I would recommend playing around with this code: +
I would recommend playing around with this code: + + +
-1$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mystring="bebop" myintarray=-1 -2$ dmesg -t | tail -7 -3myshort is a short integer: 1 -4myint is an integer: 420 -5mylong is a long integer: 9999 -6mystring is a string: bebop -7myintarray[0] = -1 -8myintarray[1] = 420 -9got 1 arguments for myintarray. -10 -11$ sudo rmmod hello-5 -12$ dmesg -t | tail -1 -13Goodbye, world 5 -14 -15$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mystring="supercalifragilisticexpialidocious" myintarray=-1,-1 -16$ dmesg -t | tail -7 -17myshort is a short integer: 1 -18myint is an integer: 420 -19mylong is a long integer: 9999 -20mystring is a string: supercalifragilisticexpialidocious -21myintarray[0] = -1 -22myintarray[1] = -1 -23got 2 arguments for myintarray. -24 -25$ sudo rmmod hello-5 -26$ dmesg -t | tail -1 -27Goodbye, world 5 -28 -29$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mylong=hello -30insmod: ERROR: could not insert module hello-5.ko: Invalid parameters-
+
+$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mystring="bebop" myintarray=-1 +$ dmesg -t | tail -7 +myshort is a short integer: 1 +myint is an integer: 420 +mylong is a long integer: 9999 +mystring is a string: bebop +myintarray[0] = -1 +myintarray[1] = 420 +got 1 arguments for myintarray. + +$ sudo rmmod hello-5 +$ dmesg -t | tail -1 +Goodbye, world 5 + +$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mystring="supercalifragilisticexpialidocious" myintarray=-1,-1 +$ dmesg -t | tail -7 +myshort is a short integer: 1 +myint is an integer: 420 +mylong is a long integer: 9999 +mystring is a string: supercalifragilisticexpialidocious +myintarray[0] = -1 +myintarray[1] = -1 +got 2 arguments for myintarray. + +$ sudo rmmod hello-5 +$ dmesg -t | tail -1 +Goodbye, world 5 + +$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mylong=hello +insmod: ERROR: could not insert module hello-5.ko: Invalid parameters ++
+
Sometimes it makes sense to divide a kernel module between several source files.
Here is an example of such a kernel module.
-1/* -2 * start.c - Illustration of multi filed modules -3 */ + + + +1/* +2 * start.c - Illustration of multi filed modules +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ -6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ +6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ 7 -8int init_module(void) +8int init_module(void) 9{ -10 pr_info("Hello, world - this is the kernel speaking\n"); -11 return 0; +10 pr_info("Hello, world - this is the kernel speaking\n"); +11 return 0; 12} 13 -14MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+14MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
The next file:
-1/* -2 * stop.c - Illustration of multi filed modules -3 */ +1/* +2 * stop.c - Illustration of multi filed modules +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ -6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ +6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ 7 -8void cleanup_module(void) +8void cleanup_module(void) 9{ -10 pr_info("Short is the life of a kernel module\n"); +10 pr_info("Short is the life of a kernel module\n"); 11} 12 -13MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+13MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
And finally, the makefile:
-
1obj-m += hello-1.o +1obj-m += hello-1.o 2obj-m += hello-2.o 3obj-m += hello-3.o 4obj-m += hello-4.o @@ -759,13 +768,10 @@ files. 7startstop-objs := start.o stop.o 8 9all: -10 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules +10 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules 11 12clean: -13 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean- - - +13 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean
This is the complete makefile for all the examples we have seen so far. The first five lines are nothing special, but for the last example we will need two lines. First we invent an object name for our combined module, second we tell @@ -799,7 +805,7 @@ error as follows:
-+insmod: ERROR: could not insert module poet.ko: Invalid module format@@ -808,7 +814,7 @@ insmod: ERROR: could not insert module poet.ko: Invalid module format
-+kernel: poet: disagrees about version of symbol module_layout@@ -824,7 +830,7 @@ command
-modinfo module.ko+$ modinfo hello-4.ko description: A sample driver author: LKMPG @@ -846,7 +852,7 @@ chapter. version as your current kernel. Then, find the configuration file which was used to compile your precompiled kernel. Usually, this is available in your current boot directory, under a name like config-5.14.x. You may just want to copy it to your kernel source -tree:cp /boot/config-`uname -r` .config +tree:andcp /boot/config-`uname -r` .config.Let’s focus again on the previous error message: a closer look at the version magic strings suggests that, even with two configuration files which are exactly the same, a @@ -862,7 +868,7 @@ follows:
-+VERSION = 5 PATCHLEVEL = 14 SUBLEVEL = 0 @@ -874,8 +880,8 @@ EXTRAVERSION = -rc2 available in /lib/modules/5.14.0-rc2/build. A simple command as following should suffice. -1cp /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build/Makefile linux-`uname -r`-Here
linux-`uname -r` +? It is easy! Compile the following program:1cp /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build/Makefile linux-`uname -r`+Here
linux-`uname -r`is the Linux kernel source you are attempting to build.Now, please run
-maketo update configuration and version headers and objects: @@ -883,7 +889,7 @@ should suffice.+$ make SYNC include/config/auto.conf.cmd HOSTCC scripts/basic/fixdep @@ -972,12 +978,12 @@ data into strings and write the string data using the low-level system call-
1#include <stdio.h> +1#include <stdio.h> 2 -3int main(void) +3int main(void) 4{ -5 printf("hello"); -6 return 0; +5 printf("hello"); +6 return 0; 7}with
-gcc -Wall -o hello hello.c. Run the executable withstrace ./hello @@ -986,7 +992,7 @@ handy program that gives you details about what system calls a program is making, including which call is made, what its arguments are and what it returns. It is an invaluable tool for figuring out things like what files a program is trying to access. Towards the end, you will see a line which looks like -write(1, "hello", 5hello) +write(1, "hello", 5hello). There it is. The face behind theprintf()mask. You may not be familiar with write, since most people use library functions for file I/O (likefopen @@ -1102,7 +1108,7 @@ partitions on the primary master IDE hard drive:+$ ls -l /dev/hda[1-3] brw-rw---- 1 root disk 3, 1 Jul 5 2000 /dev/hda1 brw-rw---- 1 root disk 3, 2 Jul 5 2000 /dev/hda2 @@ -1138,7 +1144,7 @@ ports): -+crw-rw---- 1 root dial 4, 64 Feb 18 23:34 /dev/ttyS0 crw-r----- 1 root dial 4, 65 Nov 17 10:26 /dev/ttyS1 crw-rw---- 1 root dial 4, 66 Jul 5 2000 /dev/ttyS2 @@ -1170,7 +1176,7 @@ files: -+$ ls -l /dev/sda /dev/sdb brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 0 Jan 3 09:02 /dev/sda brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 16 Jan 3 09:02 /dev/sdb @@ -1198,43 +1204,43 @@ device. Thefile_operations Here is what the definition looks like for kernel 5.4:variable to retain their state.-
1struct file_operations { -2 struct module *owner; -3 loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int); -4 ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); -5 ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); -6 ssize_t (*read_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *); -7 ssize_t (*write_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *); -8 int (*iopoll)(struct kiocb *kiocb, bool spin); -9 int (*iterate) (struct file *, struct dir_context *); -10 int (*iterate_shared) (struct file *, struct dir_context *); -11 __poll_t (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *); -12 long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long); -13 long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long); -14 int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *); -15 unsigned long mmap_supported_flags; -16 int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *); -17 int (*flush) (struct file *, fl_owner_t id); -18 int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *); -19 int (*fsync) (struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int datasync); -20 int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int); -21 int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *); -22 ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t, loff_t *, int); -23 unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long); -24 int (*check_flags)(int); -25 int (*flock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *); -26 ssize_t (*splice_write)(struct pipe_inode_info *, struct file *, loff_t *, size_t, unsigned int); -27 ssize_t (*splice_read)(struct file *, loff_t *, struct pipe_inode_info *, size_t, unsigned int); -28 int (*setlease)(struct file *, long, struct file_lock **, void **); -29 long (*fallocate)(struct file *file, int mode, loff_t offset, +1struct file_operations { +2 struct module *owner; +3 loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int); +4 ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); +5 ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); +6 ssize_t (*read_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *); +7 ssize_t (*write_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *); +8 int (*iopoll)(struct kiocb *kiocb, bool spin); +9 int (*iterate) (struct file *, struct dir_context *); +10 int (*iterate_shared) (struct file *, struct dir_context *); +11 __poll_t (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *); +12 long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long); +13 long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long); +14 int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *); +15 unsigned long mmap_supported_flags; +16 int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *); +17 int (*flush) (struct file *, fl_owner_t id); +18 int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *); +19 int (*fsync) (struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int datasync); +20 int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int); +21 int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *); +22 ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t, loff_t *, int); +23 unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long); +24 int (*check_flags)(int); +25 int (*flock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *); +26 ssize_t (*splice_write)(struct pipe_inode_info *, struct file *, loff_t *, size_t, unsigned int); +27 ssize_t (*splice_read)(struct file *, loff_t *, struct pipe_inode_info *, size_t, unsigned int); +28 int (*setlease)(struct file *, long, struct file_lock **, void **); +29 long (*fallocate)(struct file *file, int mode, loff_t offset, 30 loff_t len); -31 void (*show_fdinfo)(struct seq_file *m, struct file *f); -32 ssize_t (*copy_file_range)(struct file *, loff_t, struct file *, -33 loff_t, size_t, unsigned int); -34 loff_t (*remap_file_range)(struct file *file_in, loff_t pos_in, -35 struct file *file_out, loff_t pos_out, -36 loff_t len, unsigned int remap_flags); -37 int (*fadvise)(struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int); +31 void (*show_fdinfo)(struct seq_file *m, struct file *f); +32 ssize_t (*copy_file_range)(struct file *, loff_t, struct file *, +33 loff_t, size_t, unsigned int); +34 loff_t (*remap_file_range)(struct file *file_in, loff_t pos_in, +35 struct file *file_out, loff_t pos_out, +36 loff_t len, unsigned int remap_flags); +37 int (*fadvise)(struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int); 38} __randomize_layout;Some operations are not implemented by a driver. For example, a driver that handles a video card will not need to read from a directory structure. The corresponding entries @@ -1249,7 +1255,7 @@ new way of assigning to the structure looks like:
-1struct file_operations fops = { +1struct file_operations fops = { 2 read: device_read, 3 write: device_write, 4 open: device_open, @@ -1261,7 +1267,7 @@ You should use this syntax in case someone wants to port your driver. It will he with compatibility:-
1struct file_operations fops = { +1struct file_operations fops = { 2 .read = device_read, 3 .write = device_write, 4 .open = device_open, @@ -1271,7 +1277,7 @@ with compatibility: the structure which you do not explicitly assign will be initialized toNULLby gcc. -An instance of
struct file_operations +An instance of
struct file_operationscontaining pointers to functions that are used to implementread,write @@ -1293,7 +1299,7 @@ locking.Each device is represented in the kernel by a file structure, which is defined in include/linux/fs.h. Be aware that a file is a kernel level structure and never appears in a user space program. It is not the same thing as a -
FILE +FILE, which is defined by glibc and would never appear in a kernel space function. Also, its name is a bit misleading; it represents an abstract open ‘file’, not a file on a disk, which is represented by a structure named @@ -1325,11 +1331,11 @@ using theregister_chrdevfunction, defined by include/linux/fs.h.-
1int register_chrdev(unsigned int major, const char *name, struct file_operations *fops);+1int register_chrdev(unsigned int major, const char *name, struct file_operations *fops);Where unsigned int major is the major number you want to request, -
const char *name +const char *nameis the name of the device as it will appear in /proc/devices and -struct file_operations *fops +struct file_operations *fopsis a pointer to thefile_operationstable for your driver. A negative return value means the registration failed. Note that we didn’t pass the minor number to @@ -1412,10 +1418,10 @@ module’s development. file.-
1cat /proc/devices+1cat /proc/devices(or open the file with a program) and the driver will put the number of times the device file has been read from into the file. We do not support writing to the file (like -
echo "hi" > /dev/hello +echo "hi" > /dev/hello), but catch these attempts and tell the user that the operation is not supported. Don’t worry if you don’t see what we do with the data we read into the buffer; we don’t do much with it. We simply read in the data and print a message @@ -1436,141 +1442,141 @@ same, modifies the contents of that memory location to the desired value. See mo concurrency details in the 12 section.-
1/* -2 * chardev.c: Creates a read-only char device that says how many times -3 * you have read from the dev file -4 */ +1/* +2 * chardev.c: Creates a read-only char device that says how many times +3 * you have read from the dev file +4 */ 5 -6#include <linux/cdev.h> -7#include <linux/delay.h> -8#include <linux/device.h> -9#include <linux/fs.h> -10#include <linux/init.h> -11#include <linux/irq.h> -12#include <linux/kernel.h> -13#include <linux/module.h> -14#include <linux/poll.h> +6#include <linux/cdev.h> +7#include <linux/delay.h> +8#include <linux/device.h> +9#include <linux/fs.h> +10#include <linux/init.h> +11#include <linux/irq.h> +12#include <linux/kernel.h> +13#include <linux/module.h> +14#include <linux/poll.h> 15 -16/* Prototypes - this would normally go in a .h file */ -17static int device_open(struct inode *, struct file *); -18static int device_release(struct inode *, struct file *); -19static ssize_t device_read(struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); -20static ssize_t device_write(struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, +16/* Prototypes - this would normally go in a .h file */ +17static int device_open(struct inode *, struct file *); +18static int device_release(struct inode *, struct file *); +19static ssize_t device_read(struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); +20static ssize_t device_write(struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, 21 loff_t *); 22 -23#define SUCCESS 0 -24#define DEVICE_NAME "chardev" /* Dev name as it appears in /proc/devices */ -25#define BUF_LEN 80 /* Max length of the message from the device */ +23#define SUCCESS 0 +24#define DEVICE_NAME "chardev" /* Dev name as it appears in /proc/devices */ +25#define BUF_LEN 80 /* Max length of the message from the device */ 26 -27/* Global variables are declared as static, so are global within the file. */ +27/* Global variables are declared as static, so are global within the file. */ 28 -29static int major; /* major number assigned to our device driver */ +29static int major; /* major number assigned to our device driver */ 30 -31enum { +31enum { 32 CDEV_NOT_USED = 0, 33 CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN = 1, 34}; 35 -36/* Is device open? Used to prevent multiple access to device */ -37static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); +36/* Is device open? Used to prevent multiple access to device */ +37static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); 38 -39static char msg[BUF_LEN]; /* The msg the device will give when asked */ +39static char msg[BUF_LEN]; /* The msg the device will give when asked */ 40 -41static struct class *cls; +41static struct class *cls; 42 -43static struct file_operations chardev_fops = { +43static struct file_operations chardev_fops = { 44 .read = device_read, 45 .write = device_write, 46 .open = device_open, 47 .release = device_release, 48}; 49 -50static int __init chardev_init(void) +50static int __init chardev_init(void) 51{ 52 major = register_chrdev(0, DEVICE_NAME, &chardev_fops); 53 -54 if (major < 0) { -55 pr_alert("Registering char device failed with %d\n", major); -56 return major; +54 if (major < 0) { +55 pr_alert("Registering char device failed with %d\n", major); +56 return major; 57 } 58 -59 pr_info("I was assigned major number %d.\n", major); +59 pr_info("I was assigned major number %d.\n", major); 60 61 cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_NAME); 62 device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(major, 0), NULL, DEVICE_NAME); 63 -64 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME); +64 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME); 65 -66 return SUCCESS; +66 return SUCCESS; 67} 68 -69static void __exit chardev_exit(void) +69static void __exit chardev_exit(void) 70{ 71 device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(major, 0)); 72 class_destroy(cls); 73 -74 /* Unregister the device */ +74 /* Unregister the device */ 75 unregister_chrdev(major, DEVICE_NAME); 76} 77 -78/* Methods */ +78/* Methods */ 79 -80/* Called when a process tries to open the device file, like -81 * "sudo cat /dev/chardev" -82 */ -83static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +80/* Called when a process tries to open the device file, like +81 * "sudo cat /dev/chardev" +82 */ +83static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 84{ -85 static int counter = 0; +85 static int counter = 0; 86 -87 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) -88 return -EBUSY; +87 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) +88 return -EBUSY; 89 -90 sprintf(msg, "I already told you %d times Hello world!\n", counter++); +90 sprintf(msg, "I already told you %d times Hello world!\n", counter++); 91 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); 92 -93 return SUCCESS; +93 return SUCCESS; 94} 95 -96/* Called when a process closes the device file. */ -97static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +96/* Called when a process closes the device file. */ +97static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 98{ -99 /* We're now ready for our next caller */ +99 /* We're now ready for our next caller */ 100 atomic_set(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED); 101 -102 /* Decrement the usage count, or else once you opened the file, you will -103 * never get get rid of the module. -104 */ +102 /* Decrement the usage count, or else once you opened the file, you will +103 * never get get rid of the module. +104 */ 105 module_put(THIS_MODULE); 106 -107 return SUCCESS; +107 return SUCCESS; 108} 109 -110/* Called when a process, which already opened the dev file, attempts to -111 * read from it. -112 */ -113static ssize_t device_read(struct file *filp, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ -114 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to fill with data */ -115 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ +110/* Called when a process, which already opened the dev file, attempts to +111 * read from it. +112 */ +113static ssize_t device_read(struct file *filp, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ +114 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to fill with data */ +115 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ 116 loff_t *offset) 117{ -118 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */ -119 int bytes_read = 0; -120 const char *msg_ptr = msg; +118 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */ +119 int bytes_read = 0; +120 const char *msg_ptr = msg; 121 -122 if (!*(msg_ptr + *offset)) { /* we are at the end of message */ -123 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ -124 return 0; /* signify end of file */ +122 if (!*(msg_ptr + *offset)) { /* we are at the end of message */ +123 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ +124 return 0; /* signify end of file */ 125 } 126 127 msg_ptr += *offset; 128 -129 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ -130 while (length && *msg_ptr) { -131 /* The buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel -132 * segment so "*" assignment won't work. We have to use -133 * put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to -134 * the user data segment. -135 */ +129 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ +130 while (length && *msg_ptr) { +131 /* The buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel +132 * segment so "*" assignment won't work. We have to use +133 * put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to +134 * the user data segment. +135 */ 136 put_user(*(msg_ptr++), buffer++); 137 length--; 138 bytes_read++; @@ -1578,22 +1584,22 @@ concurrency details in the 12
6.6 Writing Modules for Multiple Kernel Versions
@@ -1651,7 +1657,7 @@ functionprocfile_read.The /proc/helloworld is created when the module is loaded with the function
proc_create -. The return value is astruct proc_dir_entry +. The return value is astruct proc_dir_entry, and it will be used to configure the file /proc/helloworld (for example, the owner of this file). A null return value means that the creation has failed.Every time the file /proc/helloworld is read, the function @@ -1667,82 +1673,82 @@ function, if it never returns zero, the read function is called endlessly.
-+$ cat /proc/helloworld HelloWorld!
-
1/* -2 * procfs1.c -3 */ +1/* +2 * procfs1.c +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> -8#include <linux/uaccess.h> -9#include <linux/version.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> +8#include <linux/uaccess.h> +9#include <linux/version.h> 10 -11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -13#endif +11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +13#endif 14 -15#define procfs_name "helloworld" +15#define procfs_name "helloworld" 16 -17static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; +17static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; 18 -19static ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *filePointer, char __user *buffer, -20 size_t buffer_length, loff_t *offset) +19static ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *filePointer, char __user *buffer, +20 size_t buffer_length, loff_t *offset) 21{ -22 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n"; -23 int len = sizeof(s); -24 ssize_t ret = len; +22 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n"; +23 int len = sizeof(s); +24 ssize_t ret = len; 25 -26 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) { -27 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n"); +26 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) { +27 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n"); 28 ret = 0; -29 } else { -30 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", filePointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name); +29 } else { +30 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", filePointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name); 31 *offset += len; 32 } 33 -34 return ret; +34 return ret; 35} 36 -37#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -38static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = { +37#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +38static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = { 39 .proc_read = procfile_read, 40}; -41#else -42static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = { +41#else +42static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = { 43 .read = procfile_read, 44}; -45#endif +45#endif 46 -47static int __init procfs1_init(void) +47static int __init procfs1_init(void) 48{ 49 our_proc_file = proc_create(procfs_name, 0644, NULL, &proc_file_fops); -50 if (NULL == our_proc_file) { +50 if (NULL == our_proc_file) { 51 proc_remove(our_proc_file); -52 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", procfs_name); -53 return -ENOMEM; +52 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", procfs_name); +53 return -ENOMEM; 54 } 55 -56 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", procfs_name); -57 return 0; +56 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", procfs_name); +57 return 0; 58} 59 -60static void __exit procfs1_exit(void) +60static void __exit procfs1_exit(void) 61{ 62 proc_remove(our_proc_file); -63 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", procfs_name); +63 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", procfs_name); 64} 65 66module_init(procfs1_init); 67module_exit(procfs1_exit); 68 -69MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+69MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
7.1 The proc_ops Structure
@@ -1798,101 +1804,101 @@ need to import data because it comes from user space, but not for the read funct because data is already in kernel space.-
1/* -2 * procfs2.c - create a "file" in /proc -3 */ +1/* +2 * procfs2.c - create a "file" in /proc +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */ -6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ -7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use the proc fs */ -8#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for copy_from_user */ -9#include <linux/version.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */ +6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use the proc fs */ +8#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for copy_from_user */ +9#include <linux/version.h> 10 -11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -13#endif +11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +13#endif 14 -15#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 1024 -16#define PROCFS_NAME "buffer1k" +15#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 1024 +16#define PROCFS_NAME "buffer1k" 17 -18/* This structure hold information about the /proc file */ -19static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; +18/* This structure hold information about the /proc file */ +19static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; 20 -21/* The buffer used to store character for this module */ -22static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE]; +21/* The buffer used to store character for this module */ +22static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE]; 23 -24/* The size of the buffer */ -25static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0; +24/* The size of the buffer */ +25static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0; 26 -27/* This function is called then the /proc file is read */ -28static ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *filePointer, char __user *buffer, -29 size_t buffer_length, loff_t *offset) +27/* This function is called then the /proc file is read */ +28static ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *filePointer, char __user *buffer, +29 size_t buffer_length, loff_t *offset) 30{ -31 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n"; -32 int len = sizeof(s); -33 ssize_t ret = len; +31 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n"; +32 int len = sizeof(s); +33 ssize_t ret = len; 34 -35 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) { -36 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n"); +35 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) { +36 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n"); 37 ret = 0; -38 } else { -39 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", filePointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name); +38 } else { +39 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", filePointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name); 40 *offset += len; 41 } 42 -43 return ret; +43 return ret; 44} 45 -46/* This function is called with the /proc file is written. */ -47static ssize_t procfile_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buff, -48 size_t len, loff_t *off) +46/* This function is called with the /proc file is written. */ +47static ssize_t procfile_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buff, +48 size_t len, loff_t *off) 49{ 50 procfs_buffer_size = len; -51 if (procfs_buffer_size > PROCFS_MAX_SIZE) +51 if (procfs_buffer_size > PROCFS_MAX_SIZE) 52 procfs_buffer_size = PROCFS_MAX_SIZE; 53 -54 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buff, procfs_buffer_size)) -55 return -EFAULT; +54 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buff, procfs_buffer_size)) +55 return -EFAULT; 56 -57 procfs_buffer[procfs_buffer_size] = '\0'; -58 return procfs_buffer_size; +57 procfs_buffer[procfs_buffer_size] = '\0'; +58 return procfs_buffer_size; 59} 60 -61#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -62static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = { +61#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +62static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = { 63 .proc_read = procfile_read, 64 .proc_write = procfile_write, 65}; -66#else -67static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = { +66#else +67static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = { 68 .read = procfile_read, 69 .write = procfile_write, 70}; -71#endif +71#endif 72 -73static int __init procfs2_init(void) +73static int __init procfs2_init(void) 74{ 75 our_proc_file = proc_create(PROCFS_NAME, 0644, NULL, &proc_file_fops); -76 if (NULL == our_proc_file) { +76 if (NULL == our_proc_file) { 77 proc_remove(our_proc_file); -78 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROCFS_NAME); -79 return -ENOMEM; +78 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROCFS_NAME); +79 return -ENOMEM; 80 } 81 -82 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_NAME); -83 return 0; +82 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_NAME); +83 return 0; 84} 85 -86static void __exit procfs2_exit(void) +86static void __exit procfs2_exit(void) 87{ 88 proc_remove(our_proc_file); -89 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_NAME); +89 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_NAME); 90} 91 92module_init(procfs2_init); 93module_exit(procfs2_exit); 94 -95MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+95MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
7.3 Manage /proc file with standard filesystem
@@ -1902,20 +1908,20 @@ functions, like permissions.In Linux, there is a standard mechanism for file system registration. Since every file system has to have its own functions to handle inode and file operations, there is a special structure to hold pointers to all those functions, -
struct inode_operations -, which includes a pointer tostruct proc_ops +struct inode_operations +, which includes a pointer tostruct proc_ops.The difference between file and inode operations is that file operations deal with the file itself whereas inode operations deal with ways of referencing the file, such as creating links to it.
In /proc, whenever we register a new file, we’re allowed to specify which -
struct inode_operations +struct inode_operationswill be used to access to it. This is the mechanism we use, a -struct inode_operations +struct inode_operations -which includes a pointer to astruct proc_ops +which includes a pointer to astruct proc_opswhich includes pointers to ourprocf_readandprocfs_writefunctions. @@ -1936,113 +1942,113 @@ if a process writes something to the kernel, then the kernel receives it as input.-
1/* -2 * procfs3.c -3 */ +1/* +2 * procfs3.c +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> -8#include <linux/sched.h> -9#include <linux/uaccess.h> -10#include <linux/version.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> +8#include <linux/sched.h> +9#include <linux/uaccess.h> +10#include <linux/version.h> 11 -12#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -13#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -14#endif +12#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +13#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +14#endif 15 -16#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 2048 -17#define PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME "buffer2k" +16#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 2048 +17#define PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME "buffer2k" 18 -19static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; -20static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE]; -21static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0; +19static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; +20static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE]; +21static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0; 22 -23static ssize_t procfs_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buffer, -24 size_t length, loff_t *offset) +23static ssize_t procfs_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buffer, +24 size_t length, loff_t *offset) 25{ -26 static int finished = 0; +26 static int finished = 0; 27 -28 if (finished) { -29 pr_debug("procfs_read: END\n"); +28 if (finished) { +29 pr_debug("procfs_read: END\n"); 30 finished = 0; -31 return 0; +31 return 0; 32 } 33 finished = 1; 34 -35 if (copy_to_user(buffer, procfs_buffer, procfs_buffer_size)) -36 return -EFAULT; +35 if (copy_to_user(buffer, procfs_buffer, procfs_buffer_size)) +36 return -EFAULT; 37 -38 pr_debug("procfs_read: read %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size); -39 return procfs_buffer_size; +38 pr_debug("procfs_read: read %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size); +39 return procfs_buffer_size; 40} -41static ssize_t procfs_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, -42 size_t len, loff_t *off) +41static ssize_t procfs_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, +42 size_t len, loff_t *off) 43{ -44 if (len > PROCFS_MAX_SIZE) +44 if (len > PROCFS_MAX_SIZE) 45 procfs_buffer_size = PROCFS_MAX_SIZE; -46 else +46 else 47 procfs_buffer_size = len; -48 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buffer, procfs_buffer_size)) -49 return -EFAULT; +48 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buffer, procfs_buffer_size)) +49 return -EFAULT; 50 -51 pr_debug("procfs_write: write %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size); -52 return procfs_buffer_size; +51 pr_debug("procfs_write: write %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size); +52 return procfs_buffer_size; 53} -54static int procfs_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +54static int procfs_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 55{ 56 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); -57 return 0; +57 return 0; 58} -59static int procfs_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +59static int procfs_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 60{ 61 module_put(THIS_MODULE); -62 return 0; +62 return 0; 63} 64 -65#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -66static struct proc_ops file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { +65#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +66static struct proc_ops file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { 67 .proc_read = procfs_read, 68 .proc_write = procfs_write, 69 .proc_open = procfs_open, 70 .proc_release = procfs_close, 71}; -72#else -73static const struct file_operations file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { +72#else +73static const struct file_operations file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { 74 .read = procfs_read, 75 .write = procfs_write, 76 .open = procfs_open, 77 .release = procfs_close, 78}; -79#endif +79#endif 80 -81static int __init procfs3_init(void) +81static int __init procfs3_init(void) 82{ 83 our_proc_file = proc_create(PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME, 0644, NULL, 84 &file_ops_4_our_proc_file); -85 if (our_proc_file == NULL) { +85 if (our_proc_file == NULL) { 86 remove_proc_entry(PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL); -87 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", +87 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", 88 PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME); -89 return -ENOMEM; +89 return -ENOMEM; 90 } 91 proc_set_size(our_proc_file, 80); 92 proc_set_user(our_proc_file, GLOBAL_ROOT_UID, GLOBAL_ROOT_GID); 93 -94 pr_debug("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME); -95 return 0; +94 pr_debug("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME); +95 return 0; 96} 97 -98static void __exit procfs3_exit(void) +98static void __exit procfs3_exit(void) 99{ 100 remove_proc_entry(PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL); -101 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME); +101 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME); 102} 103 104module_init(procfs3_init); 105module_exit(procfs3_exit); 106 -107MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+107MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Still hungry for procfs examples? Well, first of all keep in mind, there are rumors around, claiming that procfs is on its way out, consider using sysfs instead. Consider using this mechanism, in case you want to document something kernel related @@ -2107,124 +2113,124 @@ of function
-stop(), and some others. But nothing to write in the /proc file. Of course, you can still use the same way as in the previous example.1/* -2 * procfs4.c - create a "file" in /proc -3 * This program uses the seq_file library to manage the /proc file. -4 */ +1/* +2 * procfs4.c - create a "file" in /proc +3 * This program uses the seq_file library to manage the /proc file. +4 */ 5 -6#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ -7#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ -8#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */ -9#include <linux/seq_file.h> /* for seq_file */ -10#include <linux/version.h> +6#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ +7#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +8#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */ +9#include <linux/seq_file.h> /* for seq_file */ +10#include <linux/version.h> 11 -12#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -13#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -14#endif +12#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +13#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +14#endif 15 -16#define PROC_NAME "iter" +16#define PROC_NAME "iter" 17 -18/* This function is called at the beginning of a sequence. -19 * ie, when: -20 * - the /proc file is read (first time) -21 * - after the function stop (end of sequence) -22 */ -23static void *my_seq_start(struct seq_file *s, loff_t *pos) +18/* This function is called at the beginning of a sequence. +19 * ie, when: +20 * - the /proc file is read (first time) +21 * - after the function stop (end of sequence) +22 */ +23static void *my_seq_start(struct seq_file *s, loff_t *pos) 24{ -25 static unsigned long counter = 0; +25 static unsigned long counter = 0; 26 -27 /* beginning a new sequence? */ -28 if (*pos == 0) { -29 /* yes => return a non null value to begin the sequence */ -30 return &counter; +27 /* beginning a new sequence? */ +28 if (*pos == 0) { +29 /* yes => return a non null value to begin the sequence */ +30 return &counter; 31 } 32 -33 /* no => it is the end of the sequence, return end to stop reading */ +33 /* no => it is the end of the sequence, return end to stop reading */ 34 *pos = 0; -35 return NULL; +35 return NULL; 36} 37 -38/* This function is called after the beginning of a sequence. -39 * It is called untill the return is NULL (this ends the sequence). -40 */ -41static void *my_seq_next(struct seq_file *s, void *v, loff_t *pos) +38/* This function is called after the beginning of a sequence. +39 * It is called untill the return is NULL (this ends the sequence). +40 */ +41static void *my_seq_next(struct seq_file *s, void *v, loff_t *pos) 42{ -43 unsigned long *tmp_v = (unsigned long *)v; +43 unsigned long *tmp_v = (unsigned long *)v; 44 (*tmp_v)++; 45 (*pos)++; -46 return NULL; +46 return NULL; 47} 48 -49/* This function is called at the end of a sequence. */ -50static void my_seq_stop(struct seq_file *s, void *v) +49/* This function is called at the end of a sequence. */ +50static void my_seq_stop(struct seq_file *s, void *v) 51{ -52 /* nothing to do, we use a static value in start() */ +52 /* nothing to do, we use a static value in start() */ 53} 54 -55/* This function is called for each "step" of a sequence. */ -56static int my_seq_show(struct seq_file *s, void *v) +55/* This function is called for each "step" of a sequence. */ +56static int my_seq_show(struct seq_file *s, void *v) 57{ 58 loff_t *spos = (loff_t *)v; 59 -60 seq_printf(s, "%Ld\n", *spos); -61 return 0; +60 seq_printf(s, "%Ld\n", *spos); +61 return 0; 62} 63 -64/* This structure gather "function" to manage the sequence */ -65static struct seq_operations my_seq_ops = { +64/* This structure gather "function" to manage the sequence */ +65static struct seq_operations my_seq_ops = { 66 .start = my_seq_start, 67 .next = my_seq_next, 68 .stop = my_seq_stop, 69 .show = my_seq_show, 70}; 71 -72/* This function is called when the /proc file is open. */ -73static int my_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +72/* This function is called when the /proc file is open. */ +73static int my_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 74{ -75 return seq_open(file, &my_seq_ops); +75 return seq_open(file, &my_seq_ops); 76}; 77 -78/* This structure gather "function" that manage the /proc file */ -79#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -80static const struct proc_ops my_file_ops = { +78/* This structure gather "function" that manage the /proc file */ +79#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +80static const struct proc_ops my_file_ops = { 81 .proc_open = my_open, 82 .proc_read = seq_read, 83 .proc_lseek = seq_lseek, 84 .proc_release = seq_release, 85}; -86#else -87static const struct file_operations my_file_ops = { +86#else +87static const struct file_operations my_file_ops = { 88 .open = my_open, 89 .read = seq_read, 90 .llseek = seq_lseek, 91 .release = seq_release, 92}; -93#endif +93#endif 94 -95static int __init procfs4_init(void) +95static int __init procfs4_init(void) 96{ -97 struct proc_dir_entry *entry; +97 struct proc_dir_entry *entry; 98 99 entry = proc_create(PROC_NAME, 0, NULL, &my_file_ops); -100 if (entry == NULL) { +100 if (entry == NULL) { 101 remove_proc_entry(PROC_NAME, NULL); -102 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_NAME); -103 return -ENOMEM; +102 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_NAME); +103 return -ENOMEM; 104 } 105 -106 return 0; +106 return 0; 107} 108 -109static void __exit procfs4_exit(void) +109static void __exit procfs4_exit(void) 110{ 111 remove_proc_entry(PROC_NAME, NULL); -112 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_NAME); +112 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_NAME); 113} 114 115module_init(procfs4_init); 116module_exit(procfs4_exit); 117 -118MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+118MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");If you want more information, you can read this web page:
@@ -2240,76 +2246,76 @@ as an interface for applications or scripts. You can find sysfs directories and under the /sys directory on your system.
