitQ); 211 212 module_put(THIS_MODULE); 213 -214 return 0; /* success */ +214 return 0; /* success */ 215} 216 -217/* -218 * Structures to register as the /proc file, with pointers to all the relevant -219 * functions. -220 */ +217/* +218 * Structures to register as the /proc file, with pointers to all the relevant +219 * functions. +220 */ 221 -222/* -223 * File operations for our proc file. This is where we place pointers to all -224 * the functions called when somebody tries to do something to our file. NULL -225 * means we don't want to deal with something. -226 */ -227#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -228static const struct proc_ops File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File = { -229 .proc_read = module_output, /* "read" from the file */ -230 .proc_write = module_input, /* "write" to the file */ -231 .proc_open = module_open, /* called when the /proc file is opened */ -232 .proc_release = module_close, /* called when it's closed */ +222/* +223 * File operations for our proc file. This is where we place pointers to all +224 * the functions called when somebody tries to do something to our file. NULL +225 * means we don't want to deal with something. +226 */ +227#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +228static const struct proc_ops File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File = { +229 .proc_read = module_output, /* "read" from the file */ +230 .proc_write = module_input, /* "write" to the file */ +231 .proc_open = module_open, /* called when the /proc file is opened */ +232 .proc_release = module_close, /* called when it's closed */ 233}; -234#else -235static const struct file_operations File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File = { +234#else +235static const struct file_operations File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File = { 236 .read = module_output, 237 .write = module_input, 238 .open = module_open, 239 .release = module_close, 240}; -241#endif +241#endif 242 -243/* -244 * Module initialization and cleanup -245 */ -246 -247/* -248 * Initialize the module - register the proc file -249 */ -250 -251int init_module() -252{ -253 Our_Proc_File = -254 proc_create(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, 0644, NULL, &File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File); -255 if (Our_Proc_File == NULL) { -256 remove_proc_entry(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL); -257 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); -258 return -ENOMEM; -259 } -260 proc_set_size(Our_Proc_File, 80); -261 proc_set_user(Our_Proc_File, GLOBAL_ROOT_UID, GLOBAL_ROOT_GID); -262 -263 pr_info("/proc/test created\n"); -264 -265 return 0; -266} -267 -268/* -269 * Cleanup - unregister our file from /proc. This could get dangerous if -270 * there are still processes waiting in WaitQ, because they are inside our -271 * open function, which will get unloaded. I'll explain how to avoid removal -272 * of a kernel module in such a case in chapter 10. -273 */ -274void cleanup_module() -275{ -276 remove_proc_entry(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL); -277 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); -278} -279 -280MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+243/* Initialize the module - register the proc file */ +244static int __init sleep_init(void) +245{ +246 Our_Proc_File = +247 proc_create(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, 0644, NULL, &File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File); +248 if (Our_Proc_File == NULL) { +249 remove_proc_entry(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL); +250 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); +251 return -ENOMEM; +252 } +253 proc_set_size(Our_Proc_File, 80); +254 proc_set_user(Our_Proc_File, GLOBAL_ROOT_UID, GLOBAL_ROOT_GID); +255 +256 pr_info("/proc/test created\n"); +257 +258 return 0; +259} +260 +261/* Cleanup - unregister our file from /proc. This could get dangerous if +262 * there are still processes waiting in WaitQ, because they are inside our +263 * open function, which will get unloaded. I'll explain how to avoid removal +264 * of a kernel module in such a case in chapter 10. +265 */ +266static void __exit sleep_exit(void) +267{ +268 remove_proc_entry(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL); +269 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); +270} +271 +272module_init(sleep_init); +273module_exit(sleep_exit); +274 +275MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");-
1/* -2 * cat_nonblock.c - open a file and display its contents, but exit rather than -3 * wait for input. -4 */ -5#include <errno.h> /* for errno */ -6#include <fcntl.h> /* for open */ -7#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */ -8#include <stdlib.h> /* for exit */ -9#include <unistd.h> /* for read */ -10 -11#define MAX_BYTES 1024 * 4 -12 -13int main(int argc, char *argv[]) -14{ -15 int fd; /* The file descriptor for the file to read */ -16 size_t bytes; /* The number of bytes read */ -17 char buffer[MAX_BYTES]; /* The buffer for the bytes */ -18 -19 /* Usage */ -20 if (argc != 2) { -21 printf("Usage: %s <filename>\n", argv[0]); -22 puts("Reads the content of a file, but doesn't wait for input"); -23 exit(-1); -24 } -25 -26 /* Open the file for reading in non blocking mode */ -27 fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK); -28 -29 /* If open failed */ -30 if (fd == -1) { -31 puts(errno == EAGAIN ? "Open would block" : "Open failed"); -32 exit(-1); -33 } -34 -35 /* Read the file and output its contents */ -36 do { -37 /* Read characters from the file */ -38 bytes = read(fd, buffer, MAX_BYTES); -39 -40 /* If there's an error, report it and die */ -41 if (bytes == -1) { -42 if (errno = EAGAIN) -43 puts("Normally I'd block, but you told me not to"); -44 else -45 puts("Another read error"); -46 exit(-1); -47 } -48 -49 /* Print the characters */ -50 if (bytes > 0) { -51 for (int i = 0; i < bytes; i++) -52 putchar(buffer[i]); -53 } -54 -55 /* While there are no errors and the file isn't over */ -56 } while (bytes > 0); -57 -58 return 0; -59}+1/* +2 * cat_nonblock.c - open a file and display its contents, but exit rather than +3 * wait for input. +4 */ +5#include <errno.h> /* for errno */ +6#include <fcntl.h> /* for open */ +7#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */ +8#include <stdlib.h> /* for exit */ +9#include <unistd.h> /* for read */ +10 +11#define MAX_BYTES 1024 * 4 +12 +13int main(int argc, char *argv[]) +14{ +15 int fd; /* The file descriptor for the file to read */ +16 size_t bytes; /* The number of bytes read */ +17 char buffer[MAX_BYTES]; /* The buffer for the bytes */ +18 +19 /* Usage */ +20 if (argc != 2) { +21 printf("Usage: %s <filename>\n", argv[0]); +22 puts("Reads the content of a file, but doesn't wait for input"); +23 exit(-1); +24 } +25 +26 /* Open the file for reading in non blocking mode */ +27 fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK); +28 +29 /* If open failed */ +30 if (fd == -1) { +31 puts(errno == EAGAIN ? "Open would block" : "Open failed"); +32 exit(-1); +33 } +34 +35 /* Read the file and output its contents */ +36 do { +37 /* Read characters from the file */ +38 bytes = read(fd, buffer, MAX_BYTES); +39 +40 /* If there's an error, report it and die */ +41 if (bytes == -1) { +42 if (errno = EAGAIN) +43 puts("Normally I'd block, but you told me not to"); +44 else +45 puts("Another read error"); +46 exit(-1); +47 } +48 +49 /* Print the characters */ +50 if (bytes > 0) { +51 for (int i = 0; i < bytes; i++) +52 putchar(buffer[i]); +53 } +54 +55 /* While there are no errors and the file isn't over */ +56 } while (bytes > 0); +57 +58 return 0; +59}
0.11.2 Completions