-
1ls -l /sys+1ls -l /sysAn example of a hello world module which includes the creation of a variable accessible via sysfs is given below.
-
1/* -2 * hello-sysfs.c sysfs example -3 */ -4#include <linux/fs.h> -5#include <linux/init.h> -6#include <linux/kobject.h> -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/string.h> -9#include <linux/sysfs.h> +1/* +2 * hello-sysfs.c sysfs example +3 */ +4#include <linux/fs.h> +5#include <linux/init.h> +6#include <linux/kobject.h> +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/string.h> +9#include <linux/sysfs.h> 10 -11static struct kobject *mymodule; +11static struct kobject *mymodule; 12 -13/* the variable you want to be able to change */ -14static int myvariable = 0; +13/* the variable you want to be able to change */ +14static int myvariable = 0; 15 -16static ssize_t myvariable_show(struct kobject *kobj, -17 struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf) +16static ssize_t myvariable_show(struct kobject *kobj, +17 struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf) 18{ -19 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", myvariable); +19 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", myvariable); 20} 21 -22static ssize_t myvariable_store(struct kobject *kobj, -23 struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf, -24 size_t count) +22static ssize_t myvariable_store(struct kobject *kobj, +23 struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf, +24 size_t count) 25{ -26 sscanf(buf, "%du", &myvariable); -27 return count; +26 sscanf(buf, "%du", &myvariable); +27 return count; 28} 29 -30static struct kobj_attribute myvariable_attribute = -31 __ATTR(myvariable, 0660, myvariable_show, (void *)myvariable_store); +30static struct kobj_attribute myvariable_attribute = +31 __ATTR(myvariable, 0660, myvariable_show, (void *)myvariable_store); 32 -33static int __init mymodule_init(void) +33static int __init mymodule_init(void) 34{ -35 int error = 0; +35 int error = 0; 36 -37 pr_info("mymodule: initialised\n"); +37 pr_info("mymodule: initialised\n"); 38 -39 mymodule = kobject_create_and_add("mymodule", kernel_kobj); -40 if (!mymodule) -41 return -ENOMEM; +39 mymodule = kobject_create_and_add("mymodule", kernel_kobj); +40 if (!mymodule) +41 return -ENOMEM; 42 43 error = sysfs_create_file(mymodule, &myvariable_attribute.attr); -44 if (error) { -45 pr_info("failed to create the myvariable file " -46 "in /sys/kernel/mymodule\n"); +44 if (error) { +45 pr_info("failed to create the myvariable file " +46 "in /sys/kernel/mymodule\n"); 47 } 48 -49 return error; +49 return error; 50} 51 -52static void __exit mymodule_exit(void) +52static void __exit mymodule_exit(void) 53{ -54 pr_info("mymodule: Exit success\n"); +54 pr_info("mymodule: Exit success\n"); 55 kobject_put(mymodule); 56} 57 58module_init(mymodule_init); 59module_exit(mymodule_exit); 60 -61MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+61MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Make and install the module:
-
1make +1make 2sudo insmod hello-sysfs.ko@@ -2317,22 +2323,22 @@ accessible via sysfs is given below.Check that it exists:
-
1sudo lsmod | grep hello_sysfs+1sudo lsmod | grep hello_sysfsWhat is the current value of
myvariable?-
1cat /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariable+1cat /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariableSet the value of
myvariableand check that it changed.-
1echo "32" > /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariable +1echo "32" > /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariable 2cat /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariableFinally, remove the test module:
-
1sudo rmmod hello_sysfs+1sudo rmmod hello_sysfs
9 Talking To Device Files
@@ -2390,427 +2396,427 @@ lead to the race condition. The solution is using atomic Compare-And-Swap (CAS), which we mentioned at 6.5 section, to enforce the exclusive access.-
1/* -2 * chardev2.c - Create an input/output character device -3 */ +1/* +2 * chardev2.c - Create an input/output character device +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/cdev.h> -6#include <linux/delay.h> -7#include <linux/device.h> -8#include <linux/fs.h> -9#include <linux/init.h> -10#include <linux/irq.h> -11#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ -12#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ -13#include <linux/poll.h> +5#include <linux/cdev.h> +6#include <linux/delay.h> +7#include <linux/device.h> +8#include <linux/fs.h> +9#include <linux/init.h> +10#include <linux/irq.h> +11#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ +12#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +13#include <linux/poll.h> 14 -15#include "chardev.h" -16#define SUCCESS 0 -17#define DEVICE_NAME "char_dev" -18#define BUF_LEN 80 +15#include "chardev.h" +16#define SUCCESS 0 +17#define DEVICE_NAME "char_dev" +18#define BUF_LEN 80 19 -20enum { +20enum { 21 CDEV_NOT_USED = 0, 22 CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN = 1, 23}; 24 -25/* Is the device open right now? Used to prevent concurrent access into -26 * the same device -27 */ -28static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); +25/* Is the device open right now? Used to prevent concurrent access into +26 * the same device +27 */ +28static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); 29 -30/* The message the device will give when asked */ -31static char message[BUF_LEN]; +30/* The message the device will give when asked */ +31static char message[BUF_LEN]; 32 -33static struct class *cls; +33static struct class *cls; 34 -35/* This is called whenever a process attempts to open the device file */ -36static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +35/* This is called whenever a process attempts to open the device file */ +36static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 37{ -38 pr_info("device_open(%p)\n", file); +38 pr_info("device_open(%p)\n", file); 39 -40 /* We don't want to talk to two processes at the same time. */ -41 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) -42 return -EBUSY; +40 /* We don't want to talk to two processes at the same time. */ +41 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) +42 return -EBUSY; 43 44 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); -45 return SUCCESS; +45 return SUCCESS; 46} 47 -48static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +48static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 49{ -50 pr_info("device_release(%p,%p)\n", inode, file); +50 pr_info("device_release(%p,%p)\n", inode, file); 51 -52 /* We're now ready for our next caller */ +52 /* We're now ready for our next caller */ 53 atomic_set(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED); 54 55 module_put(THIS_MODULE); -56 return SUCCESS; +56 return SUCCESS; 57} 58 -59/* This function is called whenever a process which has already opened the -60 * device file attempts to read from it. -61 */ -62static ssize_t device_read(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ -63 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to be filled */ -64 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ +59/* This function is called whenever a process which has already opened the +60 * device file attempts to read from it. +61 */ +62static ssize_t device_read(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ +63 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to be filled */ +64 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ 65 loff_t *offset) 66{ -67 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */ -68 int bytes_read = 0; -69 /* How far did the process reading the message get? Useful if the message -70 * is larger than the size of the buffer we get to fill in device_read. -71 */ -72 const char *message_ptr = message; +67 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */ +68 int bytes_read = 0; +69 /* How far did the process reading the message get? Useful if the message +70 * is larger than the size of the buffer we get to fill in device_read. +71 */ +72 const char *message_ptr = message; 73 -74 if (!*(message_ptr + *offset)) { /* we are at the end of message */ -75 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ -76 return 0; /* signify end of file */ +74 if (!*(message_ptr + *offset)) { /* we are at the end of message */ +75 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ +76 return 0; /* signify end of file */ 77 } 78 79 message_ptr += *offset; 80 -81 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ -82 while (length && *message_ptr) { -83 /* Because the buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel -84 * data segment, assignment would not work. Instead, we have to -85 * use put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to -86 * the user data segment. -87 */ +81 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ +82 while (length && *message_ptr) { +83 /* Because the buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel +84 * data segment, assignment would not work. Instead, we have to +85 * use put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to +86 * the user data segment. +87 */ 88 put_user(*(message_ptr++), buffer++); 89 length--; 90 bytes_read++; 91 } 92 -93 pr_info("Read %d bytes, %ld left\n", bytes_read, length); +93 pr_info("Read %d bytes, %ld left\n", bytes_read, length); 94 95 *offset += bytes_read; 96 -97 /* Read functions are supposed to return the number of bytes actually -98 * inserted into the buffer. -99 */ -100 return bytes_read; +97 /* Read functions are supposed to return the number of bytes actually +98 * inserted into the buffer. +99 */ +100 return bytes_read; 101} 102 -103/* called when somebody tries to write into our device file. */ -104static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, -105 size_t length, loff_t *offset) +103/* called when somebody tries to write into our device file. */ +104static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, +105 size_t length, loff_t *offset) 106{ -107 int i; +107 int i; 108 -109 pr_info("device_write(%p,%p,%ld)", file, buffer, length); +109 pr_info("device_write(%p,%p,%ld)", file, buffer, length); 110 -111 for (i = 0; i < length && i < BUF_LEN; i++) +111 for (i = 0; i < length && i < BUF_LEN; i++) 112 get_user(message[i], buffer + i); 113 -114 /* Again, return the number of input characters used. */ -115 return i; +114 /* Again, return the number of input characters used. */ +115 return i; 116} 117 -118/* This function is called whenever a process tries to do an ioctl on our -119 * device file. We get two extra parameters (additional to the inode and file -120 * structures, which all device functions get): the number of the ioctl called -121 * and the parameter given to the ioctl function. -122 * -123 * If the ioctl is write or read/write (meaning output is returned to the -124 * calling process), the ioctl call returns the output of this function. -125 */ -126static long -127device_ioctl(struct file *file, /* ditto */ -128 unsigned int ioctl_num, /* number and param for ioctl */ -129 unsigned long ioctl_param) +118/* This function is called whenever a process tries to do an ioctl on our +119 * device file. We get two extra parameters (additional to the inode and file +120 * structures, which all device functions get): the number of the ioctl called +121 * and the parameter given to the ioctl function. +122 * +123 * If the ioctl is write or read/write (meaning output is returned to the +124 * calling process), the ioctl call returns the output of this function. +125 */ +126static long +127device_ioctl(struct file *file, /* ditto */ +128 unsigned int ioctl_num, /* number and param for ioctl */ +129 unsigned long ioctl_param) 130{ -131 int i; +131 int i; 132 -133 /* Switch according to the ioctl called */ -134 switch (ioctl_num) { -135 case IOCTL_SET_MSG: { -136 /* Receive a pointer to a message (in user space) and set that to -137 * be the device's message. Get the parameter given to ioctl by -138 * the process. -139 */ -140 char __user *tmp = (char __user *)ioctl_param; -141 char ch; +133 /* Switch according to the ioctl called */ +134 switch (ioctl_num) { +135 case IOCTL_SET_MSG: { +136 /* Receive a pointer to a message (in user space) and set that to +137 * be the device's message. Get the parameter given to ioctl by +138 * the process. +139 */ +140 char __user *tmp = (char __user *)ioctl_param; +141 char ch; 142 -143 /* Find the length of the message */ +143 /* Find the length of the message */ 144 get_user(ch, tmp); -145 for (i = 0; ch && i < BUF_LEN; i++, tmp++) +145 for (i = 0; ch && i < BUF_LEN; i++, tmp++) 146 get_user(ch, tmp); 147 -148 device_write(file, (char __user *)ioctl_param, i, NULL); -149 break; +148 device_write(file, (char __user *)ioctl_param, i, NULL); +149 break; 150 } -151 case IOCTL_GET_MSG: { +151 case IOCTL_GET_MSG: { 152 loff_t offset = 0; 153 -154 /* Give the current message to the calling process - the parameter -155 * we got is a pointer, fill it. -156 */ -157 i = device_read(file, (char __user *)ioctl_param, 99, &offset); +154 /* Give the current message to the calling process - the parameter +155 * we got is a pointer, fill it. +156 */ +157 i = device_read(file, (char __user *)ioctl_param, 99, &offset); 158 -159 /* Put a zero at the end of the buffer, so it will be properly -160 * terminated. -161 */ -162 put_user('\0', (char __user *)ioctl_param + i); -163 break; +159 /* Put a zero at the end of the buffer, so it will be properly +160 * terminated. +161 */ +162 put_user('\0', (char __user *)ioctl_param + i); +163 break; 164 } -165 case IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE: -166 /* This ioctl is both input (ioctl_param) and output (the return -167 * value of this function). -168 */ -169 return (long)message[ioctl_param]; -170 break; +165 case IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE: +166 /* This ioctl is both input (ioctl_param) and output (the return +167 * value of this function). +168 */ +169 return (long)message[ioctl_param]; +170 break; 171 } 172 -173 return SUCCESS; +173 return SUCCESS; 174} 175 -176/* Module Declarations */ +176/* Module Declarations */ 177 -178/* This structure will hold the functions to be called when a process does -179 * something to the device we created. Since a pointer to this structure -180 * is kept in the devices table, it can't be local to init_module. NULL is -181 * for unimplemented functions. -182 */ -183static struct file_operations fops = { +178/* This structure will hold the functions to be called when a process does +179 * something to the device we created. Since a pointer to this structure +180 * is kept in the devices table, it can't be local to init_module. NULL is +181 * for unimplemented functions. +182 */ +183static struct file_operations fops = { 184 .read = device_read, 185 .write = device_write, 186 .unlocked_ioctl = device_ioctl, 187 .open = device_open, -188 .release = device_release, /* a.k.a. close */ +188 .release = device_release, /* a.k.a. close */ 189}; 190 -191/* Initialize the module - Register the character device */ -192static int __init chardev2_init(void) +191/* Initialize the module - Register the character device */ +192static int __init chardev2_init(void) 193{ -194 /* Register the character device (atleast try) */ -195 int ret_val = register_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME, &fops); +194 /* Register the character device (atleast try) */ +195 int ret_val = register_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME, &fops); 196 -197 /* Negative values signify an error */ -198 if (ret_val < 0) { -199 pr_alert("%s failed with %d\n", -200 "Sorry, registering the character device ", ret_val); -201 return ret_val; +197 /* Negative values signify an error */ +198 if (ret_val < 0) { +199 pr_alert("%s failed with %d\n", +200 "Sorry, registering the character device ", ret_val); +201 return ret_val; 202 } 203 204 cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_FILE_NAME); 205 device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(MAJOR_NUM, 0), NULL, DEVICE_FILE_NAME); 206 -207 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_FILE_NAME); +207 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_FILE_NAME); 208 -209 return 0; +209 return 0; 210} 211 -212/* Cleanup - unregister the appropriate file from /proc */ -213static void __exit chardev2_exit(void) +212/* Cleanup - unregister the appropriate file from /proc */ +213static void __exit chardev2_exit(void) 214{ 215 device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(MAJOR_NUM, 0)); 216 class_destroy(cls); 217 -218 /* Unregister the device */ +218 /* Unregister the device */ 219 unregister_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME); 220} 221 222module_init(chardev2_init); 223module_exit(chardev2_exit); 224 -225MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+225MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");-
1/* -2 * chardev.h - the header file with the ioctl definitions. -3 * -4 * The declarations here have to be in a header file, because they need -5 * to be known both to the kernel module (in chardev.c) and the process -6 * calling ioctl (ioctl.c). -7 */ +1/* +2 * chardev.h - the header file with the ioctl definitions. +3 * +4 * The declarations here have to be in a header file, because they need +5 * to be known both to the kernel module (in chardev.c) and the process +6 * calling ioctl (ioctl.c). +7 */ 8 -9#ifndef CHARDEV_H -10#define CHARDEV_H +9#ifndef CHARDEV_H +10#define CHARDEV_H 11 -12#include <linux/ioctl.h> +12#include <linux/ioctl.h> 13 -14/* The major device number. We can not rely on dynamic registration -15 * any more, because ioctls need to know it. -16 */ -17#define MAJOR_NUM 100 +14/* The major device number. We can not rely on dynamic registration +15 * any more, because ioctls need to know it. +16 */ +17#define MAJOR_NUM 100 18 -19/* Set the message of the device driver */ -20#define IOCTL_SET_MSG _IOW(MAJOR_NUM, 0, char *) -21/* _IOW means that we are creating an ioctl command number for passing -22 * information from a user process to the kernel module. -23 * -24 * The first arguments, MAJOR_NUM, is the major device number we are using. -25 * -26 * The second argument is the number of the command (there could be several -27 * with different meanings). -28 * -29 * The third argument is the type we want to get from the process to the -30 * kernel. -31 */ +19/* Set the message of the device driver */ +20#define IOCTL_SET_MSG _IOW(MAJOR_NUM, 0, char *) +21/* _IOW means that we are creating an ioctl command number for passing +22 * information from a user process to the kernel module. +23 * +24 * The first arguments, MAJOR_NUM, is the major device number we are using. +25 * +26 * The second argument is the number of the command (there could be several +27 * with different meanings). +28 * +29 * The third argument is the type we want to get from the process to the +30 * kernel. +31 */ 32 -33/* Get the message of the device driver */ -34#define IOCTL_GET_MSG _IOR(MAJOR_NUM, 1, char *) -35/* This IOCTL is used for output, to get the message of the device driver. -36 * However, we still need the buffer to place the message in to be input, -37 * as it is allocated by the process. -38 */ +33/* Get the message of the device driver */ +34#define IOCTL_GET_MSG _IOR(MAJOR_NUM, 1, char *) +35/* This IOCTL is used for output, to get the message of the device driver. +36 * However, we still need the buffer to place the message in to be input, +37 * as it is allocated by the process. +38 */ 39 -40/* Get the n'th byte of the message */ -41#define IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE _IOWR(MAJOR_NUM, 2, int) -42/* The IOCTL is used for both input and output. It receives from the user -43 * a number, n, and returns message[n]. -44 */ +40/* Get the n'th byte of the message */ +41#define IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE _IOWR(MAJOR_NUM, 2, int) +42/* The IOCTL is used for both input and output. It receives from the user +43 * a number, n, and returns message[n]. +44 */ 45 -46/* The name of the device file */ -47#define DEVICE_FILE_NAME "char_dev" +46/* The name of the device file */ +47#define DEVICE_FILE_NAME "char_dev" 48 -49#endif+49#endif-
1/* -2 * ioctl.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/cdev.h> -5#include <linux/fs.h> -6#include <linux/init.h> -7#include <linux/ioctl.h> -8#include <linux/module.h> -9#include <linux/slab.h> -10#include <linux/uaccess.h> +@@ -2955,7 +2961,7 @@ not: -1/* +2 * ioctl.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/cdev.h> +5#include <linux/fs.h> +6#include <linux/init.h> +7#include <linux/ioctl.h> +8#include <linux/module.h> +9#include <linux/slab.h> +10#include <linux/uaccess.h> 11 -12struct ioctl_arg { -13 unsigned int val; +12struct ioctl_arg { +13 unsigned int val; 14}; 15 -16/* Documentation/ioctl/ioctl-number.txt */ -17#define IOC_MAGIC '\x66' +16/* Documentation/ioctl/ioctl-number.txt */ +17#define IOC_MAGIC '\x66' 18 -19#define IOCTL_VALSET _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 0, struct ioctl_arg) -20#define IOCTL_VALGET _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 1, struct ioctl_arg) -21#define IOCTL_VALGET_NUM _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 2, int) -22#define IOCTL_VALSET_NUM _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 3, int) +19#define IOCTL_VALSET _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 0, struct ioctl_arg) +20#define IOCTL_VALGET _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 1, struct ioctl_arg) +21#define IOCTL_VALGET_NUM _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 2, int) +22#define IOCTL_VALSET_NUM _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 3, int) 23 -24#define IOCTL_VAL_MAXNR 3 -25#define DRIVER_NAME "ioctltest" +24#define IOCTL_VAL_MAXNR 3 +25#define DRIVER_NAME "ioctltest" 26 -27static unsigned int test_ioctl_major = 0; -28static unsigned int num_of_dev = 1; -29static struct cdev test_ioctl_cdev; -30static int ioctl_num = 0; +27static unsigned int test_ioctl_major = 0; +28static unsigned int num_of_dev = 1; +29static struct cdev test_ioctl_cdev; +30static int ioctl_num = 0; 31 -32struct test_ioctl_data { -33 unsigned char val; +32struct test_ioctl_data { +33 unsigned char val; 34 rwlock_t lock; 35}; 36 -37static long test_ioctl_ioctl(struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd, -38 unsigned long arg) +37static long test_ioctl_ioctl(struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd, +38 unsigned long arg) 39{ -40 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data; -41 int retval = 0; -42 unsigned char val; -43 struct ioctl_arg data; -44 memset(&data, 0, sizeof(data)); +40 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data; +41 int retval = 0; +42 unsigned char val; +43 struct ioctl_arg data; +44 memset(&data, 0, sizeof(data)); 45 -46 switch (cmd) { -47 case IOCTL_VALSET: -48 if (copy_from_user(&data, (int __user *)arg, sizeof(data))) { +46 switch (cmd) { +47 case IOCTL_VALSET: +48 if (copy_from_user(&data, (int __user *)arg, sizeof(data))) { 49 retval = -EFAULT; -50 goto done; +50 goto done; 51 } 52 -53 pr_alert("IOCTL set val:%x .\n", data.val); +53 pr_alert("IOCTL set val:%x .\n", data.val); 54 write_lock(&ioctl_data->lock); 55 ioctl_data->val = data.val; 56 write_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock); -57 break; +57 break; 58 -59 case IOCTL_VALGET: +59 case IOCTL_VALGET: 60 read_lock(&ioctl_data->lock); 61 val = ioctl_data->val; 62 read_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock); 63 data.val = val; 64 -65 if (copy_to_user((int __user *)arg, &data, sizeof(data))) { +65 if (copy_to_user((int __user *)arg, &data, sizeof(data))) { 66 retval = -EFAULT; -67 goto done; +67 goto done; 68 } 69 -70 break; +70 break; 71 -72 case IOCTL_VALGET_NUM: -73 retval = __put_user(ioctl_num, (int __user *)arg); -74 break; +72 case IOCTL_VALGET_NUM: +73 retval = __put_user(ioctl_num, (int __user *)arg); +74 break; 75 -76 case IOCTL_VALSET_NUM: +76 case IOCTL_VALSET_NUM: 77 ioctl_num = arg; -78 break; +78 break; 79 -80 default: +80 default: 81 retval = -ENOTTY; 82 } 83 84done: -85 return retval; +85 return retval; 86} 87 -88static ssize_t test_ioctl_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buf, -89 size_t count, loff_t *f_pos) +88static ssize_t test_ioctl_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buf, +89 size_t count, loff_t *f_pos) 90{ -91 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data; -92 unsigned char val; -93 int retval; -94 int i = 0; +91 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data; +92 unsigned char val; +93 int retval; +94 int i = 0; 95 96 read_lock(&ioctl_data->lock); 97 val = ioctl_data->val; 98 read_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock); 99 -100 for (; i < count; i++) { -101 if (copy_to_user(&buf[i], &val, 1)) { +100 for (; i < count; i++) { +101 if (copy_to_user(&buf[i], &val, 1)) { 102 retval = -EFAULT; -103 goto out; +103 goto out; 104 } 105 } 106 107 retval = count; 108out: -109 return retval; +109 return retval; 110} 111 -112static int test_ioctl_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) +112static int test_ioctl_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) 113{ -114 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__); +114 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__); 115 -116 if (filp->private_data) { +116 if (filp->private_data) { 117 kfree(filp->private_data); 118 filp->private_data = NULL; 119 } 120 -121 return 0; +121 return 0; 122} 123 -124static int test_ioctl_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) +124static int test_ioctl_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) 125{ -126 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data; +126 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data; 127 -128 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__); -129 ioctl_data = kmalloc(sizeof(struct test_ioctl_data), GFP_KERNEL); +128 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__); +129 ioctl_data = kmalloc(sizeof(struct test_ioctl_data), GFP_KERNEL); 130 -131 if (ioctl_data == NULL) -132 return -ENOMEM; +131 if (ioctl_data == NULL) +132 return -ENOMEM; 133 134 rwlock_init(&ioctl_data->lock); 135 ioctl_data->val = 0xFF; 136 filp->private_data = ioctl_data; 137 -138 return 0; +138 return 0; 139} 140 -141static struct file_operations fops = { +141static struct file_operations fops = { 142 .owner = THIS_MODULE, 143 .open = test_ioctl_open, 144 .release = test_ioctl_close, @@ -2818,48 +2824,48 @@ which we mentioned at 6.5 146 .unlocked_ioctl = test_ioctl_ioctl, 147}; 148 -149static int ioctl_init(void) +149static int ioctl_init(void) 150{ -151 dev_t dev; -152 int alloc_ret = 0; -153 int cdev_ret = 0; +151 dev_t dev; +152 int alloc_ret = 0; +153 int cdev_ret = 0; 154 alloc_ret = alloc_chrdev_region(&dev, 0, num_of_dev, DRIVER_NAME); 155 -156 if (alloc_ret) -157 goto error; +156 if (alloc_ret) +157 goto error; 158 159 test_ioctl_major = MAJOR(dev); 160 cdev_init(&test_ioctl_cdev, &fops); 161 cdev_ret = cdev_add(&test_ioctl_cdev, dev, num_of_dev); 162 -163 if (cdev_ret) -164 goto error; +163 if (cdev_ret) +164 goto error; 165 -166 pr_alert("%s driver(major: %d) installed.\n", DRIVER_NAME, +166 pr_alert("%s driver(major: %d) installed.\n", DRIVER_NAME, 167 test_ioctl_major); -168 return 0; +168 return 0; 169error: -170 if (cdev_ret == 0) +170 if (cdev_ret == 0) 171 cdev_del(&test_ioctl_cdev); -172 if (alloc_ret == 0) +172 if (alloc_ret == 0) 173 unregister_chrdev_region(dev, num_of_dev); -174 return -1; +174 return -1; 175} 176 -177static void ioctl_exit(void) +177static void ioctl_exit(void) 178{ -179 dev_t dev = MKDEV(test_ioctl_major, 0); +179 dev_t dev = MKDEV(test_ioctl_major, 0); 180 181 cdev_del(&test_ioctl_cdev); 182 unregister_chrdev_region(dev, num_of_dev); -183 pr_alert("%s driver removed.\n", DRIVER_NAME); +183 pr_alert("%s driver removed.\n", DRIVER_NAME); 184} 185 186module_init(ioctl_init); 187module_exit(ioctl_exit); 188 -189MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -190MODULE_DESCRIPTION("This is test_ioctl module");+189MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +190MODULE_DESCRIPTION("This is test_ioctl module");+$ gcc -v -Q -O2 --help=target | grep protection Using built-in specs. COLLECT_GCC=gcc @@ -2990,7 +2996,7 @@ kernel. -+$ sudo grep sys_call_table /proc/kallsyms ffffffff82000280 R x32_sys_call_table ffffffff820013a0 R sys_call_table @@ -3014,7 +3020,7 @@ on. -+$ grep GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT /etc/default/grub GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash" $ sudo grep sys_call_table /boot/System.map-$(uname -r) @@ -3035,7 +3041,7 @@ next booting time: -+$ grep GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT /etc/default/grub GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash" $ sudo perl -i -pe 'm/quiet/ and s//quiet nokaslr/' /etc/default/grub @@ -3126,226 +3132,226 @@ patch and the README. Depending on your kernel version, you might even need to hand apply the patch.-
1/* -2 * syscall.c -3 * -4 * System call "stealing" sample. -5 * -6 * Disables page protection at a processor level by changing the 16th bit -7 * in the cr0 register (could be Intel specific). -8 * -9 * Based on example by Peter Jay Salzman and -10 * https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=139406 -11 */ +1/* +2 * syscall.c +3 * +4 * System call "stealing" sample. +5 * +6 * Disables page protection at a processor level by changing the 16th bit +7 * in the cr0 register (could be Intel specific). +8 * +9 * Based on example by Peter Jay Salzman and +10 * https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=139406 +11 */ 12 -13#include <linux/delay.h> -14#include <linux/kernel.h> -15#include <linux/module.h> -16#include <linux/moduleparam.h> /* which will have params */ -17#include <linux/unistd.h> /* The list of system calls */ -18#include <linux/version.h> +13#include <linux/delay.h> +14#include <linux/kernel.h> +15#include <linux/module.h> +16#include <linux/moduleparam.h> /* which will have params */ +17#include <linux/unistd.h> /* The list of system calls */ +18#include <linux/version.h> 19 -20/* For the current (process) structure, we need this to know who the -21 * current user is. -22 */ -23#include <linux/sched.h> -24#include <linux/uaccess.h> +20/* For the current (process) structure, we need this to know who the +21 * current user is. +22 */ +23#include <linux/sched.h> +24#include <linux/uaccess.h> 25 -26/* The way we access "sys_call_table" varies as kernel internal changes. -27 * - ver <= 5.4 : manual symbol lookup -28 * - 5.4 < ver < 5.7 : kallsyms_lookup_name -29 * - 5.7 <= ver : Kprobes or specific kernel module parameter -30 */ +26/* The way we access "sys_call_table" varies as kernel internal changes. +27 * - ver <= 5.4 : manual symbol lookup +28 * - 5.4 < ver < 5.7 : kallsyms_lookup_name +29 * - 5.7 <= ver : Kprobes or specific kernel module parameter +30 */ 31 -32/* The in-kernel calls to the ksys_close() syscall were removed in Linux v5.11+. -33 */ -34#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(5, 7, 0)) +32/* The in-kernel calls to the ksys_close() syscall were removed in Linux v5.11+. +33 */ +34#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(5, 7, 0)) 35 -36#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE <= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 4, 0) -37#define HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE 1 -38#include <linux/syscalls.h> /* For ksys_close() */ -39#else -40#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For kallsyms_lookup_name */ -41#endif +36#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE <= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 4, 0) +37#define HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE 1 +38#include <linux/syscalls.h> /* For ksys_close() */ +39#else +40#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For kallsyms_lookup_name */ +41#endif 42 -43#else +43#else 44 -45#if defined(CONFIG_KPROBES) -46#define HAVE_KPROBES 1 -47#include <linux/kprobes.h> -48#else -49#define HAVE_PARAM 1 -50#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For sprint_symbol */ -51/* The address of the sys_call_table, which can be obtained with looking up -52 * "/boot/System.map" or "/proc/kallsyms". When the kernel version is v5.7+, -53 * without CONFIG_KPROBES, you can input the parameter or the module will look -54 * up all the memory. -55 */ -56static unsigned long sym = 0; +45#if defined(CONFIG_KPROBES) +46#define HAVE_KPROBES 1 +47#include <linux/kprobes.h> +48#else +49#define HAVE_PARAM 1 +50#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For sprint_symbol */ +51/* The address of the sys_call_table, which can be obtained with looking up +52 * "/boot/System.map" or "/proc/kallsyms". When the kernel version is v5.7+, +53 * without CONFIG_KPROBES, you can input the parameter or the module will look +54 * up all the memory. +55 */ +56static unsigned long sym = 0; 57module_param(sym, ulong, 0644); -58#endif /* CONFIG_KPROBES */ +58#endif /* CONFIG_KPROBES */ 59 -60#endif /* Version < v5.7 */ +60#endif /* Version < v5.7 */ 61 -62static unsigned long **sys_call_table; +62static unsigned long **sys_call_table; 63 -64/* UID we want to spy on - will be filled from the command line. */ -65static int uid; -66module_param(uid, int, 0644); +64/* UID we want to spy on - will be filled from the command line. */ +65static int uid; +66module_param(uid, int, 0644); 67 -68/* A pointer to the original system call. The reason we keep this, rather -69 * than call the original function (sys_open), is because somebody else -70 * might have replaced the system call before us. Note that this is not -71 * 100% safe, because if another module replaced sys_open before us, -72 * then when we are inserted, we will call the function in that module - -73 * and it might be removed before we are. -74 * -75 * Another reason for this is that we can not get sys_open. -76 * It is a static variable, so it is not exported. -77 */ -78static asmlinkage int (*original_call)(const char *, int, int); +68/* A pointer to the original system call. The reason we keep this, rather +69 * than call the original function (sys_open), is because somebody else +70 * might have replaced the system call before us. Note that this is not +71 * 100% safe, because if another module replaced sys_open before us, +72 * then when we are inserted, we will call the function in that module - +73 * and it might be removed before we are. +74 * +75 * Another reason for this is that we can not get sys_open. +76 * It is a static variable, so it is not exported. +77 */ +78static asmlinkage int (*original_call)(const char *, int, int); 79 -80/* The function we will replace sys_open (the function called when you -81 * call the open system call) with. To find the exact prototype, with -82 * the number and type of arguments, we find the original function first -83 * (it is at fs/open.c). -84 * -85 * In theory, this means that we are tied to the current version of the -86 * kernel. In practice, the system calls almost never change (it would -87 * wreck havoc and require programs to be recompiled, since the system -88 * calls are the interface between the kernel and the processes). -89 */ -90static asmlinkage int our_sys_open(const char *filename, int flags, int mode) +80/* The function we will replace sys_open (the function called when you +81 * call the open system call) with. To find the exact prototype, with +82 * the number and type of arguments, we find the original function first +83 * (it is at fs/open.c). +84 * +85 * In theory, this means that we are tied to the current version of the +86 * kernel. In practice, the system calls almost never change (it would +87 * wreck havoc and require programs to be recompiled, since the system +88 * calls are the interface between the kernel and the processes). +89 */ +90static asmlinkage int our_sys_open(const char *filename, int flags, int mode) 91{ -92 int i = 0; -93 char ch; +92 int i = 0; +93 char ch; 94 -95 /* Report the file, if relevant */ -96 pr_info("Opened file by %d: ", uid); -97 do { -98 get_user(ch, (char __user *)filename + i); +95 /* Report the file, if relevant */ +96 pr_info("Opened file by %d: ", uid); +97 do { +98 get_user(ch, (char __user *)filename + i); 99 i++; -100 pr_info("%c", ch); -101 } while (ch != 0); -102 pr_info("\n"); +100 pr_info("%c", ch); +101 } while (ch != 0); +102 pr_info("\n"); 103 -104 /* Call the original sys_open - otherwise, we lose the ability to -105 * open files. -106 */ -107 return original_call(filename, flags, mode); +104 /* Call the original sys_open - otherwise, we lose the ability to +105 * open files. +106 */ +107 return original_call(filename, flags, mode); 108} 109 -110static unsigned long **aquire_sys_call_table(void) +110static unsigned long **aquire_sys_call_table(void) 111{ -112#ifdef HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE -113 unsigned long int offset = PAGE_OFFSET; -114 unsigned long **sct; +112#ifdef HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE +113 unsigned long int offset = PAGE_OFFSET; +114 unsigned long **sct; 115 -116 while (offset < ULLONG_MAX) { -117 sct = (unsigned long **)offset; +116 while (offset < ULLONG_MAX) { +117 sct = (unsigned long **)offset; 118 -119 if (sct[__NR_close] == (unsigned long *)ksys_close) -120 return sct; +119 if (sct[__NR_close] == (unsigned long *)ksys_close) +120 return sct; 121 -122 offset += sizeof(void *); +122 offset += sizeof(void *); 123 } 124 -125 return NULL; -126#endif +125 return NULL; +126#endif 127 -128#ifdef HAVE_PARAM -129 const char sct_name[15] = "sys_call_table"; -130 char symbol[40] = { 0 }; +128#ifdef HAVE_PARAM +129 const char sct_name[15] = "sys_call_table"; +130 char symbol[40] = { 0 }; 131 -132 if (sym == 0) { -133 pr_alert("For Linux v5.7+, Kprobes is the preferable way to get " -134 "symbol.