@@ -3521,82 +3510,82 @@ another. -1/* -2 * completions.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/completion.h> -5#include <linux/init.h> -6#include <linux/kernel.h> -7#include <linux/kthread.h> -8#include <linux/module.h> +1/* +2 * completions.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/completion.h> +5#include <linux/init.h> +6#include <linux/kernel.h> +7#include <linux/kthread.h> +8#include <linux/module.h> 9 -10static struct { -11 struct completion crank_comp; -12 struct completion flywheel_comp; +10static struct { +11 struct completion crank_comp; +12 struct completion flywheel_comp; 13} machine; 14 -15static int machine_crank_thread(void *arg) +15static int machine_crank_thread(void *arg) 16{ -17 pr_info("Turn the crank\n"); +17 pr_info("Turn the crank\n"); 18 19 complete_all(&machine.crank_comp); 20 complete_and_exit(&machine.crank_comp, 0); 21} 22 -23static int machine_flywheel_spinup_thread(void *arg) +23static int machine_flywheel_spinup_thread(void *arg) 24{ 25 wait_for_completion(&machine.crank_comp); 26 -27 pr_info("Flywheel spins up\n"); +27 pr_info("Flywheel spins up\n"); 28 29 complete_all(&machine.flywheel_comp); 30 complete_and_exit(&machine.flywheel_comp, 0); 31} 32 -33static int completions_init(void) +33static int completions_init(void) 34{ -35 struct task_struct *crank_thread; -36 struct task_struct *flywheel_thread; +35 struct task_struct *crank_thread; +36 struct task_struct *flywheel_thread; 37 -38 pr_info("completions example\n"); +38 pr_info("completions example\n"); 39 40 init_completion(&machine.crank_comp); 41 init_completion(&machine.flywheel_comp); 42 -43 crank_thread = kthread_create(machine_crank_thread, NULL, "KThread Crank"); -44 if (IS_ERR(crank_thread)) -45 goto ERROR_THREAD_1; +43 crank_thread = kthread_create(machine_crank_thread, NULL, "KThread Crank"); +44 if (IS_ERR(crank_thread)) +45 goto ERROR_THREAD_1; 46 47 flywheel_thread = kthread_create(machine_flywheel_spinup_thread, NULL, -48 "KThread Flywheel"); -49 if (IS_ERR(flywheel_thread)) -50 goto ERROR_THREAD_2; +48 "KThread Flywheel"); +49 if (IS_ERR(flywheel_thread)) +50 goto ERROR_THREAD_2; 51 52 wake_up_process(flywheel_thread); 53 wake_up_process(crank_thread); 54 -55 return 0; +55 return 0; 56 57ERROR_THREAD_2: 58 kthread_stop(crank_thread); 59ERROR_THREAD_1: 60 -61 return -1; +61 return -1; 62} 63 -64void completions_exit(void) +64void completions_exit(void) 65{ 66 wait_for_completion(&machine.crank_comp); 67 wait_for_completion(&machine.flywheel_comp); 68 -69 pr_info("completions exit\n"); +69 pr_info("completions exit\n"); 70} 71 72module_init(completions_init); 73module_exit(completions_exit); 74 -75MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Completions example"); -76MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+75MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Completions example"); +76MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");The machine structure stores the completion states for the two threads. At the exit point of each thread the respective completion state is updated, and {wait_for_completion is used by the flywheel thread to ensure that it does not @@ -3622,47 +3611,47 @@ might deploy them in userland. This may be all that is needed to avoid collision most cases.
-
1/* -2 * example_mutex.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> -5#include <linux/kernel.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/mutex.h> +1/* +2 * example_mutex.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/mutex.h> 8 9DEFINE_MUTEX(mymutex); 10 -11static int example_mutex_init(void) +11static int example_mutex_init(void) 12{ -13 int ret; +13 int ret; 14 -15 pr_info("example_mutex init\n"); +15 pr_info("example_mutex init\n"); 16 17 ret = mutex_trylock(&mymutex); -18 if (ret != 0) { -19 pr_info("mutex is locked\n"); +18 if (ret != 0) { +19 pr_info("mutex is locked\n"); 20 -21 if (mutex_is_locked(&mymutex) == 0) -22 pr_info("The mutex failed to lock!\n"); +21 if (mutex_is_locked(&mymutex) == 0) +22 pr_info("The mutex failed to lock!\n"); 23 24 mutex_unlock(&mymutex); -25 pr_info("mutex is unlocked\n"); -26 } else -27 pr_info("Failed to lock\n"); +25 pr_info("mutex is unlocked\n"); +26 } else +27 pr_info("Failed to lock\n"); 28 -29 return 0; +29 return 0; 30} 31 -32static void example_mutex_exit(void) +32static void example_mutex_exit(void) 33{ -34 pr_info("example_mutex exit\n"); +34 pr_info("example_mutex exit\n"); 35} 36 37module_init(example_mutex_init); 38module_exit(example_mutex_exit); 39 -40MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Mutex example"); -41MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+40MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Mutex example"); +41MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
0.12.2 Spinlocks
@@ -3679,71 +3668,71 @@ they will not be forgotten and will activate when the unlock happens, using the variable to retain their state.-
1/* -2 * example_spinlock.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> -5#include <linux/interrupt.h> -6#include <linux/kernel.h> -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/spinlock.h> +1/* +2 * example_spinlock.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> +5#include <linux/interrupt.h> +6#include <linux/kernel.h> +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/spinlock.h> 9 10DEFINE_SPINLOCK(sl_static); 11spinlock_t sl_dynamic; 12 -13static void example_spinlock_static(void) +13static void example_spinlock_static(void) 14{ -15 unsigned long flags; +15 unsigned long flags; 16 17 spin_lock_irqsave(&sl_static, flags); -18 pr_info("Locked static spinlock\n"); +18 pr_info("Locked static spinlock\n"); 19 -20 /* Do something or other safely. -21 Because this uses 100% CPU time this -22 code should take no more than a few -23 milliseconds to run */ +20 /* Do something or other safely. +21 Because this uses 100% CPU time this +22 code should take no more than a few +23 milliseconds to run */ 24 25 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&sl_static, flags); -26 pr_info("Unlocked static spinlock\n"); +26 pr_info("Unlocked static spinlock\n"); 27} 28 -29static void example_spinlock_dynamic(void) +29static void example_spinlock_dynamic(void) 30{ -31 unsigned long flags; +31 unsigned long flags; 32 33 spin_lock_init(&sl_dynamic); 34 spin_lock_irqsave(&sl_dynamic, flags); -35 pr_info("Locked dynamic spinlock\n"); +35 pr_info("Locked dynamic spinlock\n"); 36 -37 /* Do something or other safely. -38 Because this uses 100% CPU time this -39 code should take no more than a few -40 milliseconds to run */ +37 /* Do something or other safely. +38 Because this uses 100% CPU time this +39 code should take no more than a few +40 milliseconds to run */ 41 42 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&sl_dynamic, flags); -43 pr_info("Unlocked dynamic spinlock\n"); +43 pr_info("Unlocked dynamic spinlock\n"); 44} 45 -46static int example_spinlock_init(void) +46static int example_spinlock_init(void) 47{ -48 pr_info("example spinlock started\n"); +48 pr_info("example spinlock started\n"); 49 50 example_spinlock_static(); 51 example_spinlock_dynamic(); 52 -53 return 0; +53 return 0; 54} 55 -56static void example_spinlock_exit(void) +56static void example_spinlock_exit(void) 57{ -58 pr_info("example spinlock exit\n"); +58 pr_info("example spinlock exit\n"); 59} 60 61module_init(example_spinlock_init); 62module_exit(example_spinlock_exit); 63 -64MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Spinlock example"); -65MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+64MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Spinlock example"); +65MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
0.12.3 Read and write locks
@@ -3757,61 +3746,61 @@ the system and cause users to start revolting against the tyranny of your module.-
1/* -2 * example_rwlock.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/interrupt.h> -5#include <linux/kernel.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> +1/* +2 * example_rwlock.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/interrupt.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> 7 8DEFINE_RWLOCK(myrwlock); 9 -10static void example_read_lock(void) +10static void example_read_lock(void) 11{ -12 unsigned long flags; +12 unsigned long flags; 13 14 read_lock_irqsave(&myrwlock, flags); -15 pr_info("Read Locked\n"); +15 pr_info("Read Locked\n"); 16 -17 /* Read from something */ +17 /* Read from something */ 18 19 read_unlock_irqrestore(&myrwlock, flags); -20 pr_info("Read Unlocked\n"); +20 pr_info("Read Unlocked\n"); 21} 22 -23static void example_write_lock(void) +23static void example_write_lock(void) 24{ -25 unsigned long flags; +25 unsigned long flags; 26 27 write_lock_irqsave(&myrwlock, flags); -28 pr_info("Write Locked\n"); +28 pr_info("Write Locked\n"); 29 -30 /* Write to something */ +30 /* Write to something */ 31 32 write_unlock_irqrestore(&myrwlock, flags); -33 pr_info("Write Unlocked\n"); +33 pr_info("Write Unlocked\n"); 34} 35 -36static int example_rwlock_init(void) +36static int example_rwlock_init(void) 37{ -38 pr_info("example_rwlock started\n"); +38 pr_info("example_rwlock started\n"); 39 40 example_read_lock(); 41 example_write_lock(); 42 -43 return 0; +43 return 0; 44} 45 -46static void example_rwlock_exit(void) +46static void example_rwlock_exit(void) 47{ -48 pr_info("example_rwlock exit\n"); +48 pr_info("example_rwlock exit\n"); 49} 50 51module_init(example_rwlock_init); 52module_exit(example_rwlock_exit); 53 -54MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Read/Write locks example"); -55MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+54MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Read/Write locks example"); +55MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Of course, if you know for sure that there are no functions triggered by irqs which could possibly interfere with your logic then you can use the simpler read_lock(&myrwlock) and read_unlock(&myrwlock) or the corresponding write @@ -3826,80 +3815,80 @@ and was not overwritten by some other shenanigans. An example is shown below.
-
1/* -2 * example_atomic.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/interrupt.h> -5#include <linux/kernel.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> +@@ -3923,85 +3912,85 @@ a pointer to a string write function, which we use to write a string to the tty.1/* +2 * example_atomic.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/interrupt.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> 7 -8#define BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN "%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c" -9#define BYTE_TO_BINARY(byte) \ -10 (byte & 0x80 ? '1' : '0'), (byte & 0x40 ? '1' : '0'), \ -11 (byte & 0x20 ? '1' : '0'), (byte & 0x10 ? '1' : '0'), \ -12 (byte & 0x08 ? '1' : '0'), (byte & 0x04 ? '1' : '0'), \ -13 (byte & 0x02 ? '1' : '0'), (byte & 0x01 ? '1' : '0') +8#define BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN "%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c" +9#define BYTE_TO_BINARY(byte) \ +10 (byte & 0x80 ? '1' : '0'), (byte & 0x40 ? '1' : '0'), \ +11 (byte & 0x20 ? '1' : '0'), (byte & 0x10 ? '1' : '0'), \ +12 (byte & 0x08 ? '1' : '0'), (byte & 0x04 ? '1' : '0'), \ +13 (byte & 0x02 ? '1' : '0'), (byte & 0x01 ? '1' : '0') 14 -15static void atomic_add_subtract(void) +15static void atomic_add_subtract(void) 16{ 17 atomic_t debbie; 18 atomic_t chris = ATOMIC_INIT(50); 19 20 atomic_set(&debbie, 45); 21 -22 /* subtract one */ +22 /* subtract one */ 23 atomic_dec(&debbie); 24 25 atomic_add(7, &debbie); 26 -27 /* add one */ +27 /* add one */ 28 atomic_inc(&debbie); 29 -30 pr_info("chris: %d, debbie: %d\n", atomic_read(&chris), +30 pr_info("chris: %d, debbie: %d\n", atomic_read(&chris), 31 atomic_read(&debbie)); 32} 33 -34static void atomic_bitwise(void) +34static void atomic_bitwise(void) 35{ -36 unsigned long word = 0; +36 unsigned long word = 0; 37 -38 pr_info("Bits 0: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +38 pr_info("Bits 0: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 39 set_bit(3, &word); 40 set_bit(5, &word); -41 pr_info("Bits 1: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +41 pr_info("Bits 1: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 42 clear_bit(5, &word); -43 pr_info("Bits 2: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +43 pr_info("Bits 2: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 44 change_bit(3, &word); 45 -46 pr_info("Bits 3: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); -47 if (test_and_set_bit(3, &word)) -48 pr_info("wrong\n"); -49 pr_info("Bits 4: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +46 pr_info("Bits 3: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +47 if (test_and_set_bit(3, &word)) +48 pr_info("wrong\n"); +49 pr_info("Bits 4: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 50 51 word = 255; -52 pr_info("Bits 5: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +52 pr_info("Bits 5: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 53} 54 -55static int example_atomic_init(void) +55static int example_atomic_init(void) 56{ -57 pr_info("example_atomic started\n"); +57 pr_info("example_atomic started\n"); 58 59 atomic_add_subtract(); 60 atomic_bitwise(); 61 -62 return 0; +62 return 0; 63} 64 -65static void example_atomic_exit(void) +65static void example_atomic_exit(void) 66{ -67 pr_info("example_atomic exit\n"); +67 pr_info("example_atomic exit\n"); 68} 69 70module_init(example_atomic_init); 71module_exit(example_atomic_exit); 72 -73MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Atomic operations example"); -74MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+73MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Atomic operations example"); +74MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");-
1/* -2 * print_string.c - Send output to the tty we're running on, regardless if it's -3 * through X11, telnet, etc. We do this by printing the string to the tty -4 * associated with the current task. -5 */ -6#include <linux/init.h> -7#include <linux/kernel.h> -8#include <linux/module.h> -9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For current */ -10#include <linux/tty.h> /* For the tty declarations */ +1/* +2 * print_string.c - Send output to the tty we're running on, regardless if it's +3 * through X11, telnet, etc. We do this by printing the string to the tty +4 * associated with the current task. +5 */ +6#include <linux/init.h> +7#include <linux/kernel.h> +8#include <linux/module.h> +9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For current */ +10#include <linux/tty.h> /* For the tty declarations */ 11 -12MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +12MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); 13 -14static void print_string(char *str) +14static void print_string(char *str) 15{ -16 struct tty_struct *my_tty; -17 const struct tty_operations *ttyops; +16 struct tty_struct *my_tty; +17 const struct tty_operations *ttyops; 18 -19 /* -20 * The tty for the current task, for 2.6.6+ kernels -21 */ +19 /* +20 * The tty for the current task, for 2.6.6+ kernels +21 */ 22 my_tty = get_current_tty(); 23 ttyops = my_tty->driver->ops; 24 -25 /* -26 * If my_tty is NULL, the current task has no tty you can print to -27 * (ie, if it's a daemon). If so, there's nothing we can do. -28 */ -29 if (my_tty != NULL) { -30 /* -31 * my_tty->driver is a struct which holds the tty's functions, -32 * one of which (write) is used to write strings to the tty. -33 * It can be used to take a string either from the user's or -34 * kernel's memory segment. -35 * -36 * The function's 1st parameter is the tty to write to, -37 * because the same function would normally be used for all -38 * tty's of a certain type. -39 * The 2nd parameter is a pointer to a string. -40 * The 3rd parameter is the length of the string. -41 * -42 * As you will see below, sometimes it's necessary to use -43 * preprocessor stuff to create code that works for different -44 * kernel versions. The (naive) approach we've taken here -45 * does not scale well. The right way to deal with this -46 * is described in section 2 of -47 * linux/Documentation/SubmittingPatches -48 */ -49 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, /* The tty itself */ -50 str, /* String */ -51 strlen(str)); /* Length */ +25 /* +26 * If my_tty is NULL, the current task has no tty you can print to +27 * (ie, if it's a daemon). If so, there's nothing we can do. +28 */ +29 if (my_tty != NULL) { +30 /* +31 * my_tty->driver is a struct which holds the tty's functions, +32 * one of which (write) is used to write strings to the tty. +33 * It can be used to take a string either from the user's or +34 * kernel's memory segment. +35 * +36 * The function's 1st parameter is the tty to write to, +37 * because the same function would normally be used for all +38 * tty's of a certain type. +39 * The 2nd parameter is a pointer to a string. +40 * The 3rd parameter is the length of the string. +41 * +42 * As you will see below, sometimes it's necessary to use +43 * preprocessor stuff to create code that works for different +44 * kernel versions. The (naive) approach we've taken here +45 * does not scale well. The right way to deal with this +46 * is described in section 2 of +47 * linux/Documentation/SubmittingPatches +48 */ +49 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, /* The tty itself */ +50 str, /* String */ +51 strlen(str)); /* Length */ 52 -53 /* -54 * ttys were originally hardware devices, which (usually) -55 * strictly followed the ASCII standard. In ASCII, to move to -56 * a new line you need two characters, a carriage return and a -57 * line feed. On Unix, the ASCII line feed is used for both -58 * purposes - so we can't just use \n, because it wouldn't have -59 * a carriage return and the next line will start at the -60 * column right after the line feed. -61 * -62 * This is why text files are different between Unix and -63 * MS Windows. In CP/M and derivatives, like MS-DOS and -64 * MS Windows, the ASCII standard was strictly adhered to, -65 * and therefore a newline requirs both a LF and a CR. -66 */ -67 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, "\015\012", 2); +53 /* +54 * ttys were originally hardware devices, which (usually) +55 * strictly followed the ASCII standard. In ASCII, to move to +56 * a new line you need two characters, a carriage return and a +57 * line feed. On Unix, the ASCII line feed is used for both +58 * purposes - so we can't just use \n, because it wouldn't have +59 * a carriage return and the next line will start at the +60 * column right after the line feed. +61 * +62 * This is why text files are different between Unix and +63 * MS Windows. In CP/M and derivatives, like MS-DOS and +64 * MS Windows, the ASCII standard was strictly adhered to, +65 * and therefore a newline requirs both a LF and a CR. +66 */ +67 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, "\015\012", 2); 68 } 69} 70 -71static int __init print_string_init(void) +71static int __init print_string_init(void) 72{ -73 print_string("The module has been inserted. Hello world!"); -74 return 0; +73 print_string("The module has been inserted. Hello world!"); +74 return 0; 75} 76 -77static void __exit print_string_exit(void) +77static void __exit print_string_exit(void) 78{ -79 print_string("The module has been removed. Farewell world!"); +79 print_string("The module has been removed. Farewell world!"); 80} 81 82module_init(print_string_init); @@ -4019,53 +4008,53 @@ file. loaded, starts blinking the keyboard LEDs until it is unloaded.-