\n"); -135 pr_info("If Kprobes is absent, you have to specify the address of " -136 "sys_call_table symbol\n"); -137 pr_info("by /boot/System.map or /proc/kallsyms, which contains all the " -138 "symbol addresses, into sym parameter.\n"); -139 return NULL; +132 if (sym == 0) { +133 pr_alert("For Linux v5.7+, Kprobes is the preferable way to get " +134 "symbol.\n"); +135 pr_info("If Kprobes is absent, you have to specify the address of " +136 "sys_call_table symbol\n"); +137 pr_info("by /boot/System.map or /proc/kallsyms, which contains all the " +138 "symbol addresses, into sym parameter.\n"); +139 return NULL; 140 } 141 sprint_symbol(symbol, sym); -142 if (!strncmp(sct_name, symbol, sizeof(sct_name) - 1)) -143 return (unsigned long **)sym; +142 if (!strncmp(sct_name, symbol, sizeof(sct_name) - 1)) +143 return (unsigned long **)sym; 144 -145 return NULL; -146#endif +145 return NULL; +146#endif 147 -148#ifdef HAVE_KPROBES -149 unsigned long (*kallsyms_lookup_name)(const char *name); -150 struct kprobe kp = { -151 .symbol_name = "kallsyms_lookup_name", +148#ifdef HAVE_KPROBES +149 unsigned long (*kallsyms_lookup_name)(const char *name); +150 struct kprobe kp = { +151 .symbol_name = "kallsyms_lookup_name", 152 }; 153 -154 if (register_kprobe(&kp) < 0) -155 return NULL; -156 kallsyms_lookup_name = (unsigned long (*)(const char *name))kp.addr; +154 if (register_kprobe(&kp) < 0) +155 return NULL; +156 kallsyms_lookup_name = (unsigned long (*)(const char *name))kp.addr; 157 unregister_kprobe(&kp); -158#endif +158#endif 159 -160 return (unsigned long **)kallsyms_lookup_name("sys_call_table"); +160 return (unsigned long **)kallsyms_lookup_name("sys_call_table"); 161} 162 -163#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 3, 0) -164static inline void __write_cr0(unsigned long cr0) +163#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 3, 0) +164static inline void __write_cr0(unsigned long cr0) 165{ -166 asm volatile("mov %0,%%cr0" : "+r"(cr0) : : "memory"); +166 asm volatile("mov %0,%%cr0" : "+r"(cr0) : : "memory"); 167} -168#else -169#define __write_cr0 write_cr0 -170#endif +168#else +169#define __write_cr0 write_cr0 +170#endif 171 -172static void enable_write_protection(void) +172static void enable_write_protection(void) 173{ -174 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0(); +174 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0(); 175 set_bit(16, &cr0); 176 __write_cr0(cr0); 177} 178 -179static void disable_write_protection(void) +179static void disable_write_protection(void) 180{ -181 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0(); +181 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0(); 182 clear_bit(16, &cr0); 183 __write_cr0(cr0); 184} 185 -186static int __init syscall_start(void) +186static int __init syscall_start(void) 187{ -188 if (!(sys_call_table = aquire_sys_call_table())) -189 return -1; +188 if (!(sys_call_table = aquire_sys_call_table())) +189 return -1; 190 191 disable_write_protection(); 192 -193 /* keep track of the original open function */ -194 original_call = (void *)sys_call_table[__NR_open]; +193 /* keep track of the original open function */ +194 original_call = (void *)sys_call_table[__NR_open]; 195 -196 /* use our open function instead */ -197 sys_call_table[__NR_open] = (unsigned long *)our_sys_open; +196 /* use our open function instead */ +197 sys_call_table[__NR_open] = (unsigned long *)our_sys_open; 198 199 enable_write_protection(); 200 -201 pr_info("Spying on UID:%d\n", uid); +201 pr_info("Spying on UID:%d\n", uid); 202 -203 return 0; +203 return 0; 204} 205 -206static void __exit syscall_end(void) +206static void __exit syscall_end(void) 207{ -208 if (!sys_call_table) -209 return; +208 if (!sys_call_table) +209 return; 210 -211 /* Return the system call back to normal */ -212 if (sys_call_table[__NR_open] != (unsigned long *)our_sys_open) { -213 pr_alert("Somebody else also played with the "); -214 pr_alert("open system call\n"); -215 pr_alert("The system may be left in "); -216 pr_alert("an unstable state.\n"); +211 /* Return the system call back to normal */ +212 if (sys_call_table[__NR_open] != (unsigned long *)our_sys_open) { +213 pr_alert("Somebody else also played with the "); +214 pr_alert("open system call\n"); +215 pr_alert("The system may be left in "); +216 pr_alert("an unstable state.\n"); 217 } 218 219 disable_write_protection(); -220 sys_call_table[__NR_open] = (unsigned long *)original_call; +220 sys_call_table[__NR_open] = (unsigned long *)original_call; 221 enable_write_protection(); 222 223 msleep(2000); @@ -3354,7 +3360,7 @@ hand apply the patch. 226module_init(syscall_start); 227module_exit(syscall_end); 228 -229MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+229MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
11 Blocking Processes and threads
@@ -3375,7 +3381,7 @@ callswait_event_interruptible. The easiest way to keep a file open is to open it with:-
1tail -f+1tail -fThis function changes the status of the task (a task is the kernel data structure which holds information about a process and the system call it is in, if any) to
-TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE @@ -3434,7 +3440,7 @@ programcat_nonblock+$ sudo insmod sleep.ko $ cat_nonblock /proc/sleep Last input: @@ -3459,281 +3465,281 @@ $
-
1/* -2 * sleep.c - create a /proc file, and if several processes try to open it -3 * at the same time, put all but one to sleep. -4 */ +1/* +2 * sleep.c - create a /proc file, and if several processes try to open it +3 * at the same time, put all but one to sleep. +4 */ 5 -6#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */ -7#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ -8#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */ -9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For putting processes to sleep and -10 waking them up */ -11#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ -12#include <linux/version.h> +6#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */ +7#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +8#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */ +9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For putting processes to sleep and +10 waking them up */ +11#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ +12#include <linux/version.h> 13 -14#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -15#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -16#endif +14#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +15#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +16#endif 17 -18/* Here we keep the last message received, to prove that we can process our -19 * input. -20 */ -21#define MESSAGE_LENGTH 80 -22static char message[MESSAGE_LENGTH]; +18/* Here we keep the last message received, to prove that we can process our +19 * input. +20 */ +21#define MESSAGE_LENGTH 80 +22static char message[MESSAGE_LENGTH]; 23 -24static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; -25#define PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME "sleep" +24static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; +25#define PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME "sleep" 26 -27/* Since we use the file operations struct, we can't use the special proc -28 * output provisions - we have to use a standard read function, which is this -29 * function. -30 */ -31static ssize_t module_output(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ -32 char __user *buf, /* The buffer to put data to -33 (in the user segment) */ -34 size_t len, /* The length of the buffer */ +27/* Since we use the file operations struct, we can't use the special proc +28 * output provisions - we have to use a standard read function, which is this +29 * function. +30 */ +31static ssize_t module_output(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ +32 char __user *buf, /* The buffer to put data to +33 (in the user segment) */ +34 size_t len, /* The length of the buffer */ 35 loff_t *offset) 36{ -37 static int finished = 0; -38 int i; -39 char output_msg[MESSAGE_LENGTH + 30]; +37 static int finished = 0; +38 int i; +39 char output_msg[MESSAGE_LENGTH + 30]; 40 -41 /* Return 0 to signify end of file - that we have nothing more to say -42 * at this point. -43 */ -44 if (finished) { +41 /* Return 0 to signify end of file - that we have nothing more to say +42 * at this point. +43 */ +44 if (finished) { 45 finished = 0; -46 return 0; +46 return 0; 47 } 48 -49 sprintf(output_msg, "Last input:%s\n", message); -50 for (i = 0; i < len && output_msg[i]; i++) +49 sprintf(output_msg, "Last input:%s\n", message); +50 for (i = 0; i < len && output_msg[i]; i++) 51 put_user(output_msg[i], buf + i); 52 53 finished = 1; -54 return i; /* Return the number of bytes "read" */ +54 return i; /* Return the number of bytes "read" */ 55} 56 -57/* This function receives input from the user when the user writes to the -58 * /proc file. -59 */ -60static ssize_t module_input(struct file *file, /* The file itself */ -61 const char __user *buf, /* The buffer with input */ -62 size_t length, /* The buffer's length */ -63 loff_t *offset) /* offset to file - ignore */ +57/* This function receives input from the user when the user writes to the +58 * /proc file. +59 */ +60static ssize_t module_input(struct file *file, /* The file itself */ +61 const char __user *buf, /* The buffer with input */ +62 size_t length, /* The buffer's length */ +63 loff_t *offset) /* offset to file - ignore */ 64{ -65 int i; +65 int i; 66 -67 /* Put the input into Message, where module_output will later be able -68 * to use it. -69 */ -70 for (i = 0; i < MESSAGE_LENGTH - 1 && i < length; i++) +67 /* Put the input into Message, where module_output will later be able +68 * to use it. +69 */ +70 for (i = 0; i < MESSAGE_LENGTH - 1 && i < length; i++) 71 get_user(message[i], buf + i); -72 /* we want a standard, zero terminated string */ -73 message[i] = '\0'; +72 /* we want a standard, zero terminated string */ +73 message[i] = '\0'; 74 -75 /* We need to return the number of input characters used */ -76 return i; +75 /* We need to return the number of input characters used */ +76 return i; 77} 78 -79/* 1 if the file is currently open by somebody */ -80static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(0); +79/* 1 if the file is currently open by somebody */ +80static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(0); 81 -82/* Queue of processes who want our file */ -83static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(waitq); +82/* Queue of processes who want our file */ +83static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(waitq); 84 -85/* Called when the /proc file is opened */ -86static int module_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +85/* Called when the /proc file is opened */ +86static int module_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 87{ -88 /* If the file's flags include O_NONBLOCK, it means the process does not -89 * want to wait for the file. In this case, if the file is already open, -90 * we should fail with -EAGAIN, meaning "you will have to try again", -91 * instead of blocking a process which would rather stay awake. -92 */ -93 if ((file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) && atomic_read(&already_open)) -94 return -EAGAIN; +88 /* If the file's flags include O_NONBLOCK, it means the process does not +89 * want to wait for the file. In this case, if the file is already open, +90 * we should fail with -EAGAIN, meaning "you will have to try again", +91 * instead of blocking a process which would rather stay awake. +92 */ +93 if ((file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) && atomic_read(&already_open)) +94 return -EAGAIN; 95 -96 /* This is the correct place for try_module_get(THIS_MODULE) because if -97 * a process is in the loop, which is within the kernel module, -98 * the kernel module must not be removed. -99 */ +96 /* This is the correct place for try_module_get(THIS_MODULE) because if +97 * a process is in the loop, which is within the kernel module, +98 * the kernel module must not be removed. +99 */ 100 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); 101 -102 while (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, 0, 1)) { -103 int i, is_sig = 0; +102 while (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, 0, 1)) { +103 int i, is_sig = 0; 104 -105 /* This function puts the current process, including any system -106 * calls, such as us, to sleep. Execution will be resumed right -107 * after the function call, either because somebody called -108 * wake_up(&waitq) (only module_close does that, when the file -109 * is closed) or when a signal, such as Ctrl-C, is sent -110 * to the process -111 */ +105 /* This function puts the current process, including any system +106 * calls, such as us, to sleep. Execution will be resumed right +107 * after the function call, either because somebody called +108 * wake_up(&waitq) (only module_close does that, when the file +109 * is closed) or when a signal, such as Ctrl-C, is sent +110 * to the process +111 */ 112 wait_event_interruptible(waitq, !atomic_read(&already_open)); 113 -114 /* If we woke up because we got a signal we're not blocking, -115 * return -EINTR (fail the system call). This allows processes -116 * to be killed or stopped. -117 */ -118 for (i = 0; i < _NSIG_WORDS && !is_sig; i++) +114 /* If we woke up because we got a signal we're not blocking, +115 * return -EINTR (fail the system call). This allows processes +116 * to be killed or stopped. +117 */ +118 for (i = 0; i < _NSIG_WORDS && !is_sig; i++) 119 is_sig = current->pending.signal.sig[i] & ~current->blocked.sig[i]; 120 -121 if (is_sig) { -122 /* It is important to put module_put(THIS_MODULE) here, because -123 * for processes where the open is interrupted there will never -124 * be a corresponding close. If we do not decrement the usage -125 * count here, we will be left with a positive usage count -126 * which we will have no way to bring down to zero, giving us -127 * an immortal module, which can only be killed by rebooting -128 * the machine. -129 */ +121 if (is_sig) { +122 /* It is important to put module_put(THIS_MODULE) here, because +123 * for processes where the open is interrupted there will never +124 * be a corresponding close. If we do not decrement the usage +125 * count here, we will be left with a positive usage count +126 * which we will have no way to bring down to zero, giving us +127 * an immortal module, which can only be killed by rebooting +128 * the machine. +129 */ 130 module_put(THIS_MODULE); -131 return -EINTR; +131 return -EINTR; 132 } 133 } 134 -135 return 0; /* Allow the access */ +135 return 0; /* Allow the access */ 136} 137 -138/* Called when the /proc file is closed */ -139static int module_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +138/* Called when the /proc file is closed */ +139static int module_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 140{ -141 /* Set already_open to zero, so one of the processes in the waitq will -142 * be able to set already_open back to one and to open the file. All -143 * the other processes will be called when already_open is back to one, -144 * so they'll go back to sleep. -145 */ +141 /* Set already_open to zero, so one of the processes in the waitq will +142 * be able to set already_open back to one and to open the file. All +143 * the other processes will be called when already_open is back to one, +144 * so they'll go back to sleep. +145 */ 146 atomic_set(&already_open, 0); 147 -148 /* Wake up all the processes in waitq, so if anybody is waiting for the -149 * file, they can have it. -150 */ +148 /* Wake up all the processes in waitq, so if anybody is waiting for the +149 * file, they can have it. +150 */ 151 wake_up(&waitq); 152 153 module_put(THIS_MODULE); 154 -155 return 0; /* success */ +155 return 0; /* success */ 156} 157 -158/* Structures to register as the /proc file, with pointers to all the relevant -159 * functions. -160 */ +158/* Structures to register as the /proc file, with pointers to all the relevant +159 * functions. +160 */ 161 -162/* File operations for our proc file. This is where we place pointers to all -163 * the functions called when somebody tries to do something to our file. NULL -164 * means we don't want to deal with something. -165 */ -166#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -167static const struct proc_ops file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { -168 .proc_read = module_output, /* "read" from the file */ -169 .proc_write = module_input, /* "write" to the file */ -170 .proc_open = module_open, /* called when the /proc file is opened */ -171 .proc_release = module_close, /* called when it's closed */ +162/* File operations for our proc file. This is where we place pointers to all +163 * the functions called when somebody tries to do something to our file. NULL +164 * means we don't want to deal with something. +165 */ +166#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +167static const struct proc_ops file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { +168 .proc_read = module_output, /* "read" from the file */ +169 .proc_write = module_input, /* "write" to the file */ +170 .proc_open = module_open, /* called when the /proc file is opened */ +171 .proc_release = module_close, /* called when it's closed */ 172}; -173#else -174static const struct file_operations file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { +173#else +174static const struct file_operations file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { 175 .read = module_output, 176 .write = module_input, 177 .open = module_open, 178 .release = module_close, 179}; -180#endif +180#endif 181 -182/* Initialize the module - register the proc file */ -183static int __init sleep_init(void) +182/* Initialize the module - register the proc file */ +183static int __init sleep_init(void) 184{ 185 our_proc_file = 186 proc_create(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, 0644, NULL, &file_ops_4_our_proc_file); -187 if (our_proc_file == NULL) { +187 if (our_proc_file == NULL) { 188 remove_proc_entry(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL); -189 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); -190 return -ENOMEM; +189 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); +190 return -ENOMEM; 191 } 192 proc_set_size(our_proc_file, 80); 193 proc_set_user(our_proc_file, GLOBAL_ROOT_UID, GLOBAL_ROOT_GID); 194 -195 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); +195 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); 196 -197 return 0; +197 return 0; 198} 199 -200/* Cleanup - unregister our file from /proc. This could get dangerous if -201 * there are still processes waiting in waitq, because they are inside our -202 * open function, which will get unloaded. I'll explain how to avoid removal -203 * of a kernel module in such a case in chapter 10. -204 */ -205static void __exit sleep_exit(void) +200/* Cleanup - unregister our file from /proc. This could get dangerous if +201 * there are still processes waiting in waitq, because they are inside our +202 * open function, which will get unloaded. I'll explain how to avoid removal +203 * of a kernel module in such a case in chapter 10. +204 */ +205static void __exit sleep_exit(void) 206{ 207 remove_proc_entry(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL); -208 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); +208 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); 209} 210 211module_init(sleep_init); 212module_exit(sleep_exit); 213 -214MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+214MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");-
1/* -2 * cat_nonblock.c - open a file and display its contents, but exit rather than -3 * wait for input. -4 */ -5#include <errno.h> /* for errno */ -6#include <fcntl.h> /* for open */ -7#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */ -8#include <stdlib.h> /* for exit */ -9#include <unistd.h> /* for read */ +1/* +2 * cat_nonblock.c - open a file and display its contents, but exit rather than +3 * wait for input. +4 */ +5#include <errno.h> /* for errno */ +6#include <fcntl.h> /* for open */ +7#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */ +8#include <stdlib.h> /* for exit */ +9#include <unistd.h> /* for read */ 10 -11#define MAX_BYTES 1024 * 4 +11#define MAX_BYTES 1024 * 4 12 -13int main(int argc, char *argv[]) +13int main(int argc, char *argv[]) 14{ -15 int fd; /* The file descriptor for the file to read */ -16 size_t bytes; /* The number of bytes read */ -17 char buffer[MAX_BYTES]; /* The buffer for the bytes */ +15 int fd; /* The file descriptor for the file to read */ +16 size_t bytes; /* The number of bytes read */ +17 char buffer[MAX_BYTES]; /* The buffer for the bytes */ 18 -19 /* Usage */ -20 if (argc != 2) { -21 printf("Usage: %s <filename>\n", argv[0]); -22 puts("Reads the content of a file, but doesn't wait for input"); +19 /* Usage */ +20 if (argc != 2) { +21 printf("Usage: %s <filename>\n", argv[0]); +22 puts("Reads the content of a file, but doesn't wait for input"); 23 exit(-1); 24 } 25 -26 /* Open the file for reading in non blocking mode */ +26 /* Open the file for reading in non blocking mode */ 27 fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK); 28 -29 /* If open failed */ -30 if (fd == -1) { -31 puts(errno == EAGAIN ? "Open would block" : "Open failed"); +29 /* If open failed */ +30 if (fd == -1) { +31 puts(errno == EAGAIN ? "Open would block" : "Open failed"); 32 exit(-1); 33 } 34 -35 /* Read the file and output its contents */ -36 do { -37 /* Read characters from the file */ +35 /* Read the file and output its contents */ +36 do { +37 /* Read characters from the file */ 38 bytes = read(fd, buffer, MAX_BYTES); 39 -40 /* If there's an error, report it and die */ -41 if (bytes == -1) { -42 if (errno == EAGAIN) -43 puts("Normally I'd block, but you told me not to"); -44 else -45 puts("Another read error"); +40 /* If there's an error, report it and die */ +41 if (bytes == -1) { +42 if (errno == EAGAIN) +43 puts("Normally I'd block, but you told me not to"); +44 else +45 puts("Another read error"); 46 exit(-1); 47 } 48 -49 /* Print the characters */ -50 if (bytes > 0) { -51 for (int i = 0; i < bytes; i++) +49 /* Print the characters */ +50 if (bytes > 0) { +51 for (int i = 0; i < bytes; i++) 52 putchar(buffer[i]); 53 } 54 -55 /* While there are no errors and the file isn't over */ -56 } while (bytes > 0); +55 /* While there are no errors and the file isn't over */ +56 } while (bytes > 0); 57 -58 return 0; +58 return 0; 59}@@ -3749,82 +3755,82 @@ another. -
1/* -2 * completions.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/completion.h> -5#include <linux/init.h> -6#include <linux/kernel.h> -7#include <linux/kthread.h> -8#include <linux/module.h> +1/* +2 * completions.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/completion.h> +5#include <linux/init.h> +6#include <linux/kernel.h> +7#include <linux/kthread.h> +8#include <linux/module.h> 9 -10static struct { -11 struct completion crank_comp; -12 struct completion flywheel_comp; +10static struct { +11 struct completion crank_comp; +12 struct completion flywheel_comp; 13} machine; 14 -15static int machine_crank_thread(void *arg) +15static int machine_crank_thread(void *arg) 16{ -17 pr_info("Turn the crank\n"); +17 pr_info("Turn the crank\n"); 18 19 complete_all(&machine.crank_comp); 20 complete_and_exit(&machine.crank_comp, 0); 21} 22 -23static int machine_flywheel_spinup_thread(void *arg) +23static int machine_flywheel_spinup_thread(void *arg) 24{ 25 wait_for_completion(&machine.crank_comp); 26 -27 pr_info("Flywheel spins up\n"); +27 pr_info("Flywheel spins up\n"); 28 29 complete_all(&machine.flywheel_comp); 30 complete_and_exit(&machine.flywheel_comp, 0); 31} 32 -33static int completions_init(void) +33static int completions_init(void) 34{ -35 struct task_struct *crank_thread; -36 struct task_struct *flywheel_thread; +35 struct task_struct *crank_thread; +36 struct task_struct *flywheel_thread; 37 -38 pr_info("completions example\n"); +38 pr_info("completions example\n"); 39 40 init_completion(&machine.crank_comp); 41 init_completion(&machine.flywheel_comp); 42 -43 crank_thread = kthread_create(machine_crank_thread, NULL, "KThread Crank"); -44 if (IS_ERR(crank_thread)) -45 goto ERROR_THREAD_1; +43 crank_thread = kthread_create(machine_crank_thread, NULL, "KThread Crank"); +44 if (IS_ERR(crank_thread)) +45 goto ERROR_THREAD_1; 46 47 flywheel_thread = kthread_create(machine_flywheel_spinup_thread, NULL, -48 "KThread Flywheel"); -49 if (IS_ERR(flywheel_thread)) -50 goto ERROR_THREAD_2; +48 "KThread Flywheel"); +49 if (IS_ERR(flywheel_thread)) +50 goto ERROR_THREAD_2; 51 52 wake_up_process(flywheel_thread); 53 wake_up_process(crank_thread); 54 -55 return 0; +55 return 0; 56 57ERROR_THREAD_2: 58 kthread_stop(crank_thread); 59ERROR_THREAD_1: 60 -61 return -1; +61 return -1; 62} 63 -64static void completions_exit(void) +64static void completions_exit(void) 65{ 66 wait_for_completion(&machine.crank_comp); 67 wait_for_completion(&machine.flywheel_comp); 68 -69 pr_info("completions exit\n"); +69 pr_info("completions exit\n"); 70} 71 72module_init(completions_init); 73module_exit(completions_exit); 74 -75MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Completions example"); -76MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+75MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Completions example"); +76MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");The
machinestructure stores the completion states for the two threads. At the exit point of each thread the respective completion state is updated, and @@ -3854,47 +3860,47 @@ might deploy them in userland. This may be all that is needed to avoid collision most cases.-
1/* -2 * example_mutex.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> -5#include <linux/kernel.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/mutex.h> +1/* +2 * example_mutex.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/mutex.h> 8 -9static DEFINE_MUTEX(mymutex); +9static DEFINE_MUTEX(mymutex); 10 -11static int example_mutex_init(void) +11static int example_mutex_init(void) 12{ -13 int ret; +13 int ret; 14 -15 pr_info("example_mutex init\n"); +15 pr_info("example_mutex init\n"); 16 17 ret = mutex_trylock(&mymutex); -18 if (ret != 0) { -19 pr_info("mutex is locked\n"); +18 if (ret != 0) { +19 pr_info("mutex is locked\n"); 20 -21 if (mutex_is_locked(&mymutex) == 0) -22 pr_info("The mutex failed to lock!\n"); +21 if (mutex_is_locked(&mymutex) == 0) +22 pr_info("The mutex failed to lock!\n"); 23 24 mutex_unlock(&mymutex); -25 pr_info("mutex is unlocked\n"); -26 } else -27 pr_info("Failed to lock\n"); +25 pr_info("mutex is unlocked\n"); +26 } else +27 pr_info("Failed to lock\n"); 28 -29 return 0; +29 return 0; 30} 31 -32static void example_mutex_exit(void) +32static void example_mutex_exit(void) 33{ -34 pr_info("example_mutex exit\n"); +34 pr_info("example_mutex exit\n"); 35} 36 37module_init(example_mutex_init); 38module_exit(example_mutex_exit); 39 -40MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Mutex example"); -41MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+40MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Mutex example"); +41MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
12.2 Spinlocks
@@ -3912,69 +3918,69 @@ they will not be forgotten and will activate when the unlock happens, using the-
1/* -2 * example_spinlock.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> -5#include <linux/interrupt.h> -6#include <linux/kernel.h> -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/spinlock.h> +1/* +2 * example_spinlock.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> +5#include <linux/interrupt.h> +6#include <linux/kernel.h> +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/spinlock.h> 9 -10static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(sl_static); -11static spinlock_t sl_dynamic; +10static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(sl_static); +11static spinlock_t sl_dynamic; 12 -13static void example_spinlock_static(void) +13static void example_spinlock_static(void) 14{ -15 unsigned long flags; +15 unsigned long flags; 16 17 spin_lock_irqsave(&sl_static, flags); -18 pr_info("Locked static spinlock\n"); +18 pr_info("Locked static spinlock\n"); 19 -20 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this -21 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. -22 */ +20 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this +21 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. +22 */ 23 24 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&sl_static, flags); -25 pr_info("Unlocked static spinlock\n"); +25 pr_info("Unlocked static spinlock\n"); 26} 27 -28static void example_spinlock_dynamic(void) +28static void example_spinlock_dynamic(void) 29{ -30 unsigned long flags; +30 unsigned long flags; 31 32 spin_lock_init(&sl_dynamic); 33 spin_lock_irqsave(&sl_dynamic, flags); -34 pr_info("Locked dynamic spinlock\n"); +34 pr_info("Locked dynamic spinlock\n"); 35 -36 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this -37 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. -38 */ +36 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this +37 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. +38 */ 39 40 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&sl_dynamic, flags); -41 pr_info("Unlocked dynamic spinlock\n"); +41 pr_info("Unlocked dynamic spinlock\n"); 42} 43 -44static int example_spinlock_init(void) +44static int example_spinlock_init(void) 45{ -46 pr_info("example spinlock started\n"); +46 pr_info("example spinlock started\n"); 47 48 example_spinlock_static(); 49 example_spinlock_dynamic(); 50 -51 return 0; +51 return 0; 52} 53 -54static void example_spinlock_exit(void) +54static void example_spinlock_exit(void) 55{ -56 pr_info("example spinlock exit\n"); +56 pr_info("example spinlock exit\n"); 57} 58 59module_init(example_spinlock_init); 60module_exit(example_spinlock_exit); 61 -62MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Spinlock example"); -63MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+62MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Spinlock example"); +63MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
12.3 Read and write locks
@@ -3988,61 +3994,61 @@ the system and cause users to start revolting against the tyranny of your module.-
1/* -2 * example_rwlock.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/interrupt.h> -5#include <linux/kernel.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> +1/* +2 * example_rwlock.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/interrupt.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> 7 -8static DEFINE_RWLOCK(myrwlock); +8static DEFINE_RWLOCK(myrwlock); 9 -10static void example_read_lock(void) +10static void example_read_lock(void) 11{ -12 unsigned long flags; +12 unsigned long flags; 13 14 read_lock_irqsave(&myrwlock, flags); -15 pr_info("Read Locked\n"); +15 pr_info("Read Locked\n"); 16 -17 /* Read from something */ +17 /* Read from something */ 18 19 read_unlock_irqrestore(&myrwlock, flags); -20 pr_info("Read Unlocked\n"); +20 pr_info("Read Unlocked\n"); 21} 22 -23static void example_write_lock(void) +23static void example_write_lock(void) 24{ -25 unsigned long flags; +25 unsigned long flags; 26 27 write_lock_irqsave(&myrwlock, flags); -28 pr_info("Write Locked\n"); +28 pr_info("Write Locked\n"); 29 -30 /* Write to something */ +30 /* Write to something */ 31 32 write_unlock_irqrestore(&myrwlock, flags); -33 pr_info("Write Unlocked\n"); +33 pr_info("Write Unlocked\n"); 34} 35 -36static int example_rwlock_init(void) +36static int example_rwlock_init(void) 37{ -38 pr_info("example_rwlock started\n"); +38 pr_info("example_rwlock started\n"); 39 40 example_read_lock(); 41 example_write_lock(); 42 -43 return 0; +43 return 0; 44} 45 -46static void example_rwlock_exit(void) +46static void example_rwlock_exit(void) 47{ -48 pr_info("example_rwlock exit\n"); +48 pr_info("example_rwlock exit\n"); 49} 50 51module_init(example_rwlock_init); 52module_exit(example_rwlock_exit); 53 -54MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Read/Write locks example"); -55MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+54MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Read/Write locks example"); +55MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Of course, if you know for sure that there are no functions triggered by irqs which could possibly interfere with your logic then you can use the simpler
read_lock(&myrwlock) @@ -4058,80 +4064,80 @@ and was not overwritten by some other shenanigans. An example is shown below.-
1/* -2 * example_atomic.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/interrupt.h> -5#include <linux/kernel.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> +@@ -4168,80 +4174,80 @@ a pointer to a string write function, which we use to write a string to the tty.1/* +2 * example_atomic.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/interrupt.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> 7 -8#define BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN "%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c" -9#define BYTE_TO_BINARY(byte) \ -10 ((byte & 0x80) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x40) ? '1' : '0'), \ -11 ((byte & 0x20) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x10) ? '1' : '0'), \ -12 ((byte & 0x08) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x04) ? '1' : '0'), \ -13 ((byte & 0x02) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x01) ? '1' : '0') +8#define BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN "%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c" +9#define BYTE_TO_BINARY(byte) \ +10 ((byte & 0x80) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x40) ? '1' : '0'), \ +11 ((byte & 0x20) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x10) ? '1' : '0'), \ +12 ((byte & 0x08) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x04) ? '1' : '0'), \ +13 ((byte & 0x02) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x01) ? '1' : '0') 14 -15static void atomic_add_subtract(void) +15static void atomic_add_subtract(void) 16{ 17 atomic_t debbie; 18 atomic_t chris = ATOMIC_INIT(50); 19 20 atomic_set(&debbie, 45); 21 -22 /* subtract one */ +22 /* subtract one */ 23 atomic_dec(&debbie); 24 25 atomic_add(7, &debbie); 26 -27 /* add one */ +27 /* add one */ 28 atomic_inc(&debbie); 29 -30 pr_info("chris: %d, debbie: %d\n", atomic_read(&chris), +30 pr_info("chris: %d, debbie: %d\n", atomic_read(&chris), 31 atomic_read(&debbie)); 32} 33 -34static void atomic_bitwise(void) +34static void atomic_bitwise(void) 35{ -36 unsigned long word = 0; +36 unsigned long word = 0; 37 -38 pr_info("Bits 0: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +38 pr_info("Bits 0: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 39 set_bit(3, &word); 40 set_bit(5, &word); -41 pr_info("Bits 1: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +41 pr_info("Bits 1: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 42 clear_bit(5, &word); -43 pr_info("Bits 2: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +43 pr_info("Bits 2: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 44 change_bit(3, &word); 45 -46 pr_info("Bits 3: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); -47 if (test_and_set_bit(3, &word)) -48 pr_info("wrong\n"); -49 pr_info("Bits 4: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +46 pr_info("Bits 3: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +47 if (test_and_set_bit(3, &word)) +48 pr_info("wrong\n"); +49 pr_info("Bits 4: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 50 51 word = 255; -52 pr_info("Bits 5: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +52 pr_info("Bits 5: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 53} 54 -55static int example_atomic_init(void) +55static int example_atomic_init(void) 56{ -57 pr_info("example_atomic started\n"); +57 pr_info("example_atomic started\n"); 58 59 atomic_add_subtract(); 60 atomic_bitwise(); 61 -62 return 0; +62 return 0; 63} 64 -65static void example_atomic_exit(void) +65static void example_atomic_exit(void) 66{ -67 pr_info("example_atomic exit\n"); +67 pr_info("example_atomic exit\n"); 68} 69 70module_init(example_atomic_init); 71module_exit(example_atomic_exit); 72 -73MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Atomic operations example"); -74MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+73MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Atomic operations example"); +74MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");-