1/* -2 * kbleds.c - Blink keyboard leds until the module is unloaded. -3 */ +1/* +2 * kbleds.c - Blink keyboard leds until the module is unloaded. +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/init.h> -6#include <linux/kd.h> /* For KDSETLED */ -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/tty.h> /* For fg_console, MAX_NR_CONSOLES */ -9#include <linux/vt.h> -10#include <linux/vt_kern.h> /* for fg_console */ +5#include <linux/init.h> +6#include <linux/kd.h> /* For KDSETLED */ +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/tty.h> /* For fg_console, MAX_NR_CONSOLES */ +9#include <linux/vt.h> +10#include <linux/vt_kern.h> /* for fg_console */ 11 -12#include <linux/console_struct.h> /* For vc_cons */ +12#include <linux/console_struct.h> /* For vc_cons */ 13 -14MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Example module illustrating the use of Keyboard LEDs."); -15MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +14MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Example module illustrating the use of Keyboard LEDs."); +15MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); 16 -17struct timer_list my_timer; -18struct tty_driver *my_driver; -19char kbledstatus = 0; +17struct timer_list my_timer; +18struct tty_driver *my_driver; +19char kbledstatus = 0; 20 -21#define BLINK_DELAY HZ / 5 -22#define ALL_LEDS_ON 0x07 -23#define RESTORE_LEDS 0xFF +21#define BLINK_DELAY HZ / 5 +22#define ALL_LEDS_ON 0x07 +23#define RESTORE_LEDS 0xFF 24 -25/* -26 * Function my_timer_func blinks the keyboard LEDs periodically by invoking -27 * command KDSETLED of ioctl() on the keyboard driver. To learn more on virtual -28 * terminal ioctl operations, please see file: -29 * /usr/src/linux/drivers/char/vt_ioctl.c, function vt_ioctl(). -30 * -31 * The argument to KDSETLED is alternatively set to 7 (thus causing the led -32 * mode to be set to LED_SHOW_IOCTL, and all the leds are lit) and to 0xFF -33 * (any value above 7 switches back the led mode to LED_SHOW_FLAGS, thus -34 * the LEDs reflect the actual keyboard status). To learn more on this, -35 * please see file: -36 * /usr/src/linux/drivers/char/keyboard.c, function setledstate(). -37 * -38 */ +25/* +26 * Function my_timer_func blinks the keyboard LEDs periodically by invoking +27 * command KDSETLED of ioctl() on the keyboard driver. To learn more on virtual +28 * terminal ioctl operations, please see file: +29 * /usr/src/linux/drivers/char/vt_ioctl.c, function vt_ioctl(). +30 * +31 * The argument to KDSETLED is alternatively set to 7 (thus causing the led +32 * mode to be set to LED_SHOW_IOCTL, and all the leds are lit) and to 0xFF +33 * (any value above 7 switches back the led mode to LED_SHOW_FLAGS, thus +34 * the LEDs reflect the actual keyboard status). To learn more on this, +35 * please see file: +36 * /usr/src/linux/drivers/char/keyboard.c, function setledstate(). +37 * +38 */ 39 -40static void my_timer_func(unsigned long ptr) +40static void my_timer_func(unsigned long ptr) 41{ -42 unsigned long *pstatus = (unsigned long *) ptr; -43 struct tty_struct *t = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty; +42 unsigned long *pstatus = (unsigned long *) ptr; +43 struct tty_struct *t = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty; 44 -45 if (*pstatus == ALL_LEDS_ON) +45 if (*pstatus == ALL_LEDS_ON) 46 *pstatus = RESTORE_LEDS; -47 else +47 else 48 *pstatus = ALL_LEDS_ON; 49 50 (my_driver->ops->ioctl)(t, KDSETLED, *pstatus); @@ -4074,37 +4063,37 @@ loaded, starts blinking the keyboard LEDs until it is unloaded. 53 add_timer(&my_timer); 54} 55 -56static int __init kbleds_init(void) +56static int __init kbleds_init(void) 57{ -58 int i; +58 int i; 59 -60 pr_info("kbleds: loading\n"); -61 pr_info("kbleds: fgconsole is %x\n", fg_console); -62 for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_CONSOLES; i++) { -63 if (!vc_cons[i].d) -64 break; -65 pr_info("poet_atkm: console[%i/%i] #%i, tty %lx\n", i, MAX_NR_CONSOLES, -66 vc_cons[i].d->vc_num, (unsigned long) vc_cons[i].d->port.tty); +60 pr_info("kbleds: loading\n"); +61 pr_info("kbleds: fgconsole is %x\n", fg_console); +62 for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_CONSOLES; i++) { +63 if (!vc_cons[i].d) +64 break; +65 pr_info("poet_atkm: console[%i/%i] #%i, tty %lx\n", i, MAX_NR_CONSOLES, +66 vc_cons[i].d->vc_num, (unsigned long) vc_cons[i].d->port.tty); 67 } -68 pr_info("kbleds: finished scanning consoles\n"); +68 pr_info("kbleds: finished scanning consoles\n"); 69 70 my_driver = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty->driver; -71 pr_info("kbleds: tty driver magic %x\n", my_driver->magic); +71 pr_info("kbleds: tty driver magic %x\n", my_driver->magic); 72 -73 /* -74 * Set up the LED blink timer the first time -75 */ -76 timer_setup(&my_timer, (void *) &my_timer_func, -77 (unsigned long) &kbledstatus); +73 /* +74 * Set up the LED blink timer the first time +75 */ +76 timer_setup(&my_timer, (void *) &my_timer_func, +77 (unsigned long) &kbledstatus); 78 my_timer.expires = jiffies + BLINK_DELAY; 79 add_timer(&my_timer); 80 -81 return 0; +81 return 0; 82} 83 -84static void __exit kbleds_cleanup(void) +84static void __exit kbleds_cleanup(void) 85{ -86 pr_info("kbleds: unloading...\n"); +86 pr_info("kbleds: unloading...\n"); 87 del_timer(&my_timer); 88 (my_driver->ops->ioctl)(vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty, KDSETLED, 89 RESTORE_LEDS); @@ -4145,43 +4134,43 @@ and in the mean time execution of the -1/* -2 * example_tasklet.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/delay.h> -5#include <linux/interrupt.h> -6#include <linux/kernel.h> -7#include <linux/module.h> +1/* +2 * example_tasklet.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/delay.h> +5#include <linux/interrupt.h> +6#include <linux/kernel.h> +7#include <linux/module.h> 8 -9static void tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) +9static void tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) 10{ -11 pr_info("Example tasklet starts\n"); +11 pr_info("Example tasklet starts\n"); 12 mdelay(5000); -13 pr_info("Example tasklet ends\n"); +13 pr_info("Example tasklet ends\n"); 14} 15 16DECLARE_TASKLET(mytask, tasklet_fn, 0L); 17 -18static int example_tasklet_init(void) +18static int example_tasklet_init(void) 19{ -20 pr_info("tasklet example init\n"); +20 pr_info("tasklet example init\n"); 21 tasklet_schedule(&mytask); 22 mdelay(200); -23 pr_info("Example tasklet init continues...\n"); -24 return 0; +23 pr_info("Example tasklet init continues...\n"); +24 return 0; 25} 26 -27static void example_tasklet_exit(void) +27static void example_tasklet_exit(void) 28{ -29 pr_info("tasklet example exit\n"); +29 pr_info("tasklet example exit\n"); 30 tasklet_kill(&mytask); 31} 32 33module_init(example_tasklet_init); 34module_exit(example_tasklet_exit); 35 -36MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Tasklet example"); -37MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+36MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Tasklet example"); +37MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");So with this example loaded dmesg should show: @@ -4201,37 +4190,40 @@ Example tasklet ends Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS) to execute work within the queue.
-
1/* -2 * sched.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> -6#include <linux/workqueue.h> +1/* +2 * sched.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> +6#include <linux/workqueue.h> 7 -8static struct workqueue_struct *queue = NULL; -9static struct work_struct work; +8static struct workqueue_struct *queue = NULL; +9static struct work_struct work; 10 -11static void work_handler(struct work_struct *data) +11static void work_handler(struct work_struct *data) 12{ -13 pr_info("work handler function.\n"); +13 pr_info("work handler function.\n"); 14} 15 -16int init_module() +16static int __init sched_init(void) 17{ -18 queue = alloc_workqueue("HELLOWORLD", WQ_UNBOUND, 1); +18 queue = alloc_workqueue("HELLOWORLD", WQ_UNBOUND, 1); 19 INIT_WORK(&work, work_handler); 20 schedule_work(&work); 21 -22 return 0; +22 return 0; 23} 24 -25void cleanup_module() +25static void __exit sched_exit(void) 26{ 27 destroy_workqueue(queue); 28} 29 -30MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -31MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Workqueue example");+30module_init(sched_init); +31module_exit(sched_exit); +32 +33MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +34MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Workqueue example");
0.15 Interrupt Handlers
@@ -4313,48 +4305,48 @@ an LED is connected to GPIO 4. You can change those numbers to whatever is appropriate for your board.-
1/* -2 * intrpt.c - Handling GPIO with interrupts -3 * -4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) -5 * from: -6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples -7 * -8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off -9 */ +1/* +2 * intrpt.c - Handling GPIO with interrupts +3 * +4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) +5 * from: +6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples +7 * +8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off +9 */ 10 -11#include <linux/gpio.h> -12#include <linux/interrupt.h> -13#include <linux/kernel.h> -14#include <linux/module.h> +11#include <linux/gpio.h> +12#include <linux/interrupt.h> +13#include <linux/kernel.h> +14#include <linux/module.h> 15 -16static int button_irqs[] = {-1, -1}; +16static int button_irqs[] = {-1, -1}; 17 -18/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. -19 Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. */ -20static struct gpio leds[] = {{4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1"}}; +18/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. +19 Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. */ +20static struct gpio leds[] = {{4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1"}}; 21 -22/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS -23 Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. */ -24static struct gpio buttons[] = {{17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON"}, -25 {18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON"}}; +22/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS +23 Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. */ +24static struct gpio buttons[] = {{17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON"}, +25 {18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON"}}; 26 -27/* -28 * interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed -29 */ -30static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) +27/* +28 * interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed +29 */ +30static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) 31{ -32 /* first button */ -33 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +32 /* first button */ +33 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 34 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 1); -35 /* second button */ -36 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +35 /* second button */ +36 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 37 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); 38 -39 return IRQ_HANDLED; +39 return IRQ_HANDLED; 40} 41 -42int init_module() +42static int __init intrpt_init(void) 43{ 44 int ret = 0; 45 @@ -4434,27 +4426,30 @@ appropriate for your board. 119 return ret; 120} 121 -122void cleanup_module() +122static void __exit intrpt_exit(void) 123{ -124 int i; +124 int i; 125 -126 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +126 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 127 -128 /* free irqs */ +128 /* free irqs */ 129 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 130 free_irq(button_irqs[1], NULL); 131 -132 /* turn all LEDs off */ -133 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) +132 /* turn all LEDs off */ +133 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) 134 gpio_set_value(leds[i].gpio, 0); 135 -136 /* unregister */ +136 /* unregister */ 137 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 138 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 139} 140 -141MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -142MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Handle some GPIO interrupts");+141module_init(intrpt_init); +142module_exit(intrpt_exit); +143 +144MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +145MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Handle some GPIO interrupts");
0.15.3 Bottom Half
@@ -4466,162 +4461,167 @@ scheduler. when an interrupt is triggered.-
1/* -2 * bottomhalf.c - Top and bottom half interrupt handling -3 * -4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) -5 * from: -6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples -7 * -8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off -9 */ +1/* +2 * bottomhalf.c - Top and bottom half interrupt handling +3 * +4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) +5 * from: +6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples +7 * +8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off +9 */ 10 -11#include <linux/delay.h> -12#include <linux/gpio.h> -13#include <linux/interrupt.h> -14#include <linux/kernel.h> -15#include <linux/module.h> +11#include <linux/delay.h> +12#include <linux/gpio.h> +13#include <linux/interrupt.h> +14#include <linux/kernel.h> +15#include <linux/module.h> 16 -17static int button_irqs[] = {-1, -1}; +17static int button_irqs[] = {-1, -1}; 18 -19/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. -20 Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. */ -21static struct gpio leds[] = {{4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1"}}; +19/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. +20 Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. */ +21static struct gpio leds[] = {{4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1"}}; 22 -23/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS -24 Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. */ -25static struct gpio buttons[] = {{17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON"}, -26 {18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON"}}; -27 -28/* Tasklet containing some non-trivial amount of processing */ -29static void bottomhalf_tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) -30{ -31 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet starts\n"); -32 /* do something which takes a while */ -33 mdelay(500); -34 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet ends\n"); -35} -36 -37DECLARE_TASKLET(buttontask, bottomhalf_tasklet_fn, 0L); +23/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS +24 Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. */ +25static struct gpio buttons[] = { +26 {17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON"}, +27 {18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON"}, +28}; +29 +30/* Tasklet containing some non-trivial amount of processing */ +31static void bottomhalf_tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) +32{ +33 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet starts\n"); +34 /* do something which takes a while */ +35 mdelay(500); +36 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet ends\n"); +37} 38 -39/* -40 * interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed -41 */ -42static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) -43{ -44 /* Do something quickly right now */ -45 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) -46 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 1); -47 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) -48 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); -49 -50 /* Do the rest at leisure via the scheduler */ -51 tasklet_schedule(&buttontask); -52 -53 return IRQ_HANDLED; -54} -55 -56int init_module() -57{ -58 int ret = 0; -59 -60 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +39DECLARE_TASKLET(buttontask, bottomhalf_tasklet_fn, 0L); +40 +41/* +42 * interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed +43 */ +44static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) +45{ +46 /* Do something quickly right now */ +47 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +48 