1/* -2 * print_string.c - Send output to the tty we're running on, regardless if -3 * it is through X11, telnet, etc. We do this by printing the string to the -4 * tty associated with the current task. -5 */ -6#include <linux/init.h> -7#include <linux/kernel.h> -8#include <linux/module.h> -9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For current */ -10#include <linux/tty.h> /* For the tty declarations */ +@@ -4262,36 +4268,36 @@ to improve memory safety. A buffer overflow in the area of a1/* +2 * print_string.c - Send output to the tty we're running on, regardless if +3 * it is through X11, telnet, etc. We do this by printing the string to the +4 * tty associated with the current task. +5 */ +6#include <linux/init.h> +7#include <linux/kernel.h> +8#include <linux/module.h> +9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For current */ +10#include <linux/tty.h> /* For the tty declarations */ 11 -12static void print_string(char *str) +12static void print_string(char *str) 13{ -14 /* The tty for the current task */ -15 struct tty_struct *my_tty = get_current_tty(); +14 /* The tty for the current task */ +15 struct tty_struct *my_tty = get_current_tty(); 16 -17 /* If my_tty is NULL, the current task has no tty you can print to (i.e., -18 * if it is a daemon). If so, there is nothing we can do. -19 */ -20 if (my_tty) { -21 const struct tty_operations *ttyops = my_tty->driver->ops; -22 /* my_tty->driver is a struct which holds the tty's functions, -23 * one of which (write) is used to write strings to the tty. -24 * It can be used to take a string either from the user's or -25 * kernel's memory segment. -26 * -27 * The function's 1st parameter is the tty to write to, because the -28 * same function would normally be used for all tty's of a certain -29 * type. -30 * The 2nd parameter is a pointer to a string. -31 * The 3rd parameter is the length of the string. -32 * -33 * As you will see below, sometimes it's necessary to use -34 * preprocessor stuff to create code that works for different -35 * kernel versions. The (naive) approach we've taken here does not -36 * scale well. The right way to deal with this is described in -37 * section 2 of -38 * linux/Documentation/SubmittingPatches -39 */ -40 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, /* The tty itself */ -41 str, /* String */ -42 strlen(str)); /* Length */ +17 /* If my_tty is NULL, the current task has no tty you can print to (i.e., +18 * if it is a daemon). If so, there is nothing we can do. +19 */ +20 if (my_tty) { +21 const struct tty_operations *ttyops = my_tty->driver->ops; +22 /* my_tty->driver is a struct which holds the tty's functions, +23 * one of which (write) is used to write strings to the tty. +24 * It can be used to take a string either from the user's or +25 * kernel's memory segment. +26 * +27 * The function's 1st parameter is the tty to write to, because the +28 * same function would normally be used for all tty's of a certain +29 * type. +30 * The 2nd parameter is a pointer to a string. +31 * The 3rd parameter is the length of the string. +32 * +33 * As you will see below, sometimes it's necessary to use +34 * preprocessor stuff to create code that works for different +35 * kernel versions. The (naive) approach we've taken here does not +36 * scale well. The right way to deal with this is described in +37 * section 2 of +38 * linux/Documentation/SubmittingPatches +39 */ +40 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, /* The tty itself */ +41 str, /* String */ +42 strlen(str)); /* Length */ 43 -44 /* ttys were originally hardware devices, which (usually) strictly -45 * followed the ASCII standard. In ASCII, to move to a new line you -46 * need two characters, a carriage return and a line feed. On Unix, -47 * the ASCII line feed is used for both purposes - so we can not -48 * just use \n, because it would not have a carriage return and the -49 * next line will start at the column right after the line feed. -50 * -51 * This is why text files are different between Unix and MS Windows. -52 * In CP/M and derivatives, like MS-DOS and MS Windows, the ASCII -53 * standard was strictly adhered to, and therefore a newline requirs -54 * both a LF and a CR. -55 */ -56 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, "\015\012", 2); +44 /* ttys were originally hardware devices, which (usually) strictly +45 * followed the ASCII standard. In ASCII, to move to a new line you +46 * need two characters, a carriage return and a line feed. On Unix, +47 * the ASCII line feed is used for both purposes - so we can not +48 * just use \n, because it would not have a carriage return and the +49 * next line will start at the column right after the line feed. +50 * +51 * This is why text files are different between Unix and MS Windows. +52 * In CP/M and derivatives, like MS-DOS and MS Windows, the ASCII +53 * standard was strictly adhered to, and therefore a newline requirs +54 * both a LF and a CR. +55 */ +56 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, "\015\012", 2); 57 } 58} 59 -60static int __init print_string_init(void) +60static int __init print_string_init(void) 61{ -62 print_string("The module has been inserted. Hello world!"); -63 return 0; +62 print_string("The module has been inserted. Hello world!"); +63 return 0; 64} 65 -66static void __exit print_string_exit(void) +66static void __exit print_string_exit(void) 67{ -68 print_string("The module has been removed. Farewell world!"); +68 print_string("The module has been removed. Farewell world!"); 69} 70 71module_init(print_string_init); 72module_exit(print_string_exit); 73 -74MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+74MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");datafields, providing the attacker with a way to use return-object programming (ROP) to call arbitrary functions within the kernel. Also, the function prototype of the callback, -containing aunsigned long +containing aunsigned longargument, will prevent work from any type checking. Furthermore, the function prototype -withunsigned long +withunsigned longargument may be an obstacle to the control-flow integrity. Thus, it is better to use a unique prototype to separate from the cluster that takes an -unsigned long +unsigned longargument. The timer callback should be passed a pointer to thetimer_list -structure rather than anunsigned long +structure rather than anunsigned longargument. Then, it wraps all the information the callback needs, including thetimer_liststructure, into a larger structure, and it can use thecontainer_of -macro instead of theunsigned long +macro instead of theunsigned longvalue.Before Linux v4.14,
-setup_timerwas used to initialize the timer and thetimer_liststructure looked like:1struct timer_list { -2 unsigned long expires; -3 void (*function)(unsigned long); -4 unsigned long data; +1struct timer_list { +2 unsigned long expires; +3 void (*function)(unsigned long); +4 unsigned long data; 5 u32 flags; -6 /* ... */ +6 /* ... */ 7}; 8 -9void setup_timer(struct timer_list *timer, void (*callback)(unsigned long), -10 unsigned long data);+9void setup_timer(struct timer_list *timer, void (*callback)(unsigned long), +10 unsigned long data);Since Linux v4.14,
-timer_setupis adopted and the kernel step by step converting totimer_setup @@ -4304,63 +4310,63 @@ Moreover, thetimer_setupwas implemented bysetup_timerat first.1void timer_setup(struct timer_list *timer, -2 void (*callback)(struct timer_list *), unsigned int flags);+1void timer_setup(struct timer_list *timer, +2 void (*callback)(struct timer_list *), unsigned int flags);The
-setup_timerwas then removed since v4.15. As a result, thetimer_liststructure had changed to the following.1struct timer_list { -2 unsigned long expires; -3 void (*function)(struct timer_list *); +1struct timer_list { +2 unsigned long expires; +3 void (*function)(struct timer_list *); 4 u32 flags; -5 /* ... */ +5 /* ... */ 6};The following source code illustrates a minimal kernel module which, when loaded, starts blinking the keyboard LEDs until it is unloaded.
-
1/* -2 * kbleds.c - Blink keyboard leds until the module is unloaded. -3 */ +1/* +2 * kbleds.c - Blink keyboard leds until the module is unloaded. +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/init.h> -6#include <linux/kd.h> /* For KDSETLED */ -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/tty.h> /* For tty_struct */ -9#include <linux/vt.h> /* For MAX_NR_CONSOLES */ -10#include <linux/vt_kern.h> /* for fg_console */ -11#include <linux/console_struct.h> /* For vc_cons */ +5#include <linux/init.h> +6#include <linux/kd.h> /* For KDSETLED */ +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/tty.h> /* For tty_struct */ +9#include <linux/vt.h> /* For MAX_NR_CONSOLES */ +10#include <linux/vt_kern.h> /* for fg_console */ +11#include <linux/console_struct.h> /* For vc_cons */ 12 -13MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Example module illustrating the use of Keyboard LEDs."); +13MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Example module illustrating the use of Keyboard LEDs."); 14 -15static struct timer_list my_timer; -16static struct tty_driver *my_driver; -17static unsigned long kbledstatus = 0; +15static struct timer_list my_timer; +16static struct tty_driver *my_driver; +17static unsigned long kbledstatus = 0; 18 -19#define BLINK_DELAY HZ / 5 -20#define ALL_LEDS_ON 0x07 -21#define RESTORE_LEDS 0xFF +19#define BLINK_DELAY HZ / 5 +20#define ALL_LEDS_ON 0x07 +21#define RESTORE_LEDS 0xFF 22 -23/* Function my_timer_func blinks the keyboard LEDs periodically by invoking -24 * command KDSETLED of ioctl() on the keyboard driver. To learn more on virtual -25 * terminal ioctl operations, please see file: -26 * drivers/tty/vt/vt_ioctl.c, function vt_ioctl(). -27 * -28 * The argument to KDSETLED is alternatively set to 7 (thus causing the led -29 * mode to be set to LED_SHOW_IOCTL, and all the leds are lit) and to 0xFF -30 * (any value above 7 switches back the led mode to LED_SHOW_FLAGS, thus -31 * the LEDs reflect the actual keyboard status). To learn more on this, -32 * please see file: drivers/tty/vt/keyboard.c, function setledstate(). -33 */ -34static void my_timer_func(struct timer_list *unused) +23/* Function my_timer_func blinks the keyboard LEDs periodically by invoking +24 * command KDSETLED of ioctl() on the keyboard driver. To learn more on virtual +25 * terminal ioctl operations, please see file: +26 * drivers/tty/vt/vt_ioctl.c, function vt_ioctl(). +27 * +28 * The argument to KDSETLED is alternatively set to 7 (thus causing the led +29 * mode to be set to LED_SHOW_IOCTL, and all the leds are lit) and to 0xFF +30 * (any value above 7 switches back the led mode to LED_SHOW_FLAGS, thus +31 * the LEDs reflect the actual keyboard status). To learn more on this, +32 * please see file: drivers/tty/vt/keyboard.c, function setledstate(). +33 */ +34static void my_timer_func(struct timer_list *unused) 35{ -36 struct tty_struct *t = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty; +36 struct tty_struct *t = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty; 37 -38 if (kbledstatus == ALL_LEDS_ON) +38 if (kbledstatus == ALL_LEDS_ON) 39 kbledstatus = RESTORE_LEDS; -40 else +40 else 41 kbledstatus = ALL_LEDS_ON; 42 43 (my_driver->ops->ioctl)(t, KDSETLED, kbledstatus); @@ -4369,34 +4375,34 @@ loaded, starts blinking the keyboard LEDs until it is unloaded. 46 add_timer(&my_timer); 47} 48 -49static int __init kbleds_init(void) +49static int __init kbleds_init(void) 50{ -51 int i; +51 int i; 52 -53 pr_info("kbleds: loading\n"); -54 pr_info("kbleds: fgconsole is %x\n", fg_console); -55 for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_CONSOLES; i++) { -56 if (!vc_cons[i].d) -57 break; -58 pr_info("poet_atkm: console[%i/%i] #%i, tty %lx\n", i, MAX_NR_CONSOLES, -59 vc_cons[i].d->vc_num, (unsigned long)vc_cons[i].d->port.tty); +53 pr_info("kbleds: loading\n"); +54 pr_info("kbleds: fgconsole is %x\n", fg_console); +55 for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_CONSOLES; i++) { +56 if (!vc_cons[i].d) +57 break; +58 pr_info("poet_atkm: console[%i/%i] #%i, tty %lx\n", i, MAX_NR_CONSOLES, +59 vc_cons[i].d->vc_num, (unsigned long)vc_cons[i].d->port.tty); 60 } -61 pr_info("kbleds: finished scanning consoles\n"); +61 pr_info("kbleds: finished scanning consoles\n"); 62 63 my_driver = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty->driver; -64 pr_info("kbleds: tty driver magic %x\n", my_driver->magic); +64 pr_info("kbleds: tty driver magic %x\n", my_driver->magic); 65 -66 /* Set up the LED blink timer the first time. */ +66 /* Set up the LED blink timer the first time. */ 67 timer_setup(&my_timer, my_timer_func, 0); 68 my_timer.expires = jiffies + BLINK_DELAY; 69 add_timer(&my_timer); 70 -71 return 0; +71 return 0; 72} 73 -74static void __exit kbleds_cleanup(void) +74static void __exit kbleds_cleanup(void) 75{ -76 pr_info("kbleds: unloading...\n"); +76 pr_info("kbleds: unloading...\n"); 77 del_timer(&my_timer); 78 (my_driver->ops->ioctl)(vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty, KDSETLED, 79 RESTORE_LEDS); @@ -4405,7 +4411,7 @@ loaded, starts blinking the keyboard LEDs until it is unloaded. 82module_init(kbleds_init); 83module_exit(kbleds_cleanup); 84 -85MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+85MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");If none of the examples in this chapter fit your debugging needs, there might yet be some other tricks to try. Ever wondered what
CONFIG_LL_DEBUG @@ -4442,57 +4448,57 @@ better suited to running multiple things in a sequence.function continues to the exit point.-
1/* -2 * example_tasklet.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/delay.h> -5#include <linux/interrupt.h> -6#include <linux/kernel.h> -7#include <linux/module.h> +1/* +2 * example_tasklet.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/delay.h> +5#include <linux/interrupt.h> +6#include <linux/kernel.h> +7#include <linux/module.h> 8 -9/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibiity. -10 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ -11 */ -12#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD -13#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) -14#endif +9/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibiity. +10 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ +11 */ +12#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD +13#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) +14#endif 15 -16static void tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) +16static void tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) 17{ -18 pr_info("Example tasklet starts\n"); +18 pr_info("Example tasklet starts\n"); 19 mdelay(5000); -20 pr_info("Example tasklet ends\n"); +20 pr_info("Example tasklet ends\n"); 21} 22 -23static DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(mytask, tasklet_fn); +23static DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(mytask, tasklet_fn); 24 -25static int example_tasklet_init(void) +25static int example_tasklet_init(void) 26{ -27 pr_info("tasklet example init\n"); +27 pr_info("tasklet example init\n"); 28 tasklet_schedule(&mytask); 29 mdelay(200); -30 pr_info("Example tasklet init continues...\n"); -31 return 0; +30 pr_info("Example tasklet init continues...\n"); +31 return 0; 32} 33 -34static void example_tasklet_exit(void) +34static void example_tasklet_exit(void) 35{ -36 pr_info("tasklet example exit\n"); +36 pr_info("tasklet example exit\n"); 37 tasklet_kill(&mytask); 38} 39 40module_init(example_tasklet_init); 41module_exit(example_tasklet_exit); 42 -43MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Tasklet example"); -44MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+43MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Tasklet example"); +44MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");So with this example loaded
-dmesgshould show:+tasklet example init Example tasklet starts Example tasklet init continues... @@ -4518,30 +4524,30 @@ the macroDECLARE_TASKLET_OLD Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS) to execute work within the queue.-
1/* -2 * sched.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> -6#include <linux/workqueue.h> +1/* +2 * sched.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> +6#include <linux/workqueue.h> 7 -8static struct workqueue_struct *queue = NULL; -9static struct work_struct work; +8static struct workqueue_struct *queue = NULL; +9static struct work_struct work; 10 -11static void work_handler(struct work_struct *data) +11static void work_handler(struct work_struct *data) 12{ -13 pr_info("work handler function.\n"); +13 pr_info("work handler function.\n"); 14} 15 -16static int __init sched_init(void) +16static int __init sched_init(void) 17{ -18 queue = alloc_workqueue("HELLOWORLD", WQ_UNBOUND, 1); +18 queue = alloc_workqueue("HELLOWORLD", WQ_UNBOUND, 1); 19 INIT_WORK(&work, work_handler); 20 schedule_work(&work); -21 return 0; +21 return 0; 22} 23 -24static void __exit sched_exit(void) +24static void __exit sched_exit(void) 25{ 26 destroy_workqueue(queue); 27} @@ -4549,8 +4555,8 @@ Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS) to execute work within the queue. 29module_init(sched_init); 30module_exit(sched_exit); 31 -32MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -33MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Workqueue example");+32MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +33MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Workqueue example");
15 Interrupt Handlers
@@ -4636,114 +4642,114 @@ an LED is connected to GPIO 4. You can change those numbers to whatever is appropriate for your board.-
1/* -2 * intrpt.c - Handling GPIO with interrupts -3 * -4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) -5 * from: -6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples -7 * -8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off. -9 */ +1/* +2 * intrpt.c - Handling GPIO with interrupts +3 * +4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) +5 * from: +6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples +7 * +8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off. +9 */ 10 -11#include <linux/gpio.h> -12#include <linux/interrupt.h> -13#include <linux/kernel.h> -14#include <linux/module.h> +11#include <linux/gpio.h> +12#include <linux/interrupt.h> +13#include <linux/kernel.h> +14#include <linux/module.h> 15 -16static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; +16static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; 17 -18/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. -19 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -20 */ -21static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; +18/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. +19 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +20 */ +21static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; 22 -23/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS -24 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -25 */ -26static struct gpio buttons[] = { { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, -27 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" } }; +23/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS +24 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +25 */ +26static struct gpio buttons[] = { { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, +27 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" } }; 28 -29/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed. */ -30static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) +29/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed. */ +30static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) 31{ -32 /* first button */ -33 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +32 /* first button */ +33 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 34 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 1); -35 /* second button */ -36 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +35 /* second button */ +36 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 37 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); 38 -39 return IRQ_HANDLED; +39 return IRQ_HANDLED; 40} 41 -42static int __init intrpt_init(void) +42static int __init intrpt_init(void) 43{ -44 int ret = 0; +44 int ret = 0; 45 -46 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +46 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 47 -48 /* register LED gpios */ +48 /* register LED gpios */ 49 ret = gpio_request_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 50 -51 if (ret) { -52 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); -53 return ret; +51 if (ret) { +52 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); +53 return ret; 54 } 55 -56 /* register BUTTON gpios */ +56 /* register BUTTON gpios */ 57 ret = gpio_request_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 58 -59 if (ret) { -60 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -61 goto fail1; +59 if (ret) { +60 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +61 goto fail1; 62 } 63 -64 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); +64 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); 65 66 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[0].gpio); 67 -68 if (ret < 0) { -69 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -70 goto fail2; +68 if (ret < 0) { +69 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +70 goto fail2; 71 } 72 73 button_irqs[0] = ret; 74 -75 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); +75 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); 76 77 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[0], button_isr, 78 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -79 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); +79 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); 80 -81 if (ret) { -82 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -83 goto fail2; +81 if (ret) { +82 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +83 goto fail2; 84 } 85 86 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[1].gpio); 87 -88 if (ret < 0) { -89 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -90 goto fail2; +88 if (ret < 0) { +89 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +90 goto fail2; 91 } 92 93 button_irqs[1] = ret; 94 -95 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); +95 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); 96 97 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[1], button_isr, 98 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -99 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); +99 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); 100 -101 if (ret) { -102 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -103 goto fail3; +101 if (ret) { +102 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +103 goto fail3; 104 } 105 -106 return 0; +106 return 0; 107 -108/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ +108/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ 109fail3: 110 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 111 @@ -4753,24 +4759,24 @@ appropriate for your board. 115fail1: 116 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 117 -118 return ret; +118 return ret; 119} 120 -121static void __exit intrpt_exit(void) +121static void __exit intrpt_exit(void) 122{ -123 int i; +123 int i; 124 -125 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +125 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 126 -127 /* free irqs */ +127 /* free irqs */ 128 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 129 free_irq(button_irqs[1], NULL); 130 -131 /* turn all LEDs off */ -132 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) +131 /* turn all LEDs off */ +132 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) 133 gpio_set_value(leds[i].gpio, 0); 134 -135 /* unregister */ +135 /* unregister */ 136 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 137 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 138} @@ -4778,8 +4784,8 @@ appropriate for your board. 140module_init(intrpt_init); 141module_exit(intrpt_exit); 142 -143MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -144MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Handle some GPIO interrupts");+143MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +144MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Handle some GPIO interrupts");
15.3 Bottom Half
@@ -4794,137 +4800,137 @@ when an interrupt is triggered. -1/* -2 * bottomhalf.c - Top and bottom half interrupt handling -3 * -4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) -5 * from: -6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples -7 * -8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off -9 */ +1/* +2 * bottomhalf.c - Top and bottom half interrupt handling +3 * +4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) +5 * from: +6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples +7 * +8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off +9 */ 10 -11#include <linux/delay.h> -12#include <linux/gpio.h> -13#include <linux/interrupt.h> -14#include <linux/kernel.h> -15#include <linux/module.h> +11#include <linux/delay.h> +12#include <linux/gpio.h> +13#include <linux/interrupt.h> +14#include <linux/kernel.h> +15#include <linux/module.h> 16 -17/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibiity. -18 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ -19 */ -20#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD -21#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) -22#endif +17/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibiity. +18 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ +19 */ +20#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD +21#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) +22#endif 23 -24static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; +24static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; 25 -26/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. -27 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -28 */ -29static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; +26/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. +27 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +28 */ +29static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; 30 -31/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS -32 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -33 */ -34static struct gpio buttons[] = { -35 { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, -36 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" }, +31/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS +32 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +33 */ +34static struct gpio buttons[] = { +35 { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, +36 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" }, 37}; 38 -39/* Tasklet containing some non-trivial amount of processing */ -40static void bottomhalf_tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) +39/* Tasklet containing some non-trivial amount of processing */ +40static void bottomhalf_tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) 41{ -42 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet starts\n"); -43 /* do something which takes a while */ +42 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet starts\n"); +43 /* do something which takes a while */ 44 mdelay(500); -45 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet ends\n"); +45 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet ends\n"); 46} 47 -48static DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(buttontask, bottomhalf_tasklet_fn); +48static DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(buttontask, bottomhalf_tasklet_fn); 49 -50/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed */ -51static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) +50/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed */ +51static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) 52{ -53 /* Do something quickly right now */ -54 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +53 /* Do something quickly right now */ +54 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 55 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 1); -56 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +56 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 57 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); 58 -59 /* Do the rest at leisure via the scheduler */ +59 /* Do the rest at leisure via the scheduler */ 60 tasklet_schedule(&buttontask); 61 -62 return IRQ_HANDLED; +62 return IRQ_HANDLED; 63} 64 -65static int __init bottomhalf_init(void) +65static int __init bottomhalf_init(void) 66{ -67 int ret = 0; +67 int ret = 0; 68 -69 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +69 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 70 -71 /* register LED gpios */ +71 /* register LED gpios */ 72 ret = gpio_request_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 73 -74 if (ret) { -75 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); -76 return ret; +74 if (ret) { +75 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); +76 return ret; 77 } 78 -79 /* register BUTTON gpios */ +79 /* register BUTTON gpios */ 80 ret = gpio_request_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 81 -82 if (ret) { -83 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -84 goto fail1; +82 if (ret) { +83 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +84 goto fail1; 85 } 86 -87 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); +87 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); 88 89 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[0].gpio); 90 -91 if (ret < 0) { -92 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -93 goto fail2; +91 if (ret < 0) { +92 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +93 goto fail2; 94 } 95 96 button_irqs[0] = ret; 97 -98 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); +98 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); 99 100 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[0], button_isr, 101 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -102 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); +102 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); 103 -104 if (ret) { -105 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -106 goto fail2; +104 if (ret) { +105 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +106 goto fail2; 107 } 108 109 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[1].gpio); 110 -111 if (ret < 0) { -112 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -113 goto fail2; +111 if (ret < 0) { +112 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +113 goto fail2; 114 } 115 116 button_irqs[1] = ret; 117 -118 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); +118 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); 119 120 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[1], button_isr, 121 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -122 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); +122 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); 123 -124 if (ret) { -125 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -126 goto fail3; +124 if (ret) { +125 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +126 goto fail3; 127 } 128 -129 return 0; +129 return 0; 130 -131/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ +131/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ 132fail3: 133 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 134 @@ -4934,24 +4940,24 @@ when an interrupt is triggered. 138fail1: 139 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 140 -141 return ret; +141 return ret; 142} 143 -144static void __exit bottomhalf_exit(void) +144static void __exit bottomhalf_exit(void) 145{ -146 int i; +146 int i; 147 -148 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +148 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 149 -150 /* free irqs */ +150 /* free irqs */ 151 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 152 free_irq(button_irqs[1], NULL); 153 -154 /* turn all LEDs off */ -155 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) +154 /* turn all LEDs off */ +155 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) 156 gpio_set_value(leds[i].gpio, 0); 157 -158 /* unregister */ +158 /* unregister */ 159 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 160 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 161} @@ -4959,8 +4965,8 @@ when an interrupt is triggered. 163module_init(bottomhalf_init); 164module_exit(bottomhalf_exit); 165 -166MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -167MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Interrupt with top and bottom half");+166MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +167MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Interrupt with top and bottom half");
16 Crypto
@@ -4977,81 +4983,81 @@ favourite hash functions. demonstration of how to calculate a sha256 hash within a kernel module.-
1/* -2 * cryptosha256.c -3 */ -4#include <crypto/internal/hash.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> +1/* +2 * cryptosha256.c +3 */ +4#include <crypto/internal/hash.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> 6 -7#define SHA256_LENGTH 32 +7#define SHA256_LENGTH 32 8 -9static void show_hash_result(char *plaintext, char *hash_sha256) +9static void show_hash_result(char *plaintext, char *hash_sha256) 10{ -11 int i; -12 char str[SHA256_LENGTH * 2 + 1]; +11 int i; +12 char str[SHA256_LENGTH * 2 + 1]; 13 -14 pr_info("sha256 test for string: \"%s\"\n", plaintext); -15 for (i = 0; i < SHA256_LENGTH; i++) -16 sprintf(&str[i * 2], "%02x", (unsigned char)hash_sha256[i]); +14 pr_info("sha256 test for string: \"%s\"\n", plaintext); +15 for (i = 0; i < SHA256_LENGTH; i++) +16 sprintf(&str[i * 2], "%02x", (unsigned char)hash_sha256[i]); 17 str[i * 2] = 0; -18 pr_info("%s\n", str); +18 pr_info("%s\n", str); 19} 20 -21static int cryptosha256_init(void) +21static int cryptosha256_init(void) 22{ -23 char *plaintext = "This is a test"; -24 char hash_sha256[SHA256_LENGTH]; -25 struct crypto_shash *sha256; -26 struct shash_desc *shash; +23 char *plaintext = "This is a test"; +24 char hash_sha256[SHA256_LENGTH]; +25 struct crypto_shash *sha256; +26 struct shash_desc *shash; 27 -28 sha256 = crypto_alloc_shash("sha256", 0, 0); -29 if (IS_ERR(sha256)) -30 return -1; +28 sha256 = crypto_alloc_shash("sha256", 0, 0); +29 if (IS_ERR(sha256)) +30 return -1; 31 -32 shash = kmalloc(sizeof(struct shash_desc) + crypto_shash_descsize(sha256), +32 shash = kmalloc(sizeof(struct shash_desc) + crypto_shash_descsize(sha256), 33 GFP_KERNEL); -34 if (!shash) -35 return -ENOMEM; +34 if (!shash) +35 return -ENOMEM; 36 37 shash->tfm = sha256; 38 -39 if (crypto_shash_init(shash)) -40 return -1; +39 if (crypto_shash_init(shash)) +40 return -1; 41 -42 if (crypto_shash_update(shash, plaintext, strlen(plaintext))) -43 return -1; +42 if (crypto_shash_update(shash, plaintext, strlen(plaintext))) +43 return -1; 44 -45 if (crypto_shash_final(shash, hash_sha256)) -46 return -1; +45 if (crypto_shash_final(shash, hash_sha256)) +46 return -1; 47 48 kfree(shash); 49 crypto_free_shash(sha256); 50 51 show_hash_result(plaintext, hash_sha256); 52 -53 return 0; +53 return 0; 54} 55 -56static void cryptosha256_exit(void) +56static void cryptosha256_exit(void) 57{ 58} 59 60module_init(cryptosha256_init); 61module_exit(cryptosha256_exit); 62 -63MODULE_DESCRIPTION("sha256 hash test"); -64MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+63MODULE_DESCRIPTION("sha256 hash test"); +64MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Make and install the module:
-
1make +1make 2sudo insmod cryptosha256.ko 3dmesgAnd you should see that the hash was calculated for the test string.
Finally, remove the test module:
-
1sudo rmmod cryptosha256+1sudo rmmod cryptosha256
16.2 Symmetric key encryption
@@ -5062,183 +5068,183 @@ and a password. -1/* -2 * cryptosk.c -3 */ -4#include <crypto/internal/skcipher.h> -5#include <linux/crypto.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/random.h> -8#include <linux/scatterlist.h> +1/* +2 * cryptosk.c +3 */ +4#include <crypto/internal/skcipher.h> +5#include <linux/crypto.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/random.h> +8#include <linux/scatterlist.h> 9 -10#define SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH 32 -11#define CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE 16 +10#define SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH 32 +11#define CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE 16 12 -13struct tcrypt_result { -14 struct completion completion; -15 int err; +13struct tcrypt_result { +14 struct completion completion; +15 int err; 16}; 17 -18struct skcipher_def { -19 struct scatterlist sg; -20 struct crypto_skcipher *tfm; -21 struct skcipher_request *req; -22 struct tcrypt_result result; -23 char *scratchpad; -24 char *ciphertext; -25 char *ivdata; +18struct skcipher_def { +19 struct scatterlist sg; +20 struct crypto_skcipher *tfm; +21 struct skcipher_request *req; +22 struct tcrypt_result result; +23 char *scratchpad; +24 char *ciphertext; +25 char *ivdata; 26}; 27 -28static struct skcipher_def sk; +28static struct skcipher_def sk; 29 -30static void test_skcipher_finish(struct skcipher_def *sk) +30static void test_skcipher_finish(struct skcipher_def *sk) 31{ -32 if (sk->tfm) +32 if (sk->tfm) 33 crypto_free_skcipher(sk->tfm); -34 if (sk->req) +34 if (sk->req) 35 skcipher_request_free(sk->req); -36 if (sk->ivdata) +36 if (sk->ivdata) 37 kfree(sk->ivdata); -38 if (sk->scratchpad) +38 if (sk->scratchpad) 39 kfree(sk->scratchpad); -40 if (sk->ciphertext) +40 if (sk->ciphertext) 41 kfree(sk->ciphertext); 42} 43 -44static int test_skcipher_result(struct skcipher_def *sk, int rc) +44static int test_skcipher_result(struct skcipher_def *sk, int rc) 45{ -46 switch (rc) { -47 case 0: -48 break; -49 case -EINPROGRESS || -EBUSY: +46 switch (rc) { +47 case 0: +48 break; +49 case -EINPROGRESS || -EBUSY: 50 rc = wait_for_completion_interruptible(&sk->result.completion); -51 if (!rc && !sk->result.err) { +51 if (!rc && !sk->result.err) { 52 reinit_completion(&sk->result.completion); -53 break; +53 break; 54 } -55 pr_info("skcipher encrypt returned with %d result %d\n", rc, +55 pr_info("skcipher encrypt returned with %d result %d\n", rc, 56 sk->result.err); -57 break; -58 default: -59 pr_info("skcipher encrypt returned with %d result %d\n", rc, +57 break; +58 default: +59 pr_info("skcipher encrypt returned with %d result %d\n", rc, 60 sk->result.err); -61 break; +61 break; 62 } 63 64 init_completion(&sk->result.completion); 65 -66 return rc; +66 return rc; 67} 68 -69static void test_skcipher_callback(struct crypto_async_request *req, int error) +69static void test_skcipher_callback(struct crypto_async_request *req, int error) 70{ -71 struct tcrypt_result *result = req->data; +71 struct tcrypt_result *result = req->data; 72 -73 if (error == -EINPROGRESS) -74 return; +73 if (error == -EINPROGRESS) +74 return; 75 76 result->err = error; 77 complete(&result->completion); -78 pr_info("Encryption finished successfully\n"); +78 pr_info("Encryption finished successfully\n"); 79 -80 /* decrypt data */ -81#if 0 -82 memset((void*)sk.scratchpad, '-', CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); -83 ret = crypto_skcipher_decrypt(sk.req); -84 ret = test_skcipher_result(&sk, ret); -85 if (ret) -86 return; +80 /* decrypt data */ +81#if 0 +82 memset((void*)sk.scratchpad, '-', CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); +83 ret = crypto_skcipher_decrypt(sk.req); +84 ret = test_skcipher_result(&sk, ret); +85 if (ret) +86 return; 87 -88 sg_copy_from_buffer(&sk.sg, 1, sk.scratchpad, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); -89 sk.scratchpad[CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE-1] = 0; +88 sg_copy_from_buffer(&sk.sg, 1, sk.scratchpad, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); +89 sk.scratchpad[CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE-1] = 0; 90 -91 pr_info("Decryption request successful\n"); -92 pr_info("Decrypted: %s\n", sk.scratchpad); -93#endif +91 pr_info("Decryption request successful\n"); +92 pr_info("Decrypted: %s\n", sk.scratchpad); +93#endif 94} 95 -96static int test_skcipher_encrypt(char *plaintext, char *password, -97 struct skcipher_def *sk) +96static int test_skcipher_encrypt(char *plaintext, char *password, +97 struct skcipher_def *sk) 98{ -99 int ret = -EFAULT; -100 unsigned char key[SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH]; +99 int ret = -EFAULT; +100 unsigned char key[SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH]; 101 -102 if (!sk->tfm) { -103 sk->tfm = crypto_alloc_skcipher("cbc-aes-aesni", 0, 0); -104 if (IS_ERR(sk->tfm)) { -105 pr_info("could not allocate skcipher handle\n"); -106 return PTR_ERR(sk->tfm); +102 if (!sk->tfm) { +103 sk->tfm = crypto_alloc_skcipher("cbc-aes-aesni", 0, 0); +104 if (IS_ERR(sk->tfm)) { +105 pr_info("could not allocate skcipher handle\n"); +106 return PTR_ERR(sk->tfm); 107 } 108 } 109 -110 if (!sk->req) { +110 if (!sk->req) { 111 sk->req = skcipher_request_alloc(sk->tfm, GFP_KERNEL); -112 if (!sk->req) { -113 pr_info("could not allocate skcipher request\n"); +112 if (!sk->req) { +113 pr_info("could not allocate skcipher request\n"); 114 ret = -ENOMEM; -115 goto out; +115 goto out; 116 } 117 } 118 119 skcipher_request_set_callback(sk->req, CRYPTO_TFM_REQ_MAY_BACKLOG, 120 test_skcipher_callback, &sk->result); 121 -122 /* clear the key */ -123 memset((void *)key, '\0', SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH); +122 /* clear the key */ +123 memset((void *)key, '\0', SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH); 124 -125 /* Use the world's favourite password */ -126 sprintf((char *)key, "%s", password); +125 /* Use the world's favourite password */ +126 sprintf((char *)key, "%s", password); 127 -128 /* AES 256 with given symmetric key */ -129 if (crypto_skcipher_setkey(sk->tfm, key, SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH)) { -130 pr_info("key could not be set\n"); +128 /* AES 256 with given symmetric key */ +129 if (crypto_skcipher_setkey(sk->tfm, key, SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH)) { +130 pr_info("key could not be set\n"); 131 ret = -EAGAIN; -132 goto out; +132 goto out; 133 } -134 pr_info("Symmetric key: %s\n", key); -135 pr_info("Plaintext: %s\n", plaintext); +134 pr_info("Symmetric key: %s\n", key); +135 pr_info("Plaintext: %s\n", plaintext); 136 -137 if (!sk->ivdata) { -138 /* see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialization_vector */ +137 if (!sk->ivdata) { +138 /* see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialization_vector */ 139 sk->ivdata = kmalloc(CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL); -140 if (!sk->ivdata) { -141 pr_info("could not allocate ivdata\n"); -142 goto out; +140 if (!sk->ivdata) { +141 pr_info("could not allocate ivdata\n"); +142 goto out; 143 } 144 get_random_bytes(sk->ivdata, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); 145 } 146 -147 if (!sk->scratchpad) { -148 /* The text to be encrypted */ +147 if (!sk->scratchpad) { +148 /* The text to be encrypted */ 149 sk->scratchpad = kmalloc(CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL); -150 if (!sk->scratchpad) { -151 pr_info("could not allocate scratchpad\n"); -152 goto out; +150 if (!sk->scratchpad) { +151 pr_info("could not allocate scratchpad\n"); +152 goto out; 153 } 154 } -155 sprintf((char *)sk->scratchpad, "%s", plaintext); +155 sprintf((char *)sk->scratchpad, "%s", plaintext); 156 157 sg_init_one(&sk->sg, sk->scratchpad, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); 158 skcipher_request_set_crypt(sk->req, &sk->sg, &sk->sg, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE, 159 sk->ivdata); 160 init_completion(&sk->result.completion); 161 -162 /* encrypt data */ +162 /* encrypt data */ 163 ret = crypto_skcipher_encrypt(sk->req); 164 ret = test_skcipher_result(sk, ret); -165 if (ret) -166 goto out; +165 if (ret) +166 goto out; 167 -168 pr_info("Encryption request successful\n"); +168 pr_info("Encryption request successful\n"); 169 170out: -171 return ret; +171 return ret; 172} 173 -174static int cryptoapi_init(void) +174static int cryptoapi_init(void) 175{ -176 /* The world's favorite password */ -177 char *password = "password123"; +176 /* The world's favorite password */ +177 char *password = "password123"; 178 179 sk.tfm = NULL; 180 sk.req = NULL; @@ -5246,11 +5252,11 @@ and a password. 182 sk.ciphertext = NULL; 183 sk.ivdata = NULL; 184 -185 test_skcipher_encrypt("Testing", password, &sk); -186 return 0; +185 test_skcipher_encrypt("Testing", password, &sk); +186 return 0; 187} 188 -189static void cryptoapi_exit(void) +189static void cryptoapi_exit(void) 190{ 191 test_skcipher_finish(&sk); 192} @@ -5258,8 +5264,8 @@ and a password. 194module_init(cryptoapi_init); 195module_exit(cryptoapi_exit); 196 -197MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Symmetric key encryption example"); -198MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+197MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Symmetric key encryption example"); +198MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
17 Standardizing the interfaces: The Device Model
@@ -5271,59 +5277,59 @@ use this as a template to add your own suspend, resume or other interface functions.-
1/* -2 * devicemodel.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/kernel.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> -6#include <linux/platform_device.h> +1/* +2 * devicemodel.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/kernel.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> +6#include <linux/platform_device.h> 7 -8struct devicemodel_data { -9 char *greeting; -10 int number; +8struct devicemodel_data { +9 char *greeting; +10 int number; 11}; 12 -13static int devicemodel_probe(struct platform_device *dev) +13static int devicemodel_probe(struct platform_device *dev) 14{ -15 struct devicemodel_data *pd = -16 (struct devicemodel_data *)(dev->dev.platform_data); +15 struct devicemodel_data *pd = +16 (struct devicemodel_data *)(dev->dev.platform_data); 17 -18 pr_info("devicemodel probe\n"); -19 pr_info("devicemodel greeting: %s; %d\n", pd->greeting, pd->number); +18 pr_info("devicemodel probe\n"); +19 pr_info("devicemodel greeting: %s; %d\n", pd->greeting, pd->number); 20 -21 /* Your device initialization code */ +21 /* Your device initialization code */ 22 -23 return 0; +23 return 0; 24} 25 -26static int devicemodel_remove(struct platform_device *dev) +26static int devicemodel_remove(struct platform_device *dev) 27{ -28 pr_info("devicemodel example removed\n"); +28 pr_info("devicemodel example removed\n"); 29 -30 /* Your device removal code */ +30 /* Your device removal code */ 31 -32 return 0; +32 return 0; 33} 34 -35static int devicemodel_suspend(struct device *dev) +35static int devicemodel_suspend(struct device *dev) 36{ -37 pr_info("devicemodel example suspend\n"); +37 pr_info("devicemodel example suspend\n"); 38 -39 /* Your device suspend code */ +39 /* Your device suspend code */ 40 -41 return 0; +41 return 0; 42} 43 -44static int devicemodel_resume(struct device *dev) +44static int devicemodel_resume(struct device *dev) 45{ -46 pr_info("devicemodel example resume\n"); +46 pr_info("devicemodel example resume\n"); 47 -48 /* Your device resume code */ +48 /* Your device resume code */ 49 -50 return 0; +50 return 0; 51} 52 -53static const struct dev_pm_ops devicemodel_pm_ops = { +53static const struct dev_pm_ops devicemodel_pm_ops = { 54 .suspend = devicemodel_suspend, 55 .resume = devicemodel_resume, 56 .poweroff = devicemodel_suspend, @@ -5332,10 +5338,10 @@ functions. 59 .restore = devicemodel_resume, 60}; 61 -62static struct platform_driver devicemodel_driver = { +62static struct platform_driver devicemodel_driver = { 63 .driver = 64 { -65 .name = "devicemodel_example", +65 .name = "devicemodel_example", 66 .owner = THIS_MODULE, 67 .pm = &devicemodel_pm_ops, 68 }, @@ -5343,33 +5349,33 @@ functions. 70 .remove = devicemodel_remove, 71}; 72 -73static int devicemodel_init(void) +73static int devicemodel_init(void) 74{ -75 int ret; +75 int ret; 76 -77 pr_info("devicemodel init\n"); +77 pr_info("devicemodel init\n"); 78 79 ret = platform_driver_register(&devicemodel_driver); 80 -81 if (ret) { -82 pr_err("Unable to register driver\n"); -83 return ret; +81 if (ret) { +82 pr_err("Unable to register driver\n"); +83 return ret; 84 } 85 -86 return 0; +86 return 0; 87} 88 -89static void devicemodel_exit(void) +89static void devicemodel_exit(void) 90{ -91 pr_info("devicemodel exit\n"); +91 pr_info("devicemodel exit\n"); 92 platform_driver_unregister(&devicemodel_driver); 93} 94 95module_init(devicemodel_init); 96module_exit(devicemodel_exit); 97 -98MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -99MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Linux Device Model example");+98MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +99MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Linux Device Model example");
18 Optimizations
@@ -5389,11 +5395,11 @@ you know that the conditions are almost always likely to evaluate as either to succeed.-
1bvl = bvec_alloc(gfp_mask, nr_iovecs, &idx); -2if (unlikely(!bvl)) { +-1bvl = bvec_alloc(gfp_mask, nr_iovecs, &idx); +2if (unlikely(!bvl)) { 3 mempool_free(bio, bio_pool); 4 bio = NULL; -5 goto out; +5 goto out; 6}diff --git a/lkmpg-for-ht.css b/lkmpg-for-ht.css index df4e892..5ba90f7 100644 --- a/lkmpg-for-ht.css +++ b/lkmpg-for-ht.css @@ -530,873 +530,847 @@ pre#fancyvrb26{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb26{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb26{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb26{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -#colorbox201{border: solid 1px rgb(255,0,0);} -#colorbox201{background-color: rgb(255,255,255);} -span#textcolor202{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -#colorbox203{border: solid 1px rgb(255,0,0);} -#colorbox203{background-color: rgb(255,255,255);} -span#textcolor204{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor205{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor201{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor202{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor203{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor204{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor205{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor206{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -#colorbox207{border: solid 1px rgb(255,0,0);} -#colorbox207{background-color: rgb(255,255,255);} -#colorbox208{border: solid 1px rgb(255,0,0);} -#colorbox208{background-color: rgb(255,255,255);} -#colorbox209{border: solid 1px rgb(255,0,0);} -#colorbox209{background-color: rgb(255,255,255);} +span#textcolor207{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor208{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor209{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor210{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -#colorbox211{border: solid 1px rgb(255,0,0);} -#colorbox211{background-color: rgb(255,255,255);} -span#textcolor212{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor213{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor214{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -#colorbox215{border: solid 1px rgb(255,0,0);} -#colorbox215{background-color: rgb(255,255,255);} -#colorbox216{border: solid 1px rgb(255,0,0);} -#colorbox216{background-color: rgb(255,255,255);} 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span#textcolor1417{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1418{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1419{color:rgb(0,127,0)} @@ -1897,294 +1883,294 @@ span#textcolor1421{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1422{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1423{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1424{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1425{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1426{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor1425{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1426{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor1427{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1428{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1428{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor1429{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor1430{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor1431{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor1432{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor1432{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor1433{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1434{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1435{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1436{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1437{color:rgb(0,127,0)} 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-span#textcolor2857{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2858{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2859{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2860{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -pre#fancyvrb75{padding:5.69054pt;} -pre#fancyvrb75{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } -pre#fancyvrb75{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } -pre#fancyvrb75{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } -pre#fancyvrb75{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor2861{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2862{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2844{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2845{color:rgb(0,0,255)} /* end css.sty */ diff --git a/lkmpg-for-ht.html b/lkmpg-for-ht.html index 3f0dd30..ea4d02a 100644 --- a/lkmpg-for-ht.html +++ b/lkmpg-for-ht.html @@ -679,78 +679,87 @@ parameters: a variable name and a free form string describing that variable. 65 66module_init(hello_5_init); 67module_exit(hello_5_exit);I would recommend playing around with this code: +
I would recommend playing around with this code: + + +
-1$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mystring="bebop" myintarray=-1 -2$ dmesg -t | tail -7 -3myshort is a short integer: 1 -4myint is an integer: 420 -5mylong is a long integer: 9999 -6mystring is a string: bebop -7myintarray[0] = -1 -8myintarray[1] = 420 -9got 1 arguments for myintarray. -10 -11$ sudo rmmod hello-5 -12$ dmesg -t | tail -1 -13Goodbye, world 5 -14 -15$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mystring="supercalifragilisticexpialidocious" myintarray=-1,-1 -16$ dmesg -t | tail -7 -17myshort is a short integer: 1 -18myint is an integer: 420 -19mylong is a long integer: 9999 -20mystring is a string: supercalifragilisticexpialidocious -21myintarray[0] = -1 -22myintarray[1] = -1 -23got 2 arguments for myintarray. -24 -25$ sudo rmmod hello-5 -26$ dmesg -t | tail -1 -27Goodbye, world 5 -28 -29$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mylong=hello -30insmod: ERROR: could not insert module hello-5.ko: Invalid parameters-+
+$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mystring="bebop" myintarray=-1 +$ dmesg -t | tail -7 +myshort is a short integer: 1 +myint is an integer: 420 +mylong is a long integer: 9999 +mystring is a string: bebop +myintarray[0] = -1 +myintarray[1] = 420 +got 1 arguments for myintarray. + +$ sudo rmmod hello-5 +$ dmesg -t | tail -1 +Goodbye, world 5 + +$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mystring="supercalifragilisticexpialidocious" myintarray=-1,-1 +$ dmesg -t | tail -7 +myshort is a short integer: 1 +myint is an integer: 420 +mylong is a long integer: 9999 +mystring is a string: supercalifragilisticexpialidocious +myintarray[0] = -1 +myintarray[1] = -1 +got 2 arguments for myintarray. + +$ sudo rmmod hello-5 +$ dmesg -t | tail -1 +Goodbye, world 5 + +$ sudo insmod hello-5.ko mylong=hello +insmod: ERROR: could not insert module hello-5.ko: Invalid parameters +++
4.6 Modules Spanning Multiple Files
Sometimes it makes sense to divide a kernel module between several source files.
Here is an example of such a kernel module.
-1/* -2 * start.c - Illustration of multi filed modules -3 */ + + + +1/* +2 * start.c - Illustration of multi filed modules +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ -6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ +6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ 7 -8int init_module(void) +8int init_module(void) 9{ -10 pr_info("Hello, world - this is the kernel speaking\n"); -11 return 0; +10 pr_info("Hello, world - this is the kernel speaking\n"); +11 return 0; 12} 13 -14MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+14MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");The next file:
-1/* -2 * stop.c - Illustration of multi filed modules -3 */ +1/* +2 * stop.c - Illustration of multi filed modules +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ -6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ +6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ 7 -8void cleanup_module(void) +8void cleanup_module(void) 9{ -10 pr_info("Short is the life of a kernel module\n"); +10 pr_info("Short is the life of a kernel module\n"); 11} 12 -13MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+13MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");And finally, the makefile:
-
1obj-m += hello-1.o +1obj-m += hello-1.o 2obj-m += hello-2.o 3obj-m += hello-3.o 4obj-m += hello-4.o @@ -759,13 +768,10 @@ files. 7startstop-objs := start.o stop.o 8 9all: -10 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules +10 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules 11 12clean: -13 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean- - - +13 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) cleanThis is the complete makefile for all the examples we have seen so far. The first five lines are nothing special, but for the last example we will need two lines. First we invent an object name for our combined module, second we tell @@ -799,7 +805,7 @@ error as follows:
-+insmod: ERROR: could not insert module poet.ko: Invalid module format@@ -808,7 +814,7 @@ insmod: ERROR: could not insert module poet.ko: Invalid module format
-+kernel: poet: disagrees about version of symbol module_layout@@ -824,7 +830,7 @@ command
-modinfo module.ko+$ modinfo hello-4.ko description: A sample driver author: LKMPG @@ -846,7 +852,7 @@ chapter. version as your current kernel. Then, find the configuration file which was used to compile your precompiled kernel. Usually, this is available in your current boot directory, under a name like config-5.14.x. You may just want to copy it to your kernel source -tree:cp /boot/config-`uname -r` .config +tree:andcp /boot/config-`uname -r` .config.Let’s focus again on the previous error message: a closer look at the version magic strings suggests that, even with two configuration files which are exactly the same, a @@ -862,7 +868,7 @@ follows:
-+VERSION = 5 PATCHLEVEL = 14 SUBLEVEL = 0 @@ -874,8 +880,8 @@ EXTRAVERSION = -rc2 available in /lib/modules/5.14.0-rc2/build. A simple command as following should suffice. -1cp /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build/Makefile linux-`uname -r`-Here
linux-`uname -r` +? It is easy! Compile the following program:1cp /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build/Makefile linux-`uname -r`+Here
linux-`uname -r`is the Linux kernel source you are attempting to build.Now, please run
-maketo update configuration and version headers and objects: @@ -883,7 +889,7 @@ should suffice.+$ make SYNC include/config/auto.conf.cmd HOSTCC scripts/basic/fixdep @@ -972,12 +978,12 @@ data into strings and write the string data using the low-level system call-
1#include <stdio.h> +1#include <stdio.h> 2 -3int main(void) +3int main(void) 4{ -5 printf("hello"); -6 return 0; +5 printf("hello"); +6 return 0; 7}with
-gcc -Wall -o hello hello.c. Run the executable withstrace ./hello @@ -986,7 +992,7 @@ handy program that gives you details about what system calls a program is making, including which call is made, what its arguments are and what it returns. It is an invaluable tool for figuring out things like what files a program is trying to access. Towards the end, you will see a line which looks like -write(1, "hello", 5hello) +write(1, "hello", 5hello). There it is. The face behind theprintf()mask. You may not be familiar with write, since most people use library functions for file I/O (likefopen @@ -1102,7 +1108,7 @@ partitions on the primary master IDE hard drive:+$ ls -l /dev/hda[1-3] brw-rw---- 1 root disk 3, 1 Jul 5 2000 /dev/hda1 brw-rw---- 1 root disk 3, 2 Jul 5 2000 /dev/hda2 @@ -1138,7 +1144,7 @@ ports): -+crw-rw---- 1 root dial 4, 64 Feb 18 23:34 /dev/ttyS0 crw-r----- 1 root dial 4, 65 Nov 17 10:26 /dev/ttyS1 crw-rw---- 1 root dial 4, 66 Jul 5 2000 /dev/ttyS2 @@ -1170,7 +1176,7 @@ files: -+$ ls -l /dev/sda /dev/sdb brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 0 Jan 3 09:02 /dev/sda brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 16 Jan 3 09:02 /dev/sdb @@ -1198,43 +1204,43 @@ device. Thefile_operations Here is what the definition looks like for kernel 5.4:variable to retain their state.-
1struct file_operations { -2 struct module *owner; -3 loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int); -4 ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); -5 ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); -6 ssize_t (*read_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *); -7 ssize_t (*write_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *); -8 int (*iopoll)(struct kiocb *kiocb, bool spin); -9 int (*iterate) (struct file *, struct dir_context *); -10 int (*iterate_shared) (struct file *, struct dir_context *); -11 __poll_t (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *); -12 long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long); -13 long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long); -14 int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *); -15 unsigned long mmap_supported_flags; -16 int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *); -17 int (*flush) (struct file *, fl_owner_t id); -18 int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *); -19 int (*fsync) (struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int datasync); -20 int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int); -21 int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *); -22 ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t, loff_t *, int); -23 unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long); -24 int (*check_flags)(int); -25 int (*flock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *); -26 ssize_t (*splice_write)(struct pipe_inode_info *, struct file *, loff_t *, size_t, unsigned int); -27 ssize_t (*splice_read)(struct file *, loff_t *, struct pipe_inode_info *, size_t, unsigned int); -28 int (*setlease)(struct file *, long, struct file_lock **, void **); -29 long (*fallocate)(struct file *file, int mode, loff_t offset, +1struct file_operations { +2 struct module *owner; +3 loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int); +4 ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); +5 ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); +6 ssize_t (*read_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *); +7 ssize_t (*write_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *); +8 int (*iopoll)(struct kiocb *kiocb, bool spin); +9 int (*iterate) (struct file *, struct dir_context *); +10 int (*iterate_shared) (struct file *, struct dir_context *); +11 __poll_t (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *); +12 long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long); +13 long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long); +14 int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *); +15 unsigned long mmap_supported_flags; +16 int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *); +17 int (*flush) (struct file *, fl_owner_t id); +18 int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *); +19 int (*fsync) (struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int datasync); +20 int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int); +21 int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *); +22 ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t, loff_t *, int); +23 unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long); +24 int (*check_flags)(int); +25 int (*flock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *); +26 ssize_t (*splice_write)(struct pipe_inode_info *, struct file *, loff_t *, size_t, unsigned int); +27 ssize_t (*splice_read)(struct file *, loff_t *, struct pipe_inode_info *, size_t, unsigned int); +28 int (*setlease)(struct file *, long, struct file_lock **, void **); +29 long (*fallocate)(struct file *file, int mode, loff_t offset, 30 loff_t len); -31 void (*show_fdinfo)(struct seq_file *m, struct file *f); -32 ssize_t (*copy_file_range)(struct file *, loff_t, struct file *, -33 loff_t, size_t, unsigned int); -34 loff_t (*remap_file_range)(struct file *file_in, loff_t pos_in, -35 struct file *file_out, loff_t pos_out, -36 loff_t len, unsigned int remap_flags); -37 int (*fadvise)(struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int); +31 void (*show_fdinfo)(struct seq_file *m, struct file *f); +32 ssize_t (*copy_file_range)(struct file *, loff_t, struct file *, +33 loff_t, size_t, unsigned int); +34 loff_t (*remap_file_range)(struct file *file_in, loff_t pos_in, +35 struct file *file_out, loff_t pos_out, +36 loff_t len, unsigned int remap_flags); +37 int (*fadvise)(struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int); 38} __randomize_layout;Some operations are not implemented by a driver. For example, a driver that handles a video card will not need to read from a directory structure. The corresponding entries @@ -1249,7 +1255,7 @@ new way of assigning to the structure looks like:
-1struct file_operations fops = { +1struct file_operations fops = { 2 read: device_read, 3 write: device_write, 4 open: device_open, @@ -1261,7 +1267,7 @@ You should use this syntax in case someone wants to port your driver. It will he with compatibility:-
1struct file_operations fops = { +1struct file_operations fops = { 2 .read = device_read, 3 .write = device_write, 4 .open = device_open, @@ -1271,7 +1277,7 @@ with compatibility: the structure which you do not explicitly assign will be initialized toNULLby gcc. -An instance of
struct file_operations +An instance of
struct file_operationscontaining pointers to functions that are used to implementread,write @@ -1293,7 +1299,7 @@ locking.Each device is represented in the kernel by a file structure, which is defined in include/linux/fs.h. Be aware that a file is a kernel level structure and never appears in a user space program. It is not the same thing as a -
FILE +FILE, which is defined by glibc and would never appear in a kernel space function. Also, its name is a bit misleading; it represents an abstract open ‘file’, not a file on a disk, which is represented by a structure named @@ -1325,11 +1331,11 @@ using theregister_chrdevfunction, defined by include/linux/fs.h.-
1int register_chrdev(unsigned int major, const char *name, struct file_operations *fops);+1int register_chrdev(unsigned int major, const char *name, struct file_operations *fops);Where unsigned int major is the major number you want to request, -
const char *name +const char *nameis the name of the device as it will appear in /proc/devices and -struct file_operations *fops +struct file_operations *fopsis a pointer to thefile_operationstable for your driver. A negative return value means the registration failed. Note that we didn’t pass the minor number to @@ -1412,10 +1418,10 @@ module’s development. file.-
1cat /proc/devices+1cat /proc/devices(or open the file with a program) and the driver will put the number of times the device file has been read from into the file. We do not support writing to the file (like -
echo "hi" > /dev/hello +echo "hi" > /dev/hello), but catch these attempts and tell the user that the operation is not supported. Don’t worry if you don’t see what we do with the data we read into the buffer; we don’t do much with it. We simply read in the data and print a message @@ -1436,141 +1442,141 @@ same, modifies the contents of that memory location to the desired value. See mo concurrency details in the 12 section.-
1/* -2 * chardev.c: Creates a read-only char device that says how many times -3 * you have read from the dev file -4 */ +1/* +2 * chardev.c: Creates a read-only char device that says how many times +3 * you have read from the dev file +4 */ 5 -6#include <linux/cdev.h> -7#include <linux/delay.h> -8#include <linux/device.h> -9#include <linux/fs.h> -10#include <linux/init.h> -11#include <linux/irq.h> -12#include <linux/kernel.h> -13#include <linux/module.h> -14#include <linux/poll.h> +6#include <linux/cdev.h> +7#include <linux/delay.h> +8#include <linux/device.h> +9#include <linux/fs.h> +10#include <linux/init.h> +11#include <linux/irq.h> +12#include <linux/kernel.h> +13#include <linux/module.h> +14#include <linux/poll.h> 15 -16/* Prototypes - this would normally go in a .h file */ -17static int device_open(struct inode *, struct file *); -18static int device_release(struct inode *, struct file *); -19static ssize_t device_read(struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); -20static ssize_t device_write(struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, +16/* Prototypes - this would normally go in a .h file */ +17static int device_open(struct inode *, struct file *); +18static int device_release(struct inode *, struct file *); +19static ssize_t device_read(struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); +20static ssize_t device_write(struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, 21 loff_t *); 22 -23#define SUCCESS 0 -24#define DEVICE_NAME "chardev" /* Dev name as it appears in /proc/devices */ -25#define BUF_LEN 80 /* Max length of the message from the device */ +23#define SUCCESS 0 +24#define DEVICE_NAME "chardev" /* Dev name as it appears in /proc/devices */ +25#define BUF_LEN 80 /* Max length of the message from the device */ 26 -27/* Global variables are declared as static, so are global within the file. */ +27/* Global variables are declared as static, so are global within the file. */ 28 -29static int major; /* major number assigned to our device driver */ +29static int major; /* major number assigned to our device driver */ 30 -31enum { +31enum { 32 CDEV_NOT_USED = 0, 33 CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN = 1, 34}; 35 -36/* Is device open? Used to prevent multiple access to device */ -37static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); +36/* Is device open? Used to prevent multiple access to device */ +37static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); 38 -39static char msg[BUF_LEN]; /* The msg the device will give when asked */ +39static char msg[BUF_LEN]; /* The msg the device will give when asked */ 40 -41static struct class *cls; +41static struct class *cls; 42 -43static struct file_operations chardev_fops = { +43static struct file_operations chardev_fops = { 44 .read = device_read, 45 .write = device_write, 46 .open = device_open, 47 .release = device_release, 48}; 49 -50static int __init chardev_init(void) +50static int __init chardev_init(void) 51{ 52 major = register_chrdev(0, DEVICE_NAME, &chardev_fops); 53 -54 if (major < 0) { -55 pr_alert("Registering char device failed with %d\n", major); -56 return major; +54 if (major < 0) { +55 pr_alert("Registering char device failed with %d\n", major); +56 return major; 57 } 58 -59 pr_info("I was assigned major number %d.\n", major); +59 pr_info("I was assigned major number %d.\n", major); 60 61 cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_NAME); 62 device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(major, 0), NULL, DEVICE_NAME); 63 -64 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME); +64 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME); 65 -66 return SUCCESS; +66 return SUCCESS; 67} 68 -69static void __exit chardev_exit(void) +69static void __exit chardev_exit(void) 70{ 71 device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(major, 0)); 72 class_destroy(cls); 73 -74 /* Unregister the device */ +74 /* Unregister the device */ 75 unregister_chrdev(major, DEVICE_NAME); 76} 77 -78/* Methods */ +78/* Methods */ 79 -80/* Called when a process tries to open the device file, like -81 * "sudo cat /dev/chardev" -82 */ -83static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +80/* Called when a process tries to open the device file, like +81 * "sudo cat /dev/chardev" +82 */ +83static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 84{ -85 static int counter = 0; +85 static int counter = 0; 86 -87 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) -88 return -EBUSY; +87 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) +88 return -EBUSY; 89 -90 sprintf(msg, "I already told you %d times Hello world!\n", counter++); +90 sprintf(msg, "I already told you %d times Hello world!\n", counter++); 91 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); 92 -93 return SUCCESS; +93 return SUCCESS; 94} 95 -96/* Called when a process closes the device file. */ -97static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +96/* Called when a process closes the device file. */ +97static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 98{ -99 /* We're now ready for our next caller */ +99 /* We're now ready for our next caller */ 100 atomic_set(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED); 101 -102 /* Decrement the usage count, or else once you opened the file, you will -103 * never get get rid of the module. -104 */ +102 /* Decrement the usage count, or else once you opened the file, you will +103 * never get get rid of the module. +104 */ 105 module_put(THIS_MODULE); 106 -107 return SUCCESS; +107 return SUCCESS; 108} 109 -110/* Called when a process, which already opened the dev file, attempts to -111 * read from it. -112 */ -113static ssize_t device_read(struct file *filp, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ -114 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to fill with data */ -115 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ +110/* Called when a process, which already opened the dev file, attempts to +111 * read from it. +112 */ +113static ssize_t device_read(struct file *filp, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ +114 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to fill with data */ +115 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ 116 loff_t *offset) 117{ -118 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */ -119 int bytes_read = 0; -120 const char *msg_ptr = msg; +118 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */ +119 int bytes_read = 0; +120 const char *msg_ptr = msg; 121 -122 if (!*(msg_ptr + *offset)) { /* we are at the end of message */ -123 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ -124 return 0; /* signify end of file */ +122 if (!*(msg_ptr + *offset)) { /* we are at the end of message */ +123 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ +124 return 0; /* signify end of file */ 125 } 126 127 msg_ptr += *offset; 128 -129 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ -130 while (length && *msg_ptr) { -131 /* The buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel -132 * segment so "*" assignment won't work. We have to use -133 * put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to -134 * the user data segment. -135 */ +129 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ +130 while (length && *msg_ptr) { +131 /* The buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel +132 * segment so "*" assignment won't work. We have to use +133 * put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to +134 * the user data segment. +135 */ 136 put_user(*(msg_ptr++), buffer++); 137 length--; 138 bytes_read++; @@ -1578,22 +1584,22 @@ concurrency details in the 12
6.6 Writing Modules for Multiple Kernel Versions
@@ -1651,7 +1657,7 @@ functionprocfile_read.The /proc/helloworld is created when the module is loaded with the function
proc_create -. The return value is astruct proc_dir_entry +. The return value is astruct proc_dir_entry, and it will be used to configure the file /proc/helloworld (for example, the owner of this file). A null return value means that the creation has failed.Every time the file /proc/helloworld is read, the function @@ -1667,82 +1673,82 @@ function, if it never returns zero, the read function is called endlessly.
-+$ cat /proc/helloworld HelloWorld!
-
1/* -2 * procfs1.c -3 */ +1/* +2 * procfs1.c +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> -8#include <linux/uaccess.h> -9#include <linux/version.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> +8#include <linux/uaccess.h> +9#include <linux/version.h> 10 -11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -13#endif +11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +13#endif 14 -15#define procfs_name "helloworld" +15#define procfs_name "helloworld" 16 -17static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; +17static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; 18 -19static ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *filePointer, char __user *buffer, -20 size_t buffer_length, loff_t *offset) +19static ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *filePointer, char __user *buffer, +20 size_t buffer_length, loff_t *offset) 21{ -22 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n"; -23 int len = sizeof(s); -24 ssize_t ret = len; +22 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n"; +23 int len = sizeof(s); +24 ssize_t ret = len; 25 -26 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) { -27 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n"); +26 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) { +27 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n"); 28 ret = 0; -29 } else { -30 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", filePointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name); +29 } else { +30 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", filePointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name); 31 *offset += len; 32 } 33 -34 return ret; +34 return ret; 35} 36 -37#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -38static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = { +37#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +38static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = { 39 .proc_read = procfile_read, 40}; -41#else -42static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = { +41#else +42static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = { 43 .read = procfile_read, 44}; -45#endif +45#endif 46 -47static int __init procfs1_init(void) +47static int __init procfs1_init(void) 48{ 49 our_proc_file = proc_create(procfs_name, 0644, NULL, &proc_file_fops); -50 if (NULL == our_proc_file) { +50 if (NULL == our_proc_file) { 51 proc_remove(our_proc_file); -52 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", procfs_name); -53 return -ENOMEM; +52 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", procfs_name); +53 return -ENOMEM; 54 } 55 -56 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", procfs_name); -57 return 0; +56 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", procfs_name); +57 return 0; 58} 59 -60static void __exit procfs1_exit(void) +60static void __exit procfs1_exit(void) 61{ 62 proc_remove(our_proc_file); -63 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", procfs_name); +63 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", procfs_name); 64} 65 66module_init(procfs1_init); 67module_exit(procfs1_exit); 68 -69MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+69MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
7.1 The proc_ops Structure
@@ -1798,101 +1804,101 @@ need to import data because it comes from user space, but not for the read funct because data is already in kernel space.-
1/* -2 * procfs2.c - create a "file" in /proc -3 */ +1/* +2 * procfs2.c - create a "file" in /proc +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */ -6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ -7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use the proc fs */ -8#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for copy_from_user */ -9#include <linux/version.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */ +6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use the proc fs */ +8#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for copy_from_user */ +9#include <linux/version.h> 10 -11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -13#endif +11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +13#endif 14 -15#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 1024 -16#define PROCFS_NAME "buffer1k" +15#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 1024 +16#define PROCFS_NAME "buffer1k" 17 -18/* This structure hold information about the /proc file */ -19static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; +18/* This structure hold information about the /proc file */ +19static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; 20 -21/* The buffer used to store character for this module */ -22static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE]; +21/* The buffer used to store character for this module */ +22static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE]; 23 -24/* The size of the buffer */ -25static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0; +24/* The size of the buffer */ +25static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0; 26 -27/* This function is called then the /proc file is read */ -28static ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *filePointer, char __user *buffer, -29 size_t buffer_length, loff_t *offset) +27/* This function is called then the /proc file is read */ +28static ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *filePointer, char __user *buffer, +29 size_t buffer_length, loff_t *offset) 30{ -31 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n"; -32 int len = sizeof(s); -33 ssize_t ret = len; +31 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n"; +32 int len = sizeof(s); +33 ssize_t ret = len; 34 -35 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) { -36 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n"); +35 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) { +36 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n"); 37 ret = 0; -38 } else { -39 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", filePointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name); +38 } else { +39 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", filePointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name); 40 *offset += len; 41 } 42 -43 return ret; +43 return ret; 44} 45 -46/* This function is called with the /proc file is written. */ -47static ssize_t procfile_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buff, -48 size_t len, loff_t *off) +46/* This function is called with the /proc file is written. */ +47static ssize_t procfile_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buff, +48 size_t len, loff_t *off) 49{ 50 procfs_buffer_size = len; -51 if (procfs_buffer_size > PROCFS_MAX_SIZE) +51 if (procfs_buffer_size > PROCFS_MAX_SIZE) 52 procfs_buffer_size = PROCFS_MAX_SIZE; 53 -54 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buff, procfs_buffer_size)) -55 return -EFAULT; +54 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buff, procfs_buffer_size)) +55 return -EFAULT; 56 -57 procfs_buffer[procfs_buffer_size] = '\0'; -58 return procfs_buffer_size; +57 procfs_buffer[procfs_buffer_size] = '\0'; +58 return procfs_buffer_size; 59} 60 -61#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -62static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = { +61#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +62static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = { 63 .proc_read = procfile_read, 64 .proc_write = procfile_write, 65}; -66#else -67static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = { +66#else +67static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = { 68 .read = procfile_read, 69 .write = procfile_write, 70}; -71#endif +71#endif 72 -73static int __init procfs2_init(void) +73static int __init procfs2_init(void) 74{ 75 our_proc_file = proc_create(PROCFS_NAME, 0644, NULL, &proc_file_fops); -76 if (NULL == our_proc_file) { +76 if (NULL == our_proc_file) { 77 proc_remove(our_proc_file); -78 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROCFS_NAME); -79 return -ENOMEM; +78 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROCFS_NAME); +79 return -ENOMEM; 80 } 81 -82 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_NAME); -83 return 0; +82 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_NAME); +83 return 0; 84} 85 -86static void __exit procfs2_exit(void) +86static void __exit procfs2_exit(void) 87{ 88 proc_remove(our_proc_file); -89 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_NAME); +89 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_NAME); 90} 91 92module_init(procfs2_init); 93module_exit(procfs2_exit); 94 -95MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+95MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
7.3 Manage /proc file with standard filesystem
@@ -1902,20 +1908,20 @@ functions, like permissions.In Linux, there is a standard mechanism for file system registration. Since every file system has to have its own functions to handle inode and file operations, there is a special structure to hold pointers to all those functions, -
struct inode_operations -, which includes a pointer tostruct proc_ops +struct inode_operations +, which includes a pointer tostruct proc_ops.The difference between file and inode operations is that file operations deal with the file itself whereas inode operations deal with ways of referencing the file, such as creating links to it.
In /proc, whenever we register a new file, we’re allowed to specify which -
struct inode_operations +struct inode_operationswill be used to access to it. This is the mechanism we use, a -struct inode_operations +struct inode_operations -which includes a pointer to astruct proc_ops +which includes a pointer to astruct proc_opswhich includes pointers to ourprocf_readandprocfs_writefunctions. @@ -1936,113 +1942,113 @@ if a process writes something to the kernel, then the kernel receives it as input.-
1/* -2 * procfs3.c -3 */ +1/* +2 * procfs3.c +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> -8#include <linux/sched.h> -9#include <linux/uaccess.h> -10#include <linux/version.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> +8#include <linux/sched.h> +9#include <linux/uaccess.h> +10#include <linux/version.h> 11 -12#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -13#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -14#endif +12#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +13#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +14#endif 15 -16#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 2048 -17#define PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME "buffer2k" +16#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 2048 +17#define PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME "buffer2k" 18 -19static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; -20static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE]; -21static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0; +19static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; +20static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE]; +21static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0; 22 -23static ssize_t procfs_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buffer, -24 size_t length, loff_t *offset) +23static ssize_t procfs_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buffer, +24 size_t length, loff_t *offset) 25{ -26 static int finished = 0; +26 static int finished = 0; 27 -28 if (finished) { -29 pr_debug("procfs_read: END\n"); +28 if (finished) { +29 pr_debug("procfs_read: END\n"); 30 finished = 0; -31 return 0; +31 return 0; 32 } 33 finished = 1; 34 -35 if (copy_to_user(buffer, procfs_buffer, procfs_buffer_size)) -36 return -EFAULT; +35 if (copy_to_user(buffer, procfs_buffer, procfs_buffer_size)) +36 return -EFAULT; 37 -38 pr_debug("procfs_read: read %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size); -39 return procfs_buffer_size; +38 pr_debug("procfs_read: read %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size); +39 return procfs_buffer_size; 40} -41static ssize_t procfs_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, -42 size_t len, loff_t *off) +41static ssize_t procfs_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, +42 size_t len, loff_t *off) 43{ -44 if (len > PROCFS_MAX_SIZE) +44 if (len > PROCFS_MAX_SIZE) 45 procfs_buffer_size = PROCFS_MAX_SIZE; -46 else +46 else 47 procfs_buffer_size = len; -48 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buffer, procfs_buffer_size)) -49 return -EFAULT; +48 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buffer, procfs_buffer_size)) +49 return -EFAULT; 50 -51 pr_debug("procfs_write: write %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size); -52 return procfs_buffer_size; +51 pr_debug("procfs_write: write %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size); +52 return procfs_buffer_size; 53} -54static int procfs_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +54static int procfs_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 55{ 56 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); -57 return 0; +57 return 0; 58} -59static int procfs_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +59static int procfs_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 60{ 61 module_put(THIS_MODULE); -62 return 0; +62 return 0; 63} 64 -65#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -66static struct proc_ops file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { +65#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +66static struct proc_ops file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { 67 .proc_read = procfs_read, 68 .proc_write = procfs_write, 69 .proc_open = procfs_open, 70 .proc_release = procfs_close, 71}; -72#else -73static const struct file_operations file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { +72#else +73static const struct file_operations file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { 74 .read = procfs_read, 75 .write = procfs_write, 76 .open = procfs_open, 77 .release = procfs_close, 78}; -79#endif +79#endif 80 -81static int __init procfs3_init(void) +81static int __init procfs3_init(void) 82{ 83 our_proc_file = proc_create(PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME, 0644, NULL, 84 &file_ops_4_our_proc_file); -85 if (our_proc_file == NULL) { +85 if (our_proc_file == NULL) { 86 remove_proc_entry(PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL); -87 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", +87 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", 88 PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME); -89 return -ENOMEM; +89 return -ENOMEM; 90 } 91 proc_set_size(our_proc_file, 80); 92 proc_set_user(our_proc_file, GLOBAL_ROOT_UID, GLOBAL_ROOT_GID); 93 -94 pr_debug("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME); -95 return 0; +94 pr_debug("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME); +95 return 0; 96} 97 -98static void __exit procfs3_exit(void) +98static void __exit procfs3_exit(void) 99{ 100 remove_proc_entry(PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL); -101 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME); +101 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME); 102} 103 104module_init(procfs3_init); 105module_exit(procfs3_exit); 106 -107MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+107MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Still hungry for procfs examples? Well, first of all keep in mind, there are rumors around, claiming that procfs is on its way out, consider using sysfs instead. Consider using this mechanism, in case you want to document something kernel related @@ -2107,124 +2113,124 @@ of function
-stop(), and some others. But nothing to write in the /proc file. Of course, you can still use the same way as in the previous example.1/* -2 * procfs4.c - create a "file" in /proc -3 * This program uses the seq_file library to manage the /proc file. -4 */ +1/* +2 * procfs4.c - create a "file" in /proc +3 * This program uses the seq_file library to manage the /proc file. +4 */ 5 -6#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ -7#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ -8#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */ -9#include <linux/seq_file.h> /* for seq_file */ -10#include <linux/version.h> +6#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ +7#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +8#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */ +9#include <linux/seq_file.h> /* for seq_file */ +10#include <linux/version.h> 11 -12#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -13#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -14#endif +12#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +13#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +14#endif 15 -16#define PROC_NAME "iter" +16#define PROC_NAME "iter" 17 -18/* This function is called at the beginning of a sequence. -19 * ie, when: -20 * - the /proc file is read (first time) -21 * - after the function stop (end of sequence) -22 */ -23static void *my_seq_start(struct seq_file *s, loff_t *pos) +18/* This function is called at the beginning of a sequence. +19 * ie, when: +20 * - the /proc file is read (first time) +21 * - after the function stop (end of sequence) +22 */ +23static void *my_seq_start(struct seq_file *s, loff_t *pos) 24{ -25 static unsigned long counter = 0; +25 static unsigned long counter = 0; 26 -27 /* beginning a new sequence? */ -28 if (*pos == 0) { -29 /* yes => return a non null value to begin the sequence */ -30 return &counter; +27 /* beginning a new sequence? */ +28 if (*pos == 0) { +29 /* yes => return a non null value to begin the sequence */ +30 return &counter; 31 } 32 -33 /* no => it is the end of the sequence, return end to stop reading */ +33 /* no => it is the end of the sequence, return end to stop reading */ 34 *pos = 0; -35 return NULL; +35 return NULL; 36} 37 -38/* This function is called after the beginning of a sequence. -39 * It is called untill the return is NULL (this ends the sequence). -40 */ -41static void *my_seq_next(struct seq_file *s, void *v, loff_t *pos) +38/* This function is called after the beginning of a sequence. +39 * It is called untill the return is NULL (this ends the sequence). +40 */ +41static void *my_seq_next(struct seq_file *s, void *v, loff_t *pos) 42{ -43 unsigned long *tmp_v = (unsigned long *)v; +43 unsigned long *tmp_v = (unsigned long *)v; 44 (*tmp_v)++; 45 (*pos)++; -46 return NULL; +46 return NULL; 47} 48 -49/* This function is called at the end of a sequence. */ -50static void my_seq_stop(struct seq_file *s, void *v) +49/* This function is called at the end of a sequence. */ +50static void my_seq_stop(struct seq_file *s, void *v) 51{ -52 /* nothing to do, we use a static value in start() */ +52 /* nothing to do, we use a static value in start() */ 53} 54 -55/* This function is called for each "step" of a sequence. */ -56static int my_seq_show(struct seq_file *s, void *v) +55/* This function is called for each "step" of a sequence. */ +56static int my_seq_show(struct seq_file *s, void *v) 57{ 58 loff_t *spos = (loff_t *)v; 59 -60 seq_printf(s, "%Ld\n", *spos); -61 return 0; +60 seq_printf(s, "%Ld\n", *spos); +61 return 0; 62} 63 -64/* This structure gather "function" to manage the sequence */ -65static struct seq_operations my_seq_ops = { +64/* This structure gather "function" to manage the sequence */ +65static struct seq_operations my_seq_ops = { 66 .start = my_seq_start, 67 .next = my_seq_next, 68 .stop = my_seq_stop, 69 .show = my_seq_show, 70}; 71 -72/* This function is called when the /proc file is open. */ -73static int my_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +72/* This function is called when the /proc file is open. */ +73static int my_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 74{ -75 return seq_open(file, &my_seq_ops); +75 return seq_open(file, &my_seq_ops); 76}; 77 -78/* This structure gather "function" that manage the /proc file */ -79#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -80static const struct proc_ops my_file_ops = { +78/* This structure gather "function" that manage the /proc file */ +79#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +80static const struct proc_ops my_file_ops = { 81 .proc_open = my_open, 82 .proc_read = seq_read, 83 .proc_lseek = seq_lseek, 84 .proc_release = seq_release, 85}; -86#else -87static const struct file_operations my_file_ops = { +86#else +87static const struct file_operations my_file_ops = { 88 .open = my_open, 89 .read = seq_read, 90 .llseek = seq_lseek, 91 .release = seq_release, 92}; -93#endif +93#endif 94 -95static int __init procfs4_init(void) +95static int __init procfs4_init(void) 96{ -97 struct proc_dir_entry *entry; +97 struct proc_dir_entry *entry; 98 99 entry = proc_create(PROC_NAME, 0, NULL, &my_file_ops); -100 if (entry == NULL) { +100 if (entry == NULL) { 101 remove_proc_entry(PROC_NAME, NULL); -102 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_NAME); -103 return -ENOMEM; +102 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_NAME); +103 return -ENOMEM; 104 } 105 -106 return 0; +106 return 0; 107} 108 -109static void __exit procfs4_exit(void) +109static void __exit procfs4_exit(void) 110{ 111 remove_proc_entry(PROC_NAME, NULL); -112 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_NAME); +112 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_NAME); 113} 114 115module_init(procfs4_init); 116module_exit(procfs4_exit); 117 -118MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+118MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");If you want more information, you can read this web page:
@@ -2240,76 +2246,76 @@ as an interface for applications or scripts. You can find sysfs directories and under the /sys directory on your system.
-
1ls -l /sys+1ls -l /sysAn example of a hello world module which includes the creation of a variable accessible via sysfs is given below.
-
1/* -2 * hello-sysfs.c sysfs example -3 */ -4#include <linux/fs.h> -5#include <linux/init.h> -6#include <linux/kobject.h> -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/string.h> -9#include <linux/sysfs.h> +1/* +2 * hello-sysfs.c sysfs example +3 */ +4#include <linux/fs.h> +5#include <linux/init.h> +6#include <linux/kobject.h> +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/string.h> +9#include <linux/sysfs.h> 10 -11static struct kobject *mymodule; +11static struct kobject *mymodule; 12 -13/* the variable you want to be able to change */ -14static int myvariable = 0; +13/* the variable you want to be able to change */ +14static int myvariable = 0; 15 -16static ssize_t myvariable_show(struct kobject *kobj, -17 struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf) +16static ssize_t myvariable_show(struct kobject *kobj, +17 struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf) 18{ -19 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", myvariable); +19 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", myvariable); 20} 21 -22static ssize_t myvariable_store(struct kobject *kobj, -23 struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf, -24 size_t count) +22static ssize_t myvariable_store(struct kobject *kobj, +23 struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf, +24 size_t count) 25{ -26 sscanf(buf, "%du", &myvariable); -27 return count; +26 sscanf(buf, "%du", &myvariable); +27 return count; 28} 29 -30static struct kobj_attribute myvariable_attribute = -31 __ATTR(myvariable, 0660, myvariable_show, (void *)myvariable_store); +30static struct kobj_attribute myvariable_attribute = +31 __ATTR(myvariable, 0660, myvariable_show, (void *)myvariable_store); 32 -33static int __init mymodule_init(void) +33static int __init mymodule_init(void) 34{ -35 int error = 0; +35 int error = 0; 36 -37 pr_info("mymodule: initialised\n"); +37 pr_info("mymodule: initialised\n"); 38 -39 mymodule = kobject_create_and_add("mymodule", kernel_kobj); -40 if (!mymodule) -41 return -ENOMEM; +39 mymodule = kobject_create_and_add("mymodule", kernel_kobj); +40 if (!mymodule) +41 return -ENOMEM; 42 43 error = sysfs_create_file(mymodule, &myvariable_attribute.attr); -44 if (error) { -45 pr_info("failed to create the myvariable file " -46 "in /sys/kernel/mymodule\n"); +44 if (error) { +45 pr_info("failed to create the myvariable file " +46 "in /sys/kernel/mymodule\n"); 47 } 48 -49 return error; +49 return error; 50} 51 -52static void __exit mymodule_exit(void) +52static void __exit mymodule_exit(void) 53{ -54 pr_info("mymodule: Exit success\n"); +54 pr_info("mymodule: Exit success\n"); 55 kobject_put(mymodule); 56} 57 58module_init(mymodule_init); 59module_exit(mymodule_exit); 60 -61MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+61MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Make and install the module:
-
1make +1make 2sudo insmod hello-sysfs.ko@@ -2317,22 +2323,22 @@ accessible via sysfs is given below.Check that it exists:
-
1sudo lsmod | grep hello_sysfs+1sudo lsmod | grep hello_sysfsWhat is the current value of
myvariable?-
1cat /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariable+1cat /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariableSet the value of
myvariableand check that it changed.-
1echo "32" > /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariable +1echo "32" > /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariable 2cat /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariableFinally, remove the test module:
-
1sudo rmmod hello_sysfs+1sudo rmmod hello_sysfs
9 Talking To Device Files
@@ -2390,427 +2396,427 @@ lead to the race condition. The solution is using atomic Compare-And-Swap (CAS), which we mentioned at 6.5 section, to enforce the exclusive access.-
1/* -2 * chardev2.c - Create an input/output character device -3 */ +1/* +2 * chardev2.c - Create an input/output character device +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/cdev.h> -6#include <linux/delay.h> -7#include <linux/device.h> -8#include <linux/fs.h> -9#include <linux/init.h> -10#include <linux/irq.h> -11#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ -12#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ -13#include <linux/poll.h> +5#include <linux/cdev.h> +6#include <linux/delay.h> +7#include <linux/device.h> +8#include <linux/fs.h> +9#include <linux/init.h> +10#include <linux/irq.h> +11#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ +12#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +13#include <linux/poll.h> 14 -15#include "chardev.h" -16#define SUCCESS 0 -17#define DEVICE_NAME "char_dev" -18#define BUF_LEN 80 +15#include "chardev.h" +16#define SUCCESS 0 +17#define DEVICE_NAME "char_dev" +18#define BUF_LEN 80 19 -20enum { +20enum { 21 CDEV_NOT_USED = 0, 22 CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN = 1, 23}; 24 -25/* Is the device open right now? Used to prevent concurrent access into -26 * the same device -27 */ -28static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); +25/* Is the device open right now? Used to prevent concurrent access into +26 * the same device +27 */ +28static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); 29 -30/* The message the device will give when asked */ -31static char message[BUF_LEN]; +30/* The message the device will give when asked */ +31static char message[BUF_LEN]; 32 -33static struct class *cls; +33static struct class *cls; 34 -35/* This is called whenever a process attempts to open the device file */ -36static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +35/* This is called whenever a process attempts to open the device file */ +36static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 37{ -38 pr_info("device_open(%p)\n", file); +38 pr_info("device_open(%p)\n", file); 39 -40 /* We don't want to talk to two processes at the same time. */ -41 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) -42 return -EBUSY; +40 /* We don't want to talk to two processes at the same time. */ +41 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) +42 return -EBUSY; 43 44 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); -45 return SUCCESS; +45 return SUCCESS; 46} 47 -48static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +48static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 49{ -50 pr_info("device_release(%p,%p)\n", inode, file); +50 pr_info("device_release(%p,%p)\n", inode, file); 51 -52 /* We're now ready for our next caller */ +52 /* We're now ready for our next caller */ 53 atomic_set(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED); 54 55 module_put(THIS_MODULE); -56 return SUCCESS; +56 return SUCCESS; 57} 58 -59/* This function is called whenever a process which has already opened the -60 * device file attempts to read from it. -61 */ -62static ssize_t device_read(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ -63 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to be filled */ -64 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ +59/* This function is called whenever a process which has already opened the +60 * device file attempts to read from it. +61 */ +62static ssize_t device_read(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ +63 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to be filled */ +64 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ 65 loff_t *offset) 66{ -67 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */ -68 int bytes_read = 0; -69 /* How far did the process reading the message get? Useful if the message -70 * is larger than the size of the buffer we get to fill in device_read. -71 */ -72 const char *message_ptr = message; +67 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */ +68 int bytes_read = 0; +69 /* How far did the process reading the message get? Useful if the message +70 * is larger than the size of the buffer we get to fill in device_read. +71 */ +72 const char *message_ptr = message; 73 -74 if (!*(message_ptr + *offset)) { /* we are at the end of message */ -75 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ -76 return 0; /* signify end of file */ +74 if (!*(message_ptr + *offset)) { /* we are at the end of message */ +75 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ +76 return 0; /* signify end of file */ 77 } 78 79 message_ptr += *offset; 80 -81 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ -82 while (length && *message_ptr) { -83 /* Because the buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel -84 * data segment, assignment would not work. Instead, we have to -85 * use put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to -86 * the user data segment. -87 */ +81 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ +82 while (length && *message_ptr) { +83 /* Because the buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel +84 * data segment, assignment would not work. Instead, we have to +85 * use put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to +86 * the user data segment. +87 */ 88 put_user(*(message_ptr++), buffer++); 89 length--; 90 bytes_read++; 91 } 92 -93 pr_info("Read %d bytes, %ld left\n", bytes_read, length); +93 pr_info("Read %d bytes, %ld left\n", bytes_read, length); 94 95 *offset += bytes_read; 96 -97 /* Read functions are supposed to return the number of bytes actually -98 * inserted into the buffer. -99 */ -100 return bytes_read; +97 /* Read functions are supposed to return the number of bytes actually +98 * inserted into the buffer. +99 */ +100 return bytes_read; 101} 102 -103/* called when somebody tries to write into our device file. */ -104static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, -105 size_t length, loff_t *offset) +103/* called when somebody tries to write into our device file. */ +104static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, +105 size_t length, loff_t *offset) 106{ -107 int i; +107 int i; 108 -109 pr_info("device_write(%p,%p,%ld)", file, buffer, length); +109 pr_info("device_write(%p,%p,%ld)", file, buffer, length); 110 -111 for (i = 0; i < length && i < BUF_LEN; i++) +111 for (i = 0; i < length && i < BUF_LEN; i++) 112 get_user(message[i], buffer + i); 113 -114 /* Again, return the number of input characters used. */ -115 return i; +114 /* Again, return the number of input characters used. */ +115 return i; 116} 117 -118/* This function is called whenever a process tries to do an ioctl on our -119 * device file. We get two extra parameters (additional to the inode and file -120 * structures, which all device functions get): the number of the ioctl called -121 * and the parameter given to the ioctl function. -122 * -123 * If the ioctl is write or read/write (meaning output is returned to the -124 * calling process), the ioctl call returns the output of this function. -125 */ -126static long -127device_ioctl(struct file *file, /* ditto */ -128 unsigned int ioctl_num, /* number and param for ioctl */ -129 unsigned long ioctl_param) +118/* This function is called whenever a process tries to do an ioctl on our +119 * device file. We get two extra parameters (additional to the inode and file +120 * structures, which all device functions get): the number of the ioctl called +121 * and the parameter given to the ioctl function. +122 * +123 * If the ioctl is write or read/write (meaning output is returned to the +124 * calling process), the ioctl call returns the output of this function. +125 */ +126static long +127device_ioctl(struct file *file, /* ditto */ +128 unsigned int ioctl_num, /* number and param for ioctl */ +129 unsigned long ioctl_param) 130{ -131 int i; +131 int i; 132 -133 /* Switch according to the ioctl called */ -134 switch (ioctl_num) { -135 case IOCTL_SET_MSG: { -136 /* Receive a pointer to a message (in user space) and set that to -137 * be the device's message. Get the parameter given to ioctl by -138 * the process. -139 */ -140 char __user *tmp = (char __user *)ioctl_param; -141 char ch; +133 /* Switch according to the ioctl called */ +134 switch (ioctl_num) { +135 case IOCTL_SET_MSG: { +136 /* Receive a pointer to a message (in user space) and set that to +137 * be the device's message. Get the parameter given to ioctl by +138 * the process. +139 */ +140 char __user *tmp = (char __user *)ioctl_param; +141 char ch; 142 -143 /* Find the length of the message */ +143 /* Find the length of the message */ 144 get_user(ch, tmp); -145 for (i = 0; ch && i < BUF_LEN; i++, tmp++) +145 for (i = 0; ch && i < BUF_LEN; i++, tmp++) 146 get_user(ch, tmp); 147 -148 device_write(file, (char __user *)ioctl_param, i, NULL); -149 break; +148 device_write(file, (char __user *)ioctl_param, i, NULL); +149 break; 150 } -151 case IOCTL_GET_MSG: { +151 case IOCTL_GET_MSG: { 152 loff_t offset = 0; 153 -154 /* Give the current message to the calling process - the parameter -155 * we got is a pointer, fill it. -156 */ -157 i = device_read(file, (char __user *)ioctl_param, 99, &offset); +154 /* Give the current message to the calling process - the parameter +155 * we got is a pointer, fill it. +156 */ +157 i = device_read(file, (char __user *)ioctl_param, 99, &offset); 158 -159 /* Put a zero at the end of the buffer, so it will be properly -160 * terminated. -161 */ -162 put_user('\0', (char __user *)ioctl_param + i); -163 break; +159 /* Put a zero at the end of the buffer, so it will be properly +160 * terminated. +161 */ +162 put_user('\0', (char __user *)ioctl_param + i); +163 break; 164 } -165 case IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE: -166 /* This ioctl is both input (ioctl_param) and output (the return -167 * value of this function). -168 */ -169 return (long)message[ioctl_param]; -170 break; +165 case IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE: +166 /* This ioctl is both input (ioctl_param) and output (the return +167 * value of this function). +168 */ +169 return (long)message[ioctl_param]; +170 break; 171 } 172 -173 return SUCCESS; +173 return SUCCESS; 174} 175 -176/* Module Declarations */ +176/* Module Declarations */ 177 -178/* This structure will hold the functions to be called when a process does -179 * something to the device we created. Since a pointer to this structure -180 * is kept in the devices table, it can't be local to init_module. NULL is -181 * for unimplemented functions. -182 */ -183static struct file_operations fops = { +178/* This structure will hold the functions to be called when a process does +179 * something to the device we created. Since a pointer to this structure +180 * is kept in the devices table, it can't be local to init_module. NULL is +181 * for unimplemented functions. +182 */ +183static struct file_operations fops = { 184 .read = device_read, 185 .write = device_write, 186 .unlocked_ioctl = device_ioctl, 187 .open = device_open, -188 .release = device_release, /* a.k.a. close */ +188 .release = device_release, /* a.k.a. close */ 189}; 190 -191/* Initialize the module - Register the character device */ -192static int __init chardev2_init(void) +191/* Initialize the module - Register the character device */ +192static int __init chardev2_init(void) 193{ -194 /* Register the character device (atleast try) */ -195 int ret_val = register_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME, &fops); +194 /* Register the character device (atleast try) */ +195 int ret_val = register_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME, &fops); 196 -197 /* Negative values signify an error */ -198 if (ret_val < 0) { -199 pr_alert("%s failed with %d\n", -200 "Sorry, registering the character device ", ret_val); -201 return ret_val; +197 /* Negative values signify an error */ +198 if (ret_val < 0) { +199 pr_alert("%s failed with %d\n", +200 "Sorry, registering the character device ", ret_val); +201 return ret_val; 202 } 203 204 cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_FILE_NAME); 205 device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(MAJOR_NUM, 0), NULL, DEVICE_FILE_NAME); 206 -207 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_FILE_NAME); +207 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_FILE_NAME); 208 -209 return 0; +209 return 0; 210} 211 -212/* Cleanup - unregister the appropriate file from /proc */ -213static void __exit chardev2_exit(void) +212/* Cleanup - unregister the appropriate file from /proc */ +213static void __exit chardev2_exit(void) 214{ 215 device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(MAJOR_NUM, 0)); 216 class_destroy(cls); 217 -218 /* Unregister the device */ +218 /* Unregister the device */ 219 unregister_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME); 220} 221 222module_init(chardev2_init); 223module_exit(chardev2_exit); 224 -225MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+225MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");-
1/* -2 * chardev.h - the header file with the ioctl definitions. -3 * -4 * The declarations here have to be in a header file, because they need -5 * to be known both to the kernel module (in chardev.c) and the process -6 * calling ioctl (ioctl.c). -7 */ +1/* +2 * chardev.h - the header file with the ioctl definitions. +3 * +4 * The declarations here have to be in a header file, because they need +5 * to be known both to the kernel module (in chardev.c) and the process +6 * calling ioctl (ioctl.c). +7 */ 8 -9#ifndef CHARDEV_H -10#define CHARDEV_H +9#ifndef CHARDEV_H +10#define CHARDEV_H 11 -12#include <linux/ioctl.h> +12#include <linux/ioctl.h> 13 -14/* The major device number. We can not rely on dynamic registration -15 * any more, because ioctls need to know it. -16 */ -17#define MAJOR_NUM 100 +14/* The major device number. We can not rely on dynamic registration +15 * any more, because ioctls need to know it. +16 */ +17#define MAJOR_NUM 100 18 -19/* Set the message of the device driver */ -20#define IOCTL_SET_MSG _IOW(MAJOR_NUM, 0, char *) -21/* _IOW means that we are creating an ioctl command number for passing -22 * information from a user process to the kernel module. -23 * -24 * The first arguments, MAJOR_NUM, is the major device number we are using. -25 * -26 * The second argument is the number of the command (there could be several -27 * with different meanings). -28 * -29 * The third argument is the type we want to get from the process to the -30 * kernel. -31 */ +19/* Set the message of the device driver */ +20#define IOCTL_SET_MSG _IOW(MAJOR_NUM, 0, char *) +21/* _IOW means that we are creating an ioctl command number for passing +22 * information from a user process to the kernel module. +23 * +24 * The first arguments, MAJOR_NUM, is the major device number we are using. +25 * +26 * The second argument is the number of the command (there could be several +27 * with different meanings). +28 * +29 * The third argument is the type we want to get from the process to the +30 * kernel. +31 */ 32 -33/* Get the message of the device driver */ -34#define IOCTL_GET_MSG _IOR(MAJOR_NUM, 1, char *) -35/* This IOCTL is used for output, to get the message of the device driver. -36 * However, we still need the buffer to place the message in to be input, -37 * as it is allocated by the process. -38 */ +33/* Get the message of the device driver */ +34#define IOCTL_GET_MSG _IOR(MAJOR_NUM, 1, char *) +35/* This IOCTL is used for output, to get the message of the device driver. +36 * However, we still need the buffer to place the message in to be input, +37 * as it is allocated by the process. +38 */ 39 -40/* Get the n'th byte of the message */ -41#define IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE _IOWR(MAJOR_NUM, 2, int) -42/* The IOCTL is used for both input and output. It receives from the user -43 * a number, n, and returns message[n]. -44 */ +40/* Get the n'th byte of the message */ +41#define IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE _IOWR(MAJOR_NUM, 2, int) +42/* The IOCTL is used for both input and output. It receives from the user +43 * a number, n, and returns message[n]. +44 */ 45 -46/* The name of the device file */ -47#define DEVICE_FILE_NAME "char_dev" +46/* The name of the device file */ +47#define DEVICE_FILE_NAME "char_dev" 48 -49#endif+49#endif-
1/* -2 * ioctl.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/cdev.h> -5#include <linux/fs.h> -6#include <linux/init.h> -7#include <linux/ioctl.h> -8#include <linux/module.h> -9#include <linux/slab.h> -10#include <linux/uaccess.h> +@@ -2955,7 +2961,7 @@ not: -1/* +2 * ioctl.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/cdev.h> +5#include <linux/fs.h> +6#include <linux/init.h> +7#include <linux/ioctl.h> +8#include <linux/module.h> +9#include <linux/slab.h> +10#include <linux/uaccess.h> 11 -12struct ioctl_arg { -13 unsigned int val; +12struct ioctl_arg { +13 unsigned int val; 14}; 15 -16/* Documentation/ioctl/ioctl-number.txt */ -17#define IOC_MAGIC '\x66' +16/* Documentation/ioctl/ioctl-number.txt */ +17#define IOC_MAGIC '\x66' 18 -19#define IOCTL_VALSET _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 0, struct ioctl_arg) -20#define IOCTL_VALGET _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 1, struct ioctl_arg) -21#define IOCTL_VALGET_NUM _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 2, int) -22#define IOCTL_VALSET_NUM _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 3, int) +19#define IOCTL_VALSET _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 0, struct ioctl_arg) +20#define IOCTL_VALGET _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 1, struct ioctl_arg) +21#define IOCTL_VALGET_NUM _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 2, int) +22#define IOCTL_VALSET_NUM _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 3, int) 23 -24#define IOCTL_VAL_MAXNR 3 -25#define DRIVER_NAME "ioctltest" +24#define IOCTL_VAL_MAXNR 3 +25#define DRIVER_NAME "ioctltest" 26 -27static unsigned int test_ioctl_major = 0; -28static unsigned int num_of_dev = 1; -29static struct cdev test_ioctl_cdev; -30static int ioctl_num = 0; +27static unsigned int test_ioctl_major = 0; +28static unsigned int num_of_dev = 1; +29static struct cdev test_ioctl_cdev; +30static int ioctl_num = 0; 31 -32struct test_ioctl_data { -33 unsigned char val; +32struct test_ioctl_data { +33 unsigned char val; 34 rwlock_t lock; 35}; 36 -37static long test_ioctl_ioctl(struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd, -38 unsigned long arg) +37static long test_ioctl_ioctl(struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd, +38 unsigned long arg) 39{ -40 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data; -41 int retval = 0; -42 unsigned char val; -43 struct ioctl_arg data; -44 memset(&data, 0, sizeof(data)); +40 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data; +41 int retval = 0; +42 unsigned char val; +43 struct ioctl_arg data; +44 memset(&data, 0, sizeof(data)); 45 -46 switch (cmd) { -47 case IOCTL_VALSET: -48 if (copy_from_user(&data, (int __user *)arg, sizeof(data))) { +46 switch (cmd) { +47 case IOCTL_VALSET: +48 if (copy_from_user(&data, (int __user *)arg, sizeof(data))) { 49 retval = -EFAULT; -50 goto done; +50 goto done; 51 } 52 -53 pr_alert("IOCTL set val:%x .\n", data.val); +53 pr_alert("IOCTL set val:%x .\n", data.val); 54 write_lock(&ioctl_data->lock); 55 ioctl_data->val = data.val; 56 write_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock); -57 break; +57 break; 58 -59 case IOCTL_VALGET: +59 case IOCTL_VALGET: 60 read_lock(&ioctl_data->lock); 61 val = ioctl_data->val; 62 read_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock); 63 data.val = val; 64 -65 if (copy_to_user((int __user *)arg, &data, sizeof(data))) { +65 if (copy_to_user((int __user *)arg, &data, sizeof(data))) { 66 retval = -EFAULT; -67 goto done; +67 goto done; 68 } 69 -70 break; +70 break; 71 -72 case IOCTL_VALGET_NUM: -73 retval = __put_user(ioctl_num, (int __user *)arg); -74 break; +72 case IOCTL_VALGET_NUM: +73 retval = __put_user(ioctl_num, (int __user *)arg); +74 break; 75 -76 case IOCTL_VALSET_NUM: +76 case IOCTL_VALSET_NUM: 77 ioctl_num = arg; -78 break; +78 break; 79 -80 default: +80 default: 81 retval = -ENOTTY; 82 } 83 84done: -85 return retval; +85 return retval; 86} 87 -88static ssize_t test_ioctl_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buf, -89 size_t count, loff_t *f_pos) +88static ssize_t test_ioctl_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buf, +89 size_t count, loff_t *f_pos) 90{ -91 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data; -92 unsigned char val; -93 int retval; -94 int i = 0; +91 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data; +92 unsigned char val; +93 int retval; +94 int i = 0; 95 96 read_lock(&ioctl_data->lock); 97 val = ioctl_data->val; 98 read_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock); 99 -100 for (; i < count; i++) { -101 if (copy_to_user(&buf[i], &val, 1)) { +100 for (; i < count; i++) { +101 if (copy_to_user(&buf[i], &val, 1)) { 102 retval = -EFAULT; -103 goto out; +103 goto out; 104 } 105 } 106 107 retval = count; 108out: -109 return retval; +109 return retval; 110} 111 -112static int test_ioctl_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) +112static int test_ioctl_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) 113{ -114 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__); +114 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__); 115 -116 if (filp->private_data) { +116 if (filp->private_data) { 117 kfree(filp->private_data); 118 filp->private_data = NULL; 119 } 120 -121 return 0; +121 return 0; 122} 123 -124static int test_ioctl_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) +124static int test_ioctl_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) 125{ -126 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data; +126 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data; 127 -128 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__); -129 ioctl_data = kmalloc(sizeof(struct test_ioctl_data), GFP_KERNEL); +128 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__); +129 ioctl_data = kmalloc(sizeof(struct test_ioctl_data), GFP_KERNEL); 130 -131 if (ioctl_data == NULL) -132 return -ENOMEM; +131 if (ioctl_data == NULL) +132 return -ENOMEM; 133 134 rwlock_init(&ioctl_data->lock); 135 ioctl_data->val = 0xFF; 136 filp->private_data = ioctl_data; 137 -138 return 0; +138 return 0; 139} 140 -141static struct file_operations fops = { +141static struct file_operations fops = { 142 .owner = THIS_MODULE, 143 .open = test_ioctl_open, 144 .release = test_ioctl_close, @@ -2818,48 +2824,48 @@ which we mentioned at 6.5 146 .unlocked_ioctl = test_ioctl_ioctl, 147}; 148 -149static int ioctl_init(void) +149static int ioctl_init(void) 150{ -151 dev_t dev; -152 int alloc_ret = 0; -153 int cdev_ret = 0; +151 dev_t dev; +152 int alloc_ret = 0; +153 int cdev_ret = 0; 154 alloc_ret = alloc_chrdev_region(&dev, 0, num_of_dev, DRIVER_NAME); 155 -156 if (alloc_ret) -157 goto error; +156 if (alloc_ret) +157 goto error; 158 159 test_ioctl_major = MAJOR(dev); 160 cdev_init(&test_ioctl_cdev, &fops); 161 cdev_ret = cdev_add(&test_ioctl_cdev, dev, num_of_dev); 162 -163 if (cdev_ret) -164 goto error; +163 if (cdev_ret) +164 goto error; 165 -166 pr_alert("%s driver(major: %d) installed.\n", DRIVER_NAME, +166 pr_alert("%s driver(major: %d) installed.\n", DRIVER_NAME, 167 test_ioctl_major); -168 return 0; +168 return 0; 169error: -170 if (cdev_ret == 0) +170 if (cdev_ret == 0) 171 cdev_del(&test_ioctl_cdev); -172 if (alloc_ret == 0) +172 if (alloc_ret == 0) 173 unregister_chrdev_region(dev, num_of_dev); -174 return -1; +174 return -1; 175} 176 -177static void ioctl_exit(void) +177static void ioctl_exit(void) 178{ -179 dev_t dev = MKDEV(test_ioctl_major, 0); +179 dev_t dev = MKDEV(test_ioctl_major, 0); 180 181 cdev_del(&test_ioctl_cdev); 182 unregister_chrdev_region(dev, num_of_dev); -183 pr_alert("%s driver removed.\n", DRIVER_NAME); +183 pr_alert("%s driver removed.\n", DRIVER_NAME); 184} 185 186module_init(ioctl_init); 187module_exit(ioctl_exit); 188 -189MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -190MODULE_DESCRIPTION("This is test_ioctl module");+189MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +190MODULE_DESCRIPTION("This is test_ioctl module");+$ gcc -v -Q -O2 --help=target | grep protection Using built-in specs. COLLECT_GCC=gcc @@ -2990,7 +2996,7 @@ kernel. -+$ sudo grep sys_call_table /proc/kallsyms ffffffff82000280 R x32_sys_call_table ffffffff820013a0 R sys_call_table @@ -3014,7 +3020,7 @@ on. -+$ grep GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT /etc/default/grub GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash" $ sudo grep sys_call_table /boot/System.map-$(uname -r) @@ -3035,7 +3041,7 @@ next booting time: -+$ grep GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT /etc/default/grub GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash" $ sudo perl -i -pe 'm/quiet/ and s//quiet nokaslr/' /etc/default/grub @@ -3126,226 +3132,226 @@ patch and the README. Depending on your kernel version, you might even need to hand apply the patch.-
1/* -2 * syscall.c -3 * -4 * System call "stealing" sample. -5 * -6 * Disables page protection at a processor level by changing the 16th bit -7 * in the cr0 register (could be Intel specific). -8 * -9 * Based on example by Peter Jay Salzman and -10 * https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=139406 -11 */ +1/* +2 * syscall.c +3 * +4 * System call "stealing" sample. +5 * +6 * Disables page protection at a processor level by changing the 16th bit +7 * in the cr0 register (could be Intel specific). +8 * +9 * Based on example by Peter Jay Salzman and +10 * https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=139406 +11 */ 12 -13#include <linux/delay.h> -14#include <linux/kernel.h> -15#include <linux/module.h> -16#include <linux/moduleparam.h> /* which will have params */ -17#include <linux/unistd.h> /* The list of system calls */ -18#include <linux/version.h> +13#include <linux/delay.h> +14#include <linux/kernel.h> +15#include <linux/module.h> +16#include <linux/moduleparam.h> /* which will have params */ +17#include <linux/unistd.h> /* The list of system calls */ +18#include <linux/version.h> 19 -20/* For the current (process) structure, we need this to know who the -21 * current user is. -22 */ -23#include <linux/sched.h> -24#include <linux/uaccess.h> +20/* For the current (process) structure, we need this to know who the +21 * current user is. +22 */ +23#include <linux/sched.h> +24#include <linux/uaccess.h> 25 -26/* The way we access "sys_call_table" varies as kernel internal changes. -27 * - ver <= 5.4 : manual symbol lookup -28 * - 5.4 < ver < 5.7 : kallsyms_lookup_name -29 * - 5.7 <= ver : Kprobes or specific kernel module parameter -30 */ +26/* The way we access "sys_call_table" varies as kernel internal changes. +27 * - ver <= 5.4 : manual symbol lookup +28 * - 5.4 < ver < 5.7 : kallsyms_lookup_name +29 * - 5.7 <= ver : Kprobes or specific kernel module parameter +30 */ 31 -32/* The in-kernel calls to the ksys_close() syscall were removed in Linux v5.11+. -33 */ -34#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(5, 7, 0)) +32/* The in-kernel calls to the ksys_close() syscall were removed in Linux v5.11+. +33 */ +34#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(5, 7, 0)) 35 -36#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE <= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 4, 0) -37#define HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE 1 -38#include <linux/syscalls.h> /* For ksys_close() */ -39#else -40#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For kallsyms_lookup_name */ -41#endif +36#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE <= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 4, 0) +37#define HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE 1 +38#include <linux/syscalls.h> /* For ksys_close() */ +39#else +40#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For kallsyms_lookup_name */ +41#endif 42 -43#else +43#else 44 -45#if defined(CONFIG_KPROBES) -46#define HAVE_KPROBES 1 -47#include <linux/kprobes.h> -48#else -49#define HAVE_PARAM 1 -50#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For sprint_symbol */ -51/* The address of the sys_call_table, which can be obtained with looking up -52 * "/boot/System.map" or "/proc/kallsyms". When the kernel version is v5.7+, -53 * without CONFIG_KPROBES, you can input the parameter or the module will look -54 * up all the memory. -55 */ -56static unsigned long sym = 0; +45#if defined(CONFIG_KPROBES) +46#define HAVE_KPROBES 1 +47#include <linux/kprobes.h> +48#else +49#define HAVE_PARAM 1 +50#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For sprint_symbol */ +51/* The address of the sys_call_table, which can be obtained with looking up +52 * "/boot/System.map" or "/proc/kallsyms". When the kernel version is v5.7+, +53 * without CONFIG_KPROBES, you can input the parameter or the module will look +54 * up all the memory. +55 */ +56static unsigned long sym = 0; 57module_param(sym, ulong, 0644); -58#endif /* CONFIG_KPROBES */ +58#endif /* CONFIG_KPROBES */ 59 -60#endif /* Version < v5.7 */ +60#endif /* Version < v5.7 */ 61 -62static unsigned long **sys_call_table; +62static unsigned long **sys_call_table; 63 -64/* UID we want to spy on - will be filled from the command line. */ -65static int uid; -66module_param(uid, int, 0644); +64/* UID we want to spy on - will be filled from the command line. */ +65static int uid; +66module_param(uid, int, 0644); 67 -68/* A pointer to the original system call. The reason we keep this, rather -69 * than call the original function (sys_open), is because somebody else -70 * might have replaced the system call before us. Note that this is not -71 * 100% safe, because if another module replaced sys_open before us, -72 * then when we are inserted, we will call the function in that module - -73 * and it might be removed before we are. -74 * -75 * Another reason for this is that we can not get sys_open. -76 * It is a static variable, so it is not exported. -77 */ -78static asmlinkage int (*original_call)(const char *, int, int); +68/* A pointer to the original system call. The reason we keep this, rather +69 * than call the original function (sys_open), is because somebody else +70 * might have replaced the system call before us. Note that this is not +71 * 100% safe, because if another module replaced sys_open before us, +72 * then when we are inserted, we will call the function in that module - +73 * and it might be removed before we are. +74 * +75 * Another reason for this is that we can not get sys_open. +76 * It is a static variable, so it is not exported. +77 */ +78static asmlinkage int (*original_call)(const char *, int, int); 79 -80/* The function we will replace sys_open (the function called when you -81 * call the open system call) with. To find the exact prototype, with -82 * the number and type of arguments, we find the original function first -83 * (it is at fs/open.c). -84 * -85 * In theory, this means that we are tied to the current version of the -86 * kernel. In practice, the system calls almost never change (it would -87 * wreck havoc and require programs to be recompiled, since the system -88 * calls are the interface between the kernel and the processes). -89 */ -90static asmlinkage int our_sys_open(const char *filename, int flags, int mode) +80/* The function we will replace sys_open (the function called when you +81 * call the open system call) with. To find the exact prototype, with +82 * the number and type of arguments, we find the original function first +83 * (it is at fs/open.c). +84 * +85 * In theory, this means that we are tied to the current version of the +86 * kernel. In practice, the system calls almost never change (it would +87 * wreck havoc and require programs to be recompiled, since the system +88 * calls are the interface between the kernel and the processes). +89 */ +90static asmlinkage int our_sys_open(const char *filename, int flags, int mode) 91{ -92 int i = 0; -93 char ch; +92 int i = 0; +93 char ch; 94 -95 /* Report the file, if relevant */ -96 pr_info("Opened file by %d: ", uid); -97 do { -98 get_user(ch, (char __user *)filename + i); +95 /* Report the file, if relevant */ +96 pr_info("Opened file by %d: ", uid); +97 do { +98 get_user(ch, (char __user *)filename + i); 99 i++; -100 pr_info("%c", ch); -101 } while (ch != 0); -102 pr_info("\n"); +100 pr_info("%c", ch); +101 } while (ch != 0); +102 pr_info("\n"); 103 -104 /* Call the original sys_open - otherwise, we lose the ability to -105 * open files. -106 */ -107 return original_call(filename, flags, mode); +104 /* Call the original sys_open - otherwise, we lose the ability to +105 * open files. +106 */ +107 return original_call(filename, flags, mode); 108} 109 -110static unsigned long **aquire_sys_call_table(void) +110static unsigned long **aquire_sys_call_table(void) 111{ -112#ifdef HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE -113 unsigned long int offset = PAGE_OFFSET; -114 unsigned long **sct; +112#ifdef HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE +113 unsigned long int offset = PAGE_OFFSET; +114 unsigned long **sct; 115 -116 while (offset < ULLONG_MAX) { -117 sct = (unsigned long **)offset; +116 while (offset < ULLONG_MAX) { +117 sct = (unsigned long **)offset; 118 -119 if (sct[__NR_close] == (unsigned long *)ksys_close) -120 return sct; +119 if (sct[__NR_close] == (unsigned long *)ksys_close) +120 return sct; 121 -122 offset += sizeof(void *); +122 offset += sizeof(void *); 123 } 124 -125 return NULL; -126#endif +125 return NULL; +126#endif 127 -128#ifdef HAVE_PARAM -129 const char sct_name[15] = "sys_call_table"; -130 char symbol[40] = { 0 }; +128#ifdef HAVE_PARAM +129 const char sct_name[15] = "sys_call_table"; +130 char symbol[40] = { 0 }; 131 -132 if (sym == 0) { -133 pr_alert("For Linux v5.7+, Kprobes is the preferable way to get " -134 "symbol.\n"); -135 pr_info("If Kprobes is absent, you have to specify the address of " -136 "sys_call_table symbol\n"); -137 pr_info("by /boot/System.map or /proc/kallsyms, which contains all the " -138 "symbol addresses, into sym parameter.\n"); -139 return NULL; +132 if (sym == 0) { +133 pr_alert("For Linux v5.7+, Kprobes is the preferable way to get " +134 "symbol.\n"); +135 pr_info("If Kprobes is absent, you have to specify the address of " +136 "sys_call_table symbol\n"); +137 pr_info("by /boot/System.map or /proc/kallsyms, which contains all the " +138 "symbol addresses, into sym parameter.\n"); +139 return NULL; 140 } 141 sprint_symbol(symbol, sym); -142 if (!strncmp(sct_name, symbol, sizeof(sct_name) - 1)) -143 return (unsigned long **)sym; +142 if (!strncmp(sct_name, symbol, sizeof(sct_name) - 1)) +143 return (unsigned long **)sym; 144 -145 return NULL; -146#endif +145 return NULL; +146#endif 147 -148#ifdef HAVE_KPROBES -149 unsigned long (*kallsyms_lookup_name)(const char *name); -150 struct kprobe kp = { -151 .symbol_name = "kallsyms_lookup_name", +148#ifdef HAVE_KPROBES +149 unsigned long (*kallsyms_lookup_name)(const char *name); +150 struct kprobe kp = { +151 .symbol_name = "kallsyms_lookup_name", 152 }; 153 -154 if (register_kprobe(&kp) < 0) -155 return NULL; -156 kallsyms_lookup_name = (unsigned long (*)(const char *name))kp.addr; +154 if (register_kprobe(&kp) < 0) +155 return NULL; +156 kallsyms_lookup_name = (unsigned long (*)(const char *name))kp.addr; 157 unregister_kprobe(&kp); -158#endif +158#endif 159 -160 return (unsigned long **)kallsyms_lookup_name("sys_call_table"); +160 return (unsigned long **)kallsyms_lookup_name("sys_call_table"); 161} 162 -163#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 3, 0) -164static inline void __write_cr0(unsigned long cr0) +163#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 3, 0) +164static inline void __write_cr0(unsigned long cr0) 165{ -166 asm volatile("mov %0,%%cr0" : "+r"(cr0) : : "memory"); +166 asm volatile("mov %0,%%cr0" : "+r"(cr0) : : "memory"); 167} -168#else -169#define __write_cr0 write_cr0 -170#endif +168#else +169#define __write_cr0 write_cr0 +170#endif 171 -172static void enable_write_protection(void) +172static void enable_write_protection(void) 173{ -174 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0(); +174 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0(); 175 set_bit(16, &cr0); 176 __write_cr0(cr0); 177} 178 -179static void disable_write_protection(void) +179static void disable_write_protection(void) 180{ -181 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0(); +181 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0(); 182 clear_bit(16, &cr0); 183 __write_cr0(cr0); 184} 185 -186static int __init syscall_start(void) +186static int __init syscall_start(void) 187{ -188 if (!(sys_call_table = aquire_sys_call_table())) -189 return -1; +188 if (!(sys_call_table = aquire_sys_call_table())) +189 return -1; 190 191 disable_write_protection(); 192 -193 /* keep track of the original open function */ -194 original_call = (void *)sys_call_table[__NR_open]; +193 /* keep track of the original open function */ +194 original_call = (void *)sys_call_table[__NR_open]; 195 -196 /* use our open function instead */ -197 sys_call_table[__NR_open] = (unsigned long *)our_sys_open; +196 /* use our open function instead */ +197 sys_call_table[__NR_open] = (unsigned long *)our_sys_open; 198 199 enable_write_protection(); 200 -201 pr_info("Spying on UID:%d\n", uid); +201 pr_info("Spying on UID:%d\n", uid); 202 -203 return 0; +203 return 0; 204} 205 -206static void __exit syscall_end(void) +206static void __exit syscall_end(void) 207{ -208 if (!sys_call_table) -209 return; +208 if (!sys_call_table) +209 return; 210 -211 /* Return the system call back to normal */ -212 if (sys_call_table[__NR_open] != (unsigned long *)our_sys_open) { -213 pr_alert("Somebody else also played with the "); -214 pr_alert("open system call\n"); -215 pr_alert("The system may be left in "); -216 pr_alert("an unstable state.\n"); +211 /* Return the system call back to normal */ +212 if (sys_call_table[__NR_open] != (unsigned long *)our_sys_open) { +213 pr_alert("Somebody else also played with the "); +214 pr_alert("open system call\n"); +215 pr_alert("The system may be left in "); +216 pr_alert("an unstable state.\n"); 217 } 218 219 disable_write_protection(); -220 sys_call_table[__NR_open] = (unsigned long *)original_call; +220 sys_call_table[__NR_open] = (unsigned long *)original_call; 221 enable_write_protection(); 222 223 msleep(2000); @@ -3354,7 +3360,7 @@ hand apply the patch. 226module_init(syscall_start); 227module_exit(syscall_end); 228 -229MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+229MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
11 Blocking Processes and threads
@@ -3375,7 +3381,7 @@ callswait_event_interruptible. The easiest way to keep a file open is to open it with:-
1tail -f+1tail -fThis function changes the status of the task (a task is the kernel data structure which holds information about a process and the system call it is in, if any) to
-TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE @@ -3434,7 +3440,7 @@ programcat_nonblock+$ sudo insmod sleep.ko $ cat_nonblock /proc/sleep Last input: @@ -3459,281 +3465,281 @@ $
-
1/* -2 * sleep.c - create a /proc file, and if several processes try to open it -3 * at the same time, put all but one to sleep. -4 */ +1/* +2 * sleep.c - create a /proc file, and if several processes try to open it +3 * at the same time, put all but one to sleep. +4 */ 5 -6#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */ -7#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ -8#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */ -9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For putting processes to sleep and -10 waking them up */ -11#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ -12#include <linux/version.h> +6#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */ +7#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +8#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */ +9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For putting processes to sleep and +10 waking them up */ +11#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ +12#include <linux/version.h> 13 -14#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -15#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -16#endif +14#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +15#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +16#endif 17 -18/* Here we keep the last message received, to prove that we can process our -19 * input. -20 */ -21#define MESSAGE_LENGTH 80 -22static char message[MESSAGE_LENGTH]; +18/* Here we keep the last message received, to prove that we can process our +19 * input. +20 */ +21#define MESSAGE_LENGTH 80 +22static char message[MESSAGE_LENGTH]; 23 -24static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; -25#define PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME "sleep" +24static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; +25#define PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME "sleep" 26 -27/* Since we use the file operations struct, we can't use the special proc -28 * output provisions - we have to use a standard read function, which is this -29 * function. -30 */ -31static ssize_t module_output(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ -32 char __user *buf, /* The buffer to put data to -33 (in the user segment) */ -34 size_t len, /* The length of the buffer */ +27/* Since we use the file operations struct, we can't use the special proc +28 * output provisions - we have to use a standard read function, which is this +29 * function. +30 */ +31static ssize_t module_output(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ +32 char __user *buf, /* The buffer to put data to +33 (in the user segment) */ +34 size_t len, /* The length of the buffer */ 35 loff_t *offset) 36{ -37 static int finished = 0; -38 int i; -39 char output_msg[MESSAGE_LENGTH + 30]; +37 static int finished = 0; +38 int i; +39 char output_msg[MESSAGE_LENGTH + 30]; 40 -41 /* Return 0 to signify end of file - that we have nothing more to say -42 * at this point. -43 */ -44 if (finished) { +41 /* Return 0 to signify end of file - that we have nothing more to say +42 * at this point. +43 */ +44 if (finished) { 45 finished = 0; -46 return 0; +46 return 0; 47 } 48 -49 sprintf(output_msg, "Last input:%s\n", message); -50 for (i = 0; i < len && output_msg[i]; i++) +49 sprintf(output_msg, "Last input:%s\n", message); +50 for (i = 0; i < len && output_msg[i]; i++) 51 put_user(output_msg[i], buf + i); 52 53 finished = 1; -54 return i; /* Return the number of bytes "read" */ +54 return i; /* Return the number of bytes "read" */ 55} 56 -57/* This function receives input from the user when the user writes to the -58 * /proc file. -59 */ -60static ssize_t module_input(struct file *file, /* The file itself */ -61 const char __user *buf, /* The buffer with input */ -62 size_t length, /* The buffer's length */ -63 loff_t *offset) /* offset to file - ignore */ +57/* This function receives input from the user when the user writes to the +58 * /proc file. +59 */ +60static ssize_t module_input(struct file *file, /* The file itself */ +61 const char __user *buf, /* The buffer with input */ +62 size_t length, /* The buffer's length */ +63 loff_t *offset) /* offset to file - ignore */ 64{ -65 int i; +65 int i; 66 -67 /* Put the input into Message, where module_output will later be able -68 * to use it. -69 */ -70 for (i = 0; i < MESSAGE_LENGTH - 1 && i < length; i++) +67 /* Put the input into Message, where module_output will later be able +68 * to use it. +69 */ +70 for (i = 0; i < MESSAGE_LENGTH - 1 && i < length; i++) 71 get_user(message[i], buf + i); -72 /* we want a standard, zero terminated string */ -73 message[i] = '\0'; +72 /* we want a standard, zero terminated string */ +73 message[i] = '\0'; 74 -75 /* We need to return the number of input characters used */ -76 return i; +75 /* We need to return the number of input characters used */ +76 return i; 77} 78 -79/* 1 if the file is currently open by somebody */ -80static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(0); +79/* 1 if the file is currently open by somebody */ +80static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(0); 81 -82/* Queue of processes who want our file */ -83static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(waitq); +82/* Queue of processes who want our file */ +83static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(waitq); 84 -85/* Called when the /proc file is opened */ -86static int module_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +85/* Called when the /proc file is opened */ +86static int module_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 87{ -88 /* If the file's flags include O_NONBLOCK, it means the process does not -89 * want to wait for the file. In this case, if the file is already open, -90 * we should fail with -EAGAIN, meaning "you will have to try again", -91 * instead of blocking a process which would rather stay awake. -92 */ -93 if ((file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) && atomic_read(&already_open)) -94 return -EAGAIN; +88 /* If the file's flags include O_NONBLOCK, it means the process does not +89 * want to wait for the file. In this case, if the file is already open, +90 * we should fail with -EAGAIN, meaning "you will have to try again", +91 * instead of blocking a process which would rather stay awake. +92 */ +93 if ((file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) && atomic_read(&already_open)) +94 return -EAGAIN; 95 -96 /* This is the correct place for try_module_get(THIS_MODULE) because if -97 * a process is in the loop, which is within the kernel module, -98 * the kernel module must not be removed. -99 */ +96 /* This is the correct place for try_module_get(THIS_MODULE) because if +97 * a process is in the loop, which is within the kernel module, +98 * the kernel module must not be removed. +99 */ 100 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); 101 -102 while (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, 0, 1)) { -103 int i, is_sig = 0; +102 while (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, 0, 1)) { +103 int i, is_sig = 0; 104 -105 /* This function puts the current process, including any system -106 * calls, such as us, to sleep. Execution will be resumed right -107 * after the function call, either because somebody called -108 * wake_up(&waitq) (only module_close does that, when the file -109 * is closed) or when a signal, such as Ctrl-C, is sent -110 * to the process -111 */ +105 /* This function puts the current process, including any system +106 * calls, such as us, to sleep. Execution will be resumed right +107 * after the function call, either because somebody called +108 * wake_up(&waitq) (only module_close does that, when the file +109 * is closed) or when a signal, such as Ctrl-C, is sent +110 * to the process +111 */ 112 wait_event_interruptible(waitq, !atomic_read(&already_open)); 113 -114 /* If we woke up because we got a signal we're not blocking, -115 * return -EINTR (fail the system call). This allows processes -116 * to be killed or stopped. -117 */ -118 for (i = 0; i < _NSIG_WORDS && !is_sig; i++) +114 /* If we woke up because we got a signal we're not blocking, +115 * return -EINTR (fail the system call). This allows processes +116 * to be killed or stopped. +117 */ +118 for (i = 0; i < _NSIG_WORDS && !is_sig; i++) 119 is_sig = current->pending.signal.sig[i] & ~current->blocked.sig[i]; 120 -121 if (is_sig) { -122 /* It is important to put module_put(THIS_MODULE) here, because -123 * for processes where the open is interrupted there will never -124 * be a corresponding close. If we do not decrement the usage -125 * count here, we will be left with a positive usage count -126 * which we will have no way to bring down to zero, giving us -127 * an immortal module, which can only be killed by rebooting -128 * the machine. -129 */ +121 if (is_sig) { +122 /* It is important to put module_put(THIS_MODULE) here, because +123 * for processes where the open is interrupted there will never +124 * be a corresponding close. If we do not decrement the usage +125 * count here, we will be left with a positive usage count +126 * which we will have no way to bring down to zero, giving us +127 * an immortal module, which can only be killed by rebooting +128 * the machine. +129 */ 130 module_put(THIS_MODULE); -131 return -EINTR; +131 return -EINTR; 132 } 133 } 134 -135 return 0; /* Allow the access */ +135 return 0; /* Allow the access */ 136} 137 -138/* Called when the /proc file is closed */ -139static int module_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +138/* Called when the /proc file is closed */ +139static int module_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 140{ -141 /* Set already_open to zero, so one of the processes in the waitq will -142 * be able to set already_open back to one and to open the file. All -143 * the other processes will be called when already_open is back to one, -144 * so they'll go back to sleep. -145 */ +141 /* Set already_open to zero, so one of the processes in the waitq will +142 * be able to set already_open back to one and to open the file. All +143 * the other processes will be called when already_open is back to one, +144 * so they'll go back to sleep. +145 */ 146 atomic_set(&already_open, 0); 147 -148 /* Wake up all the processes in waitq, so if anybody is waiting for the -149 * file, they can have it. -150 */ +148 /* Wake up all the processes in waitq, so if anybody is waiting for the +149 * file, they can have it. +150 */ 151 wake_up(&waitq); 152 153 module_put(THIS_MODULE); 154 -155 return 0; /* success */ +155 return 0; /* success */ 156} 157 -158/* Structures to register as the /proc file, with pointers to all the relevant -159 * functions. -160 */ +158/* Structures to register as the /proc file, with pointers to all the relevant +159 * functions. +160 */ 161 -162/* File operations for our proc file. This is where we place pointers to all -163 * the functions called when somebody tries to do something to our file. NULL -164 * means we don't want to deal with something. -165 */ -166#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -167static const struct proc_ops file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { -168 .proc_read = module_output, /* "read" from the file */ -169 .proc_write = module_input, /* "write" to the file */ -170 .proc_open = module_open, /* called when the /proc file is opened */ -171 .proc_release = module_close, /* called when it's closed */ +162/* File operations for our proc file. This is where we place pointers to all +163 * the functions called when somebody tries to do something to our file. NULL +164 * means we don't want to deal with something. +165 */ +166#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +167static const struct proc_ops file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { +168 .proc_read = module_output, /* "read" from the file */ +169 .proc_write = module_input, /* "write" to the file */ +170 .proc_open = module_open, /* called when the /proc file is opened */ +171 .proc_release = module_close, /* called when it's closed */ 172}; -173#else -174static const struct file_operations file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { +173#else +174static const struct file_operations file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { 175 .read = module_output, 176 .write = module_input, 177 .open = module_open, 178 .release = module_close, 179}; -180#endif +180#endif 181 -182/* Initialize the module - register the proc file */ -183static int __init sleep_init(void) +182/* Initialize the module - register the proc file */ +183static int __init sleep_init(void) 184{ 185 our_proc_file = 186 proc_create(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, 0644, NULL, &file_ops_4_our_proc_file); -187 if (our_proc_file == NULL) { +187 if (our_proc_file == NULL) { 188 remove_proc_entry(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL); -189 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); -190 return -ENOMEM; +189 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); +190 return -ENOMEM; 191 } 192 proc_set_size(our_proc_file, 80); 193 proc_set_user(our_proc_file, GLOBAL_ROOT_UID, GLOBAL_ROOT_GID); 194 -195 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); +195 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); 196 -197 return 0; +197 return 0; 198} 199 -200/* Cleanup - unregister our file from /proc. This could get dangerous if -201 * there are still processes waiting in waitq, because they are inside our -202 * open function, which will get unloaded. I'll explain how to avoid removal -203 * of a kernel module in such a case in chapter 10. -204 */ -205static void __exit sleep_exit(void) +200/* Cleanup - unregister our file from /proc. This could get dangerous if +201 * there are still processes waiting in waitq, because they are inside our +202 * open function, which will get unloaded. I'll explain how to avoid removal +203 * of a kernel module in such a case in chapter 10. +204 */ +205static void __exit sleep_exit(void) 206{ 207 remove_proc_entry(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL); -208 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); +208 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); 209} 210 211module_init(sleep_init); 212module_exit(sleep_exit); 213 -214MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+214MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");-
1/* -2 * cat_nonblock.c - open a file and display its contents, but exit rather than -3 * wait for input. -4 */ -5#include <errno.h> /* for errno */ -6#include <fcntl.h> /* for open */ -7#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */ -8#include <stdlib.h> /* for exit */ -9#include <unistd.h> /* for read */ +1/* +2 * cat_nonblock.c - open a file and display its contents, but exit rather than +3 * wait for input. +4 */ +5#include <errno.h> /* for errno */ +6#include <fcntl.h> /* for open */ +7#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */ +8#include <stdlib.h> /* for exit */ +9#include <unistd.h> /* for read */ 10 -11#define MAX_BYTES 1024 * 4 +11#define MAX_BYTES 1024 * 4 12 -13int main(int argc, char *argv[]) +13int main(int argc, char *argv[]) 14{ -15 int fd; /* The file descriptor for the file to read */ -16 size_t bytes; /* The number of bytes read */ -17 char buffer[MAX_BYTES]; /* The buffer for the bytes */ +15 int fd; /* The file descriptor for the file to read */ +16 size_t bytes; /* The number of bytes read */ +17 char buffer[MAX_BYTES]; /* The buffer for the bytes */ 18 -19 /* Usage */ -20 if (argc != 2) { -21 printf("Usage: %s <filename>\n", argv[0]); -22 puts("Reads the content of a file, but doesn't wait for input"); +19 /* Usage */ +20 if (argc != 2) { +21 printf("Usage: %s <filename>\n", argv[0]); +22 puts("Reads the content of a file, but doesn't wait for input"); 23 exit(-1); 24 } 25 -26 /* Open the file for reading in non blocking mode */ +26 /* Open the file for reading in non blocking mode */ 27 fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK); 28 -29 /* If open failed */ -30 if (fd == -1) { -31 puts(errno == EAGAIN ? "Open would block" : "Open failed"); +29 /* If open failed */ +30 if (fd == -1) { +31 puts(errno == EAGAIN ? "Open would block" : "Open failed"); 32 exit(-1); 33 } 34 -35 /* Read the file and output its contents */ -36 do { -37 /* Read characters from the file */ +35 /* Read the file and output its contents */ +36 do { +37 /* Read characters from the file */ 38 bytes = read(fd, buffer, MAX_BYTES); 39 -40 /* If there's an error, report it and die */ -41 if (bytes == -1) { -42 if (errno == EAGAIN) -43 puts("Normally I'd block, but you told me not to"); -44 else -45 puts("Another read error"); +40 /* If there's an error, report it and die */ +41 if (bytes == -1) { +42 if (errno == EAGAIN) +43 puts("Normally I'd block, but you told me not to"); +44 else +45 puts("Another read error"); 46 exit(-1); 47 } 48 -49 /* Print the characters */ -50 if (bytes > 0) { -51 for (int i = 0; i < bytes; i++) +49 /* Print the characters */ +50 if (bytes > 0) { +51 for (int i = 0; i < bytes; i++) 52 putchar(buffer[i]); 53 } 54 -55 /* While there are no errors and the file isn't over */ -56 } while (bytes > 0); +55 /* While there are no errors and the file isn't over */ +56 } while (bytes > 0); 57 -58 return 0; +58 return 0; 59}@@ -3749,82 +3755,82 @@ another. -
1/* -2 * completions.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/completion.h> -5#include <linux/init.h> -6#include <linux/kernel.h> -7#include <linux/kthread.h> -8#include <linux/module.h> +1/* +2 * completions.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/completion.h> +5#include <linux/init.h> +6#include <linux/kernel.h> +7#include <linux/kthread.h> +8#include <linux/module.h> 9 -10static struct { -11 struct completion crank_comp; -12 struct completion flywheel_comp; +10static struct { +11 struct completion crank_comp; +12 struct completion flywheel_comp; 13} machine; 14 -15static int machine_crank_thread(void *arg) +15static int machine_crank_thread(void *arg) 16{ -17 pr_info("Turn the crank\n"); +17 pr_info("Turn the crank\n"); 18 19 complete_all(&machine.crank_comp); 20 complete_and_exit(&machine.crank_comp, 0); 21} 22 -23static int machine_flywheel_spinup_thread(void *arg) +23static int machine_flywheel_spinup_thread(void *arg) 24{ 25 wait_for_completion(&machine.crank_comp); 26 -27 pr_info("Flywheel spins up\n"); +27 pr_info("Flywheel spins up\n"); 28 29 complete_all(&machine.flywheel_comp); 30 complete_and_exit(&machine.flywheel_comp, 0); 31} 32 -33static int completions_init(void) +33static int completions_init(void) 34{ -35 struct task_struct *crank_thread; -36 struct task_struct *flywheel_thread; +35 struct task_struct *crank_thread; +36 struct task_struct *flywheel_thread; 37 -38 pr_info("completions example\n"); +38 pr_info("completions example\n"); 39 40 init_completion(&machine.crank_comp); 41 init_completion(&machine.flywheel_comp); 42 -43 crank_thread = kthread_create(machine_crank_thread, NULL, "KThread Crank"); -44 if (IS_ERR(crank_thread)) -45 goto ERROR_THREAD_1; +43 crank_thread = kthread_create(machine_crank_thread, NULL, "KThread Crank"); +44 if (IS_ERR(crank_thread)) +45 goto ERROR_THREAD_1; 46 47 flywheel_thread = kthread_create(machine_flywheel_spinup_thread, NULL, -48 "KThread Flywheel"); -49 if (IS_ERR(flywheel_thread)) -50 goto ERROR_THREAD_2; +48 "KThread Flywheel"); +49 if (IS_ERR(flywheel_thread)) +50 goto ERROR_THREAD_2; 51 52 wake_up_process(flywheel_thread); 53 wake_up_process(crank_thread); 54 -55 return 0; +55 return 0; 56 57ERROR_THREAD_2: 58 kthread_stop(crank_thread); 59ERROR_THREAD_1: 60 -61 return -1; +61 return -1; 62} 63 -64static void completions_exit(void) +64static void completions_exit(void) 65{ 66 wait_for_completion(&machine.crank_comp); 67 wait_for_completion(&machine.flywheel_comp); 68 -69 pr_info("completions exit\n"); +69 pr_info("completions exit\n"); 70} 71 72module_init(completions_init); 73module_exit(completions_exit); 74 -75MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Completions example"); -76MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+75MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Completions example"); +76MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");The
machinestructure stores the completion states for the two threads. At the exit point of each thread the respective completion state is updated, and @@ -3854,47 +3860,47 @@ might deploy them in userland. This may be all that is needed to avoid collision most cases.-
1/* -2 * example_mutex.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> -5#include <linux/kernel.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/mutex.h> +1/* +2 * example_mutex.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/mutex.h> 8 -9static DEFINE_MUTEX(mymutex); +9static DEFINE_MUTEX(mymutex); 10 -11static int example_mutex_init(void) +11static int example_mutex_init(void) 12{ -13 int ret; +13 int ret; 14 -15 pr_info("example_mutex init\n"); +15 pr_info("example_mutex init\n"); 16 17 ret = mutex_trylock(&mymutex); -18 if (ret != 0) { -19 pr_info("mutex is locked\n"); +18 if (ret != 0) { +19 pr_info("mutex is locked\n"); 20 -21 if (mutex_is_locked(&mymutex) == 0) -22 pr_info("The mutex failed to lock!\n"); +21 if (mutex_is_locked(&mymutex) == 0) +22 pr_info("The mutex failed to lock!\n"); 23 24 mutex_unlock(&mymutex); -25 pr_info("mutex is unlocked\n"); -26 } else -27 pr_info("Failed to lock\n"); +25 pr_info("mutex is unlocked\n"); +26 } else +27 pr_info("Failed to lock\n"); 28 -29 return 0; +29 return 0; 30} 31 -32static void example_mutex_exit(void) +32static void example_mutex_exit(void) 33{ -34 pr_info("example_mutex exit\n"); +34 pr_info("example_mutex exit\n"); 35} 36 37module_init(example_mutex_init); 38module_exit(example_mutex_exit); 39 -40MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Mutex example"); -41MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+40MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Mutex example"); +41MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
12.2 Spinlocks
@@ -3912,69 +3918,69 @@ they will not be forgotten and will activate when the unlock happens, using the-
1/* -2 * example_spinlock.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> -5#include <linux/interrupt.h> -6#include <linux/kernel.h> -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/spinlock.h> +1/* +2 * example_spinlock.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> +5#include <linux/interrupt.h> +6#include <linux/kernel.h> +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/spinlock.h> 9 -10static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(sl_static); -11static spinlock_t sl_dynamic; +10static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(sl_static); +11static spinlock_t sl_dynamic; 12 -13static void example_spinlock_static(void) +13static void example_spinlock_static(void) 14{ -15 unsigned long flags; +15 unsigned long flags; 16 17 spin_lock_irqsave(&sl_static, flags); -18 pr_info("Locked static spinlock\n"); +18 pr_info("Locked static spinlock\n"); 19 -20 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this -21 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. -22 */ +20 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this +21 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. +22 */ 23 24 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&sl_static, flags); -25 pr_info("Unlocked static spinlock\n"); +25 pr_info("Unlocked static spinlock\n"); 26} 27 -28static void example_spinlock_dynamic(void) +28static void example_spinlock_dynamic(void) 29{ -30 unsigned long flags; +30 unsigned long flags; 31 32 spin_lock_init(&sl_dynamic); 33 spin_lock_irqsave(&sl_dynamic, flags); -34 pr_info("Locked dynamic spinlock\n"); +34 pr_info("Locked dynamic spinlock\n"); 35 -36 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this -37 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. -38 */ +36 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this +37 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. +38 */ 39 40 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&sl_dynamic, flags); -41 pr_info("Unlocked dynamic spinlock\n"); +41 pr_info("Unlocked dynamic spinlock\n"); 42} 43 -44static int example_spinlock_init(void) +44static int example_spinlock_init(void) 45{ -46 pr_info("example spinlock started\n"); +46 pr_info("example spinlock started\n"); 47 48 example_spinlock_static(); 49 example_spinlock_dynamic(); 50 -51 return 0; +51 return 0; 52} 53 -54static void example_spinlock_exit(void) +54static void example_spinlock_exit(void) 55{ -56 pr_info("example spinlock exit\n"); +56 pr_info("example spinlock exit\n"); 57} 58 59module_init(example_spinlock_init); 60module_exit(example_spinlock_exit); 61 -62MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Spinlock example"); -63MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+62MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Spinlock example"); +63MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
12.3 Read and write locks
@@ -3988,61 +3994,61 @@ the system and cause users to start revolting against the tyranny of your module.-
1/* -2 * example_rwlock.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/interrupt.h> -5#include <linux/kernel.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> +1/* +2 * example_rwlock.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/interrupt.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> 7 -8static DEFINE_RWLOCK(myrwlock); +8static DEFINE_RWLOCK(myrwlock); 9 -10static void example_read_lock(void) +10static void example_read_lock(void) 11{ -12 unsigned long flags; +12 unsigned long flags; 13 14 read_lock_irqsave(&myrwlock, flags); -15 pr_info("Read Locked\n"); +15 pr_info("Read Locked\n"); 16 -17 /* Read from something */ +17 /* Read from something */ 18 19 read_unlock_irqrestore(&myrwlock, flags); -20 pr_info("Read Unlocked\n"); +20 pr_info("Read Unlocked\n"); 21} 22 -23static void example_write_lock(void) +23static void example_write_lock(void) 24{ -25 unsigned long flags; +25 unsigned long flags; 26 27 write_lock_irqsave(&myrwlock, flags); -28 pr_info("Write Locked\n"); +28 pr_info("Write Locked\n"); 29 -30 /* Write to something */ +30 /* Write to something */ 31 32 write_unlock_irqrestore(&myrwlock, flags); -33 pr_info("Write Unlocked\n"); +33 pr_info("Write Unlocked\n"); 34} 35 -36static int example_rwlock_init(void) +36static int example_rwlock_init(void) 37{ -38 pr_info("example_rwlock started\n"); +38 pr_info("example_rwlock started\n"); 39 40 example_read_lock(); 41 example_write_lock(); 42 -43 return 0; +43 return 0; 44} 45 -46static void example_rwlock_exit(void) +46static void example_rwlock_exit(void) 47{ -48 pr_info("example_rwlock exit\n"); +48 pr_info("example_rwlock exit\n"); 49} 50 51module_init(example_rwlock_init); 52module_exit(example_rwlock_exit); 53 -54MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Read/Write locks example"); -55MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+54MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Read/Write locks example"); +55MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Of course, if you know for sure that there are no functions triggered by irqs which could possibly interfere with your logic then you can use the simpler
read_lock(&myrwlock) @@ -4058,80 +4064,80 @@ and was not overwritten by some other shenanigans. An example is shown below.-
1/* -2 * example_atomic.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/interrupt.h> -5#include <linux/kernel.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> +@@ -4168,80 +4174,80 @@ a pointer to a string write function, which we use to write a string to the tty.1/* +2 * example_atomic.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/interrupt.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> 7 -8#define BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN "%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c" -9#define BYTE_TO_BINARY(byte) \ -10 ((byte & 0x80) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x40) ? '1' : '0'), \ -11 ((byte & 0x20) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x10) ? '1' : '0'), \ -12 ((byte & 0x08) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x04) ? '1' : '0'), \ -13 ((byte & 0x02) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x01) ? '1' : '0') +8#define BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN "%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c" +9#define BYTE_TO_BINARY(byte) \ +10 ((byte & 0x80) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x40) ? '1' : '0'), \ +11 ((byte & 0x20) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x10) ? '1' : '0'), \ +12 ((byte & 0x08) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x04) ? '1' : '0'), \ +13 ((byte & 0x02) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x01) ? '1' : '0') 14 -15static void atomic_add_subtract(void) +15static void atomic_add_subtract(void) 16{ 17 atomic_t debbie; 18 atomic_t chris = ATOMIC_INIT(50); 19 20 atomic_set(&debbie, 45); 21 -22 /* subtract one */ +22 /* subtract one */ 23 atomic_dec(&debbie); 24 25 atomic_add(7, &debbie); 26 -27 /* add one */ +27 /* add one */ 28 atomic_inc(&debbie); 29 -30 pr_info("chris: %d, debbie: %d\n", atomic_read(&chris), +30 pr_info("chris: %d, debbie: %d\n", atomic_read(&chris), 31 atomic_read(&debbie)); 32} 33 -34static void atomic_bitwise(void) +34static void atomic_bitwise(void) 35{ -36 unsigned long word = 0; +36 unsigned long word = 0; 37 -38 pr_info("Bits 0: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +38 pr_info("Bits 0: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 39 set_bit(3, &word); 40 set_bit(5, &word); -41 pr_info("Bits 1: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +41 pr_info("Bits 1: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 42 clear_bit(5, &word); -43 pr_info("Bits 2: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +43 pr_info("Bits 2: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 44 change_bit(3, &word); 45 -46 pr_info("Bits 3: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); -47 if (test_and_set_bit(3, &word)) -48 pr_info("wrong\n"); -49 pr_info("Bits 4: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +46 pr_info("Bits 3: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +47 if (test_and_set_bit(3, &word)) +48 pr_info("wrong\n"); +49 pr_info("Bits 4: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 50 51 word = 255; -52 pr_info("Bits 5: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +52 pr_info("Bits 5: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 53} 54 -55static int example_atomic_init(void) +55static int example_atomic_init(void) 56{ -57 pr_info("example_atomic started\n"); +57 pr_info("example_atomic started\n"); 58 59 atomic_add_subtract(); 60 atomic_bitwise(); 61 -62 return 0; +62 return 0; 63} 64 -65static void example_atomic_exit(void) +65static void example_atomic_exit(void) 66{ -67 pr_info("example_atomic exit\n"); +67 pr_info("example_atomic exit\n"); 68} 69 70module_init(example_atomic_init); 71module_exit(example_atomic_exit); 72 -73MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Atomic operations example"); -74MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+73MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Atomic operations example"); +74MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");-
1/* -2 * print_string.c - Send output to the tty we're running on, regardless if -3 * it is through X11, telnet, etc. We do this by printing the string to the -4 * tty associated with the current task. -5 */ -6#include <linux/init.h> -7#include <linux/kernel.h> -8#include <linux/module.h> -9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For current */ -10#include <linux/tty.h> /* For the tty declarations */ +@@ -4262,36 +4268,36 @@ to improve memory safety. A buffer overflow in the area of a1/* +2 * print_string.c - Send output to the tty we're running on, regardless if +3 * it is through X11, telnet, etc. We do this by printing the string to the +4 * tty associated with the current task. +5 */ +6#include <linux/init.h> +7#include <linux/kernel.h> +8#include <linux/module.h> +9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For current */ +10#include <linux/tty.h> /* For the tty declarations */ 11 -12static void print_string(char *str) +12static void print_string(char *str) 13{ -14 /* The tty for the current task */ -15 struct tty_struct *my_tty = get_current_tty(); +14 /* The tty for the current task */ +15 struct tty_struct *my_tty = get_current_tty(); 16 -17 /* If my_tty is NULL, the current task has no tty you can print to (i.e., -18 * if it is a daemon). If so, there is nothing we can do. -19 */ -20 if (my_tty) { -21 const struct tty_operations *ttyops = my_tty->driver->ops; -22 /* my_tty->driver is a struct which holds the tty's functions, -23 * one of which (write) is used to write strings to the tty. -24 * It can be used to take a string either from the user's or -25 * kernel's memory segment. -26 * -27 * The function's 1st parameter is the tty to write to, because the -28 * same function would normally be used for all tty's of a certain -29 * type. -30 * The 2nd parameter is a pointer to a string. -31 * The 3rd parameter is the length of the string. -32 * -33 * As you will see below, sometimes it's necessary to use -34 * preprocessor stuff to create code that works for different -35 * kernel versions. The (naive) approach we've taken here does not -36 * scale well. The right way to deal with this is described in -37 * section 2 of -38 * linux/Documentation/SubmittingPatches -39 */ -40 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, /* The tty itself */ -41 str, /* String */ -42 strlen(str)); /* Length */ +17 /* If my_tty is NULL, the current task has no tty you can print to (i.e., +18 * if it is a daemon). If so, there is nothing we can do. +19 */ +20 if (my_tty) { +21 const struct tty_operations *ttyops = my_tty->driver->ops; +22 /* my_tty->driver is a struct which holds the tty's functions, +23 * one of which (write) is used to write strings to the tty. +24 * It can be used to take a string either from the user's or +25 * kernel's memory segment. +26 * +27 * The function's 1st parameter is the tty to write to, because the +28 * same function would normally be used for all tty's of a certain +29 * type. +30 * The 2nd parameter is a pointer to a string. +31 * The 3rd parameter is the length of the string. +32 * +33 * As you will see below, sometimes it's necessary to use +34 * preprocessor stuff to create code that works for different +35 * kernel versions. The (naive) approach we've taken here does not +36 * scale well. The right way to deal with this is described in +37 * section 2 of +38 * linux/Documentation/SubmittingPatches +39 */ +40 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, /* The tty itself */ +41 str, /* String */ +42 strlen(str)); /* Length */ 43 -44 /* ttys were originally hardware devices, which (usually) strictly -45 * followed the ASCII standard. In ASCII, to move to a new line you -46 * need two characters, a carriage return and a line feed. On Unix, -47 * the ASCII line feed is used for both purposes - so we can not -48 * just use \n, because it would not have a carriage return and the -49 * next line will start at the column right after the line feed. -50 * -51 * This is why text files are different between Unix and MS Windows. -52 * In CP/M and derivatives, like MS-DOS and MS Windows, the ASCII -53 * standard was strictly adhered to, and therefore a newline requirs -54 * both a LF and a CR. -55 */ -56 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, "\015\012", 2); +44 /* ttys were originally hardware devices, which (usually) strictly +45 * followed the ASCII standard. In ASCII, to move to a new line you +46 * need two characters, a carriage return and a line feed. On Unix, +47 * the ASCII line feed is used for both purposes - so we can not +48 * just use \n, because it would not have a carriage return and the +49 * next line will start at the column right after the line feed. +50 * +51 * This is why text files are different between Unix and MS Windows. +52 * In CP/M and derivatives, like MS-DOS and MS Windows, the ASCII +53 * standard was strictly adhered to, and therefore a newline requirs +54 * both a LF and a CR. +55 */ +56 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, "\015\012", 2); 57 } 58} 59 -60static int __init print_string_init(void) +60static int __init print_string_init(void) 61{ -62 print_string("The module has been inserted. Hello world!"); -63 return 0; +62 print_string("The module has been inserted. Hello world!"); +63 return 0; 64} 65 -66static void __exit print_string_exit(void) +66static void __exit print_string_exit(void) 67{ -68 print_string("The module has been removed. Farewell world!"); +68 print_string("The module has been removed. Farewell world!"); 69} 70 71module_init(print_string_init); 72module_exit(print_string_exit); 73 -74MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+74MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");datafields, providing the attacker with a way to use return-object programming (ROP) to call arbitrary functions within the kernel. Also, the function prototype of the callback, -containing aunsigned long +containing aunsigned longargument, will prevent work from any type checking. Furthermore, the function prototype -withunsigned long +withunsigned longargument may be an obstacle to the control-flow integrity. Thus, it is better to use a unique prototype to separate from the cluster that takes an -unsigned long +unsigned longargument. The timer callback should be passed a pointer to thetimer_list -structure rather than anunsigned long +structure rather than anunsigned longargument. Then, it wraps all the information the callback needs, including thetimer_liststructure, into a larger structure, and it can use thecontainer_of -macro instead of theunsigned long +macro instead of theunsigned longvalue.Before Linux v4.14,
-setup_timerwas used to initialize the timer and thetimer_liststructure looked like:1struct timer_list { -2 unsigned long expires; -3 void (*function)(unsigned long); -4 unsigned long data; +1struct timer_list { +2 unsigned long expires; +3 void (*function)(unsigned long); +4 unsigned long data; 5 u32 flags; -6 /* ... */ +6 /* ... */ 7}; 8 -9void setup_timer(struct timer_list *timer, void (*callback)(unsigned long), -10 unsigned long data);+9void setup_timer(struct timer_list *timer, void (*callback)(unsigned long), +10 unsigned long data);Since Linux v4.14,
-timer_setupis adopted and the kernel step by step converting totimer_setup @@ -4304,63 +4310,63 @@ Moreover, thetimer_setupwas implemented bysetup_timerat first.1void timer_setup(struct timer_list *timer, -2 void (*callback)(struct timer_list *), unsigned