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 1); +49 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +50 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); +51 +52 /* Do the rest at leisure via the scheduler */ +53 tasklet_schedule(&buttontask); +54 +55 return IRQ_HANDLED; +56} +57 +58static int __init bottomhalf_init(void) +59{ +60 int ret = 0; 61 -62 /* register LED gpios */ -63 ret = gpio_request_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); -64 -65 if (ret) { -66 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); -67 return ret; -68 } -69 -70 /* register BUTTON gpios */ -71 ret = gpio_request_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); -72 -73 if (ret) { -74 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -75 goto fail1; -76 } -77 -78 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); +62 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +63 +64 /* register LED gpios */ +65 ret = gpio_request_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); +66 +67 if (ret) { +68 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); +69 return ret; +70 } +71 +72 /* register BUTTON gpios */ +73 ret = gpio_request_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); +74 +75 if (ret) { +76 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +77 goto fail1; +78 } 79 -80 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[0].gpio); +80 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); 81 -82 if (ret < 0) { -83 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -84 goto fail2; -85 } -86 -87 button_irqs[0] = ret; +82 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[0].gpio); +83 +84 if (ret < 0) { +85 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +86 goto fail2; +87 } 88 -89 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); +89 button_irqs[0] = ret; 90 -91 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[0], button_isr, -92 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -93 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); -94 -95 if (ret) { -96 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -97 goto fail2; -98 } -99 -100 -101 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[1].gpio); +91 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); +92 +93 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[0], button_isr, +94 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, +95 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); +96 +97 if (ret) { +98 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +99 goto fail2; +100 } +101 102 -103 if (ret < 0) { -104 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -105 goto fail2; -106 } -107 -108 button_irqs[1] = ret; +103 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[1].gpio); +104 +105 if (ret < 0) { +106 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +107 goto fail2; +108 } 109 -110 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); +110 button_irqs[1] = ret; 111 -112 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[1], button_isr, -113 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -114 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); -115 -116 if (ret) { -117 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -118 goto fail3; -119 } -120 -121 return 0; +112 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); +113 +114 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[1], button_isr, +115 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, +116 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); +117 +118 if (ret) { +119 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +120 goto fail3; +121 } 122 -123/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ -124fail3: -125 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); -126 -127fail2: -128 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); -129 -130fail1: -131 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); -132 -133 return ret; -134} -135 -136void cleanup_module() -137{ -138 int i; -139 -140 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +123 return 0; +124 +125/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ +126fail3: +127 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); +128 +129fail2: +130 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); +131 +132fail1: +133 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); +134 +135 return ret; +136} +137 +138static void __exit bottomhalf_exit(void) +139{ +140 int i; 141 -142 /* free irqs */ -143 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); -144 free_irq(button_irqs[1], NULL); -145 -146 /* turn all LEDs off */ -147 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) -148 gpio_set_value(leds[i].gpio, 0); -149 -150 /* unregister */ -151 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); -152 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); -153} -154 -155MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -156MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Interrupt with top and bottom half");+142 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +143 +144 /* free irqs */ +145 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); +146 free_irq(button_irqs[1], NULL); +147 +148 /* turn all LEDs off */ +149 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) +150 gpio_set_value(leds[i].gpio, 0); +151 +152 /* unregister */ +153 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); +154 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); +155} +156 +157module_init(bottomhalf_init); +158module_exit(bottomhalf_exit); +159 +160MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +161MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Interrupt with top and bottom half");
0.16 Crypto
@@ -4641,68 +4641,68 @@ favourite hash functions. demonstration of how to calculate a sha256 hash within a kernel module.-
1/* -2 * cryptosha256.c -3 */ -4#include <crypto/internal/hash.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> +1/* +2 * cryptosha256.c +3 */ +4#include <crypto/internal/hash.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> 6 -7#define SHA256_LENGTH 32 +7#define SHA256_LENGTH 32 8 -9static void show_hash_result(char *plaintext, char *hash_sha256) +9static void show_hash_result(char *plaintext, char *hash_sha256) 10{ -11 int i; -12 char str[SHA256_LENGTH * 2 + 1]; +11 int i; +12 char str[SHA256_LENGTH * 2 + 1]; 13 -14 pr_info("sha256 test for string: \"%s\"\n", plaintext); -15 for (i = 0; i < SHA256_LENGTH; i++) -16 sprintf(&str[i * 2], "%02x", (unsigned char) hash_sha256[i]); +14 pr_info("sha256 test for string: \"%s\"\n", plaintext); +15 for (i = 0; i < SHA256_LENGTH; i++) +16 sprintf(&str[i * 2], "%02x", (unsigned char) hash_sha256[i]); 17 str[i * 2] = 0; -18 pr_info("%s\n", str); +18 pr_info("%s\n", str); 19} 20 -21int cryptosha256_init(void) +21int cryptosha256_init(void) 22{ -23 char *plaintext = "This is a test"; -24 char hash_sha256[SHA256_LENGTH]; -25 struct crypto_shash *sha256; -26 struct shash_desc *shash; +23 char *plaintext = "This is a test"; +24 char hash_sha256[SHA256_LENGTH]; +25 struct crypto_shash *sha256; +26 struct shash_desc *shash; 27 -28 sha256 = crypto_alloc_shash("sha256", 0, 0); -29 if (IS_ERR(sha256)) -30 return -1; +28 sha256 = crypto_alloc_shash("sha256", 0, 0); +29 if (IS_ERR(sha256)) +30 return -1; 31 -32 shash = kmalloc(sizeof(struct shash_desc) + crypto_shash_descsize(sha256), +32 shash = kmalloc(sizeof(struct shash_desc) + crypto_shash_descsize(sha256), 33 GFP_KERNEL); -34 if (!shash) -35 return -ENOMEM; +34 if (!shash) +35 return -ENOMEM; 36 37 shash->tfm = sha256; 38 -39 if (crypto_shash_init(shash)) -40 return -1; +39 if (crypto_shash_init(shash)) +40 return -1; 41 -42 if (crypto_shash_update(shash, plaintext, strlen(plaintext))) -43 return -1; +42 if (crypto_shash_update(shash, plaintext, strlen(plaintext))) +43 return -1; 44 -45 if (crypto_shash_final(shash, hash_sha256)) -46 return -1; +45 if (crypto_shash_final(shash, hash_sha256)) +46 return -1; 47 48 kfree(shash); 49 crypto_free_shash(sha256); 50 51 show_hash_result(plaintext, hash_sha256); 52 -53 return 0; +53 return 0; 54} 55 -56void cryptosha256_exit(void) {} +56void cryptosha256_exit(void) {} 57 58module_init(cryptosha256_init); 59module_exit(cryptosha256_exit); 60 -61MODULE_DESCRIPTION("sha256 hash test"); -62MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+61MODULE_DESCRIPTION("sha256 hash test"); +62MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Make and install the module:
@@ -4721,183 +4721,183 @@ demonstration of how to calculate a sha256 hash within a kernel module. and a password.
-
1/* -2 * cryptosk.c -3 */ -4#include <crypto/internal/skcipher.h> -5#include <linux/crypto.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> +1/* +2 * cryptosk.c +3 */ +4#include <crypto/internal/skcipher.h> +5#include <linux/crypto.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> 7 -8#define SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH 32 -9#define CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE 16 +8#define SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH 32 +9#define CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE 16 10 -11struct tcrypt_result { -12 struct completion completion; -13 int err; +11struct tcrypt_result { +12 struct completion completion; +13 int err; 14}; 15 -16struct skcipher_def { -17 struct scatterlist sg; -18 struct crypto_skcipher *tfm; -19 struct skcipher_request *req; -20 struct tcrypt_result result; -21 char *scratchpad; -22 char *ciphertext; -23 char *ivdata; +16struct skcipher_def { +17 struct scatterlist sg; +18 struct crypto_skcipher *tfm; +19 struct skcipher_request *req; +20 struct tcrypt_result result; +21 char *scratchpad; +22 char *ciphertext; +23 char *ivdata; 24}; 25 -26static struct skcipher_def sk; +26static struct skcipher_def sk; 27 -28static void test_skcipher_finish(struct skcipher_def *sk) +28static void test_skcipher_finish(struct skcipher_def *sk) 29{ -30 if (sk->tfm) +30 if (sk->tfm) 31 crypto_free_skcipher(sk->tfm); -32 if (sk->req) +32 if (sk->req) 33 skcipher_request_free(sk->req); -34 if (sk->ivdata) +34 if (sk->ivdata) 35 kfree(sk->ivdata); -36 if (sk->scratchpad) +36 if (sk->scratchpad) 37 kfree(sk->scratchpad); -38 if (sk->ciphertext) +38 if (sk->ciphertext) 39 kfree(sk->ciphertext); 40} 41 -42static int test_skcipher_result(struct skcipher_def *sk, int rc) +42static int test_skcipher_result(struct skcipher_def *sk, int rc) 43{ -44 switch (rc) { -45 case 0: -46 break; -47 case -EINPROGRESS || -EBUSY: +44 switch (rc) { +45 case 0: +46 break; +47 case -EINPROGRESS || -EBUSY: 48 rc = wait_for_completion_interruptible(&sk->result.completion); -49 if (!rc && !sk->result.err) { +49 if (!rc && !sk->result.err) { 50 reinit_completion(&sk->result.completion); -51 break; +51 break; 52 } -53 pr_info("skcipher encrypt returned with %d result %d\n", rc, +53 pr_info("skcipher encrypt returned with %d result %d\n", rc, 54 sk->result.err); -55 break; -56 default: -57 pr_info("skcipher encrypt returned with %d result %d\n", rc, +55 break; +56 default: +57 pr_info("skcipher encrypt returned with %d result %d\n", rc, 58 sk->result.err); -59 break; +59 break; 60 } 61 62 init_completion(&sk->result.completion); 63 -64 return rc; +64 return rc; 65} 66 -67static void test_skcipher_callback(struct crypto_async_request *req, int error) +67static void test_skcipher_callback(struct crypto_async_request *req, int error) 68{ -69 struct tcrypt_result *result = req->data; -70 /* int ret; */ +69 struct tcrypt_result *result = req->data; +70 /* int ret; */ 71 -72 if (error == -EINPROGRESS) -73 return; +72 if (error == -EINPROGRESS) +73 return; 74 75 result->err = error; 76 complete(&result->completion); -77 pr_info("Encryption finished successfully\n"); +77 pr_info("Encryption finished successfully\n"); 78 -79 /* decrypt data */ -80 /* -81 memset((void*)sk.scratchpad, '-', CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); -82 ret = crypto_skcipher_decrypt(sk.req); -83 ret = test_skcipher_result(&sk, ret); -84 if (ret) -85 return; +79 /* decrypt data */ +80 /* +81 memset((void*)sk.scratchpad, '-', CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); +82 ret = crypto_skcipher_decrypt(sk.req); +83 ret = test_skcipher_result(&sk, ret); +84 if (ret) +85 return; 86 -87 sg_copy_from_buffer(&sk.sg, 1, sk.scratchpad, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); -88 sk.scratchpad[CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE-1] = 0; +87 sg_copy_from_buffer(&sk.sg, 1, sk.scratchpad, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); +88 sk.scratchpad[CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE-1] = 0; 89 -90 pr_info("Decryption request successful\n"); -91 pr_info("Decrypted: %s\n", sk.scratchpad); -92 */ +90 pr_info("Decryption request successful\n"); +91 pr_info("Decrypted: %s\n", sk.scratchpad); +92 */ 93} 94 -95static int test_skcipher_encrypt(char *plaintext, -96 char *password, -97 struct skcipher_def *sk) +95static int test_skcipher_encrypt(char *plaintext, +96 char *password, +97 struct skcipher_def *sk) 98{ -99 int ret = -EFAULT; -100 unsigned char key[SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH]; +99 int ret = -EFAULT; +100 unsigned char key[SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH]; 101 -102 if (!sk->tfm) { -103 sk->tfm = crypto_alloc_skcipher("cbc-aes-aesni", 0, 0); -104 if (IS_ERR(sk->tfm)) { -105 pr_info("could not allocate skcipher handle\n"); -106 return PTR_ERR(sk->tfm); +102 if (!sk->tfm) { +103 sk->tfm = crypto_alloc_skcipher("cbc-aes-aesni", 0, 0); +104 if (IS_ERR(sk->tfm)) { +105 pr_info("could not allocate skcipher handle\n"); +106 return PTR_ERR(sk->tfm); 107 } 108 } 109 -110 if (!sk->req) { +110 if (!sk->req) { 111 sk->req = skcipher_request_alloc(sk->tfm, GFP_KERNEL); -112 if (!sk->req) { -113 pr_info("could not allocate skcipher request\n"); +112 if (!sk->req) { +113 pr_info("could not allocate skcipher request\n"); 114 ret = -ENOMEM; -115 goto out; +115 goto out; 116 } 117 } 118 119 skcipher_request_set_callback(sk->req, CRYPTO_TFM_REQ_MAY_BACKLOG, 120 test_skcipher_callback, &sk->result); 121 -122 /* clear the key */ -123 memset((void *) key, '\0', SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH); +122 /* clear the key */ +123 memset((void *) key, '\0', SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH); 124 -125 /* Use the world's favourite password */ -126 sprintf((char *) key, "%s", password); +125 /* Use the world's favourite password */ +126 sprintf((char *) key, "%s", password); 127 -128 /* AES 256 with given symmetric key */ -129 if (crypto_skcipher_setkey(sk->tfm, key, SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH)) { -130 pr_info("key could not be set\n"); +128 /* AES 256 with given symmetric key */ +129 if (crypto_skcipher_setkey(sk->tfm, key, SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH)) { +130 pr_info("key could not be set\n"); 131 ret = -EAGAIN; -132 goto out; +132 goto out; 133 } -134 pr_info("Symmetric key: %s\n", key); -135 pr_info("Plaintext: %s\n", plaintext); +134 pr_info("Symmetric key: %s\n", key); +135 pr_info("Plaintext: %s\n", plaintext); 136 -137 if (!sk->ivdata) { -138 /* see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialization_vector */ +137 if (!sk->ivdata) { +138 /* see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialization_vector */ 139 sk->ivdata = kmalloc(CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL); -140 if (!sk->ivdata) { -141 pr_info("could not allocate ivdata\n"); -142 goto out; +140 if (!sk->ivdata) { +141 pr_info("could not allocate ivdata\n"); +142 goto out; 143 } 144 get_random_bytes(sk->ivdata, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); 145 } 146 -147 if (!sk->scratchpad) { -148 /* The text to be encrypted */ +147 if (!sk->scratchpad) { +148 /* The text to be encrypted */ 149 sk->scratchpad = kmalloc(CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL); -150 if (!sk->scratchpad) { -151 pr_info("could not allocate scratchpad\n"); -152 goto out; +150 if (!sk->scratchpad) { +151 pr_info("could not allocate scratchpad\n"); +152 goto out; 153 } 154 } -155 sprintf((char *) sk->scratchpad, "%s", plaintext); +155 sprintf((char *) sk->scratchpad, "%s", plaintext); 156 157 sg_init_one(&sk->sg, sk->scratchpad, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); 158 skcipher_request_set_crypt(sk->req, &sk->sg, &sk->sg, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE, 159 sk->ivdata); 160 init_completion(&sk->result.completion); 161 -162 /* encrypt data */ +162 /* encrypt data */ 163 ret = crypto_skcipher_encrypt(sk->req); 164 ret = test_skcipher_result(sk, ret); -165 if (ret) -166 goto out; +165 if (ret) +166 goto out; 167 -168 pr_info("Encryption request successful\n"); +168 pr_info("Encryption request successful\n"); 169 170out: -171 return ret; +171 return ret; 172} 173 -174int cryptoapi_init(void) +174int cryptoapi_init(void) 175{ -176 /* The world's favorite password */ -177 char *password = "password123"; +176 /* The world's favorite password */ +177 char *password = "password123"; 178 179 sk.tfm = NULL; 180 sk.req = NULL; @@ -4905,11 +4905,11 @@ and a password. 182 sk.ciphertext = NULL; 183 sk.ivdata = NULL; 184 -185 test_skcipher_encrypt("Testing", password, &sk); -186 return 0; +185 test_skcipher_encrypt("Testing", password, &sk); +186 return 0; 187} 188 -189void cryptoapi_exit(void) +189void cryptoapi_exit(void) 190{ 191 test_skcipher_finish(&sk); 192} @@ -4917,8 +4917,8 @@ and a password. 194module_init(cryptoapi_init); 195module_exit(cryptoapi_exit); 196 -197MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Symmetric key encryption example"); -198MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+197MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Symmetric key encryption example"); +198MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
0.17 Standardizing the interfaces: The Device Model
@@ -4930,59 +4930,59 @@ use this as a template to add your own suspend, resume or other interface functions.-
1/* -2 * devicemodel.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/kernel.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> -6#include <linux/platform_device.h> +@@ -5049,10 +5049,10 @@ succeed.1/* +2 * devicemodel.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/kernel.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> +6#include <linux/platform_device.h> 7 -8struct devicemodel_data { -9 char *greeting; -10 int number; +8struct devicemodel_data { +9 char *greeting; +10 int number; 11}; 12 -13static int devicemodel_probe(struct platform_device *dev) +13static int devicemodel_probe(struct platform_device *dev) 14{ -15 struct devicemodel_data *pd = -16 (struct devicemodel_data *) (dev->dev.platform_data); +15 struct devicemodel_data *pd = +16 (struct devicemodel_data *) (dev->dev.platform_data); 17 -18 pr_info("devicemodel probe\n"); -19 pr_info("devicemodel greeting: %s; %d\n", pd->greeting, pd->number); +18 pr_info("devicemodel probe\n"); +19 pr_info("devicemodel greeting: %s; %d\n", pd->greeting, pd->number); 20 -21 /* Your device initialization code */ +21 /* Your device initialization code */ 22 -23 return 0; +23 return 0; 24} 25 -26static int devicemodel_remove(struct platform_device *dev) +26static int devicemodel_remove(struct platform_device *dev) 27{ -28 pr_info("devicemodel example removed\n"); +28 pr_info("devicemodel example removed\n"); 29 -30 /* Your device removal code */ +30 /* Your device removal code */ 31 -32 return 0; +32 return 0; 33} 34 -35static int devicemodel_suspend(struct device *dev) +35static int devicemodel_suspend(struct device *dev) 36{ -37 pr_info("devicemodel example suspend\n"); +37 pr_info("devicemodel example suspend\n"); 38 -39 /* Your device suspend code */ +39 /* Your device suspend code */ 40 -41 return 0; +41 return 0; 42} 43 -44static int devicemodel_resume(struct device *dev) +44static int devicemodel_resume(struct device *dev) 45{ -46 pr_info("devicemodel example resume\n"); +46 pr_info("devicemodel example resume\n"); 47 -48 /* Your device resume code */ +48 /* Your device resume code */ 49 -50 return 0; +50 return 0; 51} 52 -53static const struct dev_pm_ops devicemodel_pm_ops = { +53static const struct dev_pm_ops devicemodel_pm_ops = { 54 .suspend = devicemodel_suspend, 55 .resume = devicemodel_resume, 56 .poweroff = devicemodel_suspend, @@ -4991,10 +4991,10 @@ functions. 59 .restore = devicemodel_resume, 60}; 61 -62static struct platform_driver devicemodel_driver = { +62static struct platform_driver devicemodel_driver = { 63 .driver = 64 { -65 .name = "devicemodel_example", +65 .name = "devicemodel_example", 66 .owner = THIS_MODULE, 67 .pm = &devicemodel_pm_ops, 68 }, @@ -5002,33 +5002,33 @@ functions. 70 .remove = devicemodel_remove, 71}; 72 -73static int devicemodel_init(void) +73static int devicemodel_init(void) 74{ -75 int ret; +75 int ret; 76 -77 pr_info("devicemodel init\n"); +77 pr_info("devicemodel init\n"); 78 79 ret = platform_driver_register(&devicemodel_driver); 80 -81 if (ret) { -82 pr_err("Unable to register driver\n"); -83 return ret; +81 if (ret) { +82 pr_err("Unable to register driver\n"); +83 return ret; 84 } 85 -86 return 0; +86 return 0; 87} 88 -89static void devicemodel_exit(void) +89static void devicemodel_exit(void) 90{ -91 pr_info("devicemodel exit\n"); +91 pr_info("devicemodel exit\n"); 92 platform_driver_unregister(&devicemodel_driver); 93} 94 -95MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -96MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Linux Device Model example"); +95module_init(devicemodel_init); +96module_exit(devicemodel_exit); 97 -98module_init(devicemodel_init); -99module_exit(devicemodel_exit);+98MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +99MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Linux Device Model example");
1bvl = bvec_alloc(gfp_mask, nr_iovecs, &idx); -2if (unlikely(!bvl)) { +2if (unlikely(!bvl)) { 3 mempool_free(bio, bio_pool); 4 bio = NULL; -5 goto out; +5 goto out; 6}When the unlikely macro is used, the compiler alters its machine instruction output, so that it continues along the false branch and only jumps if the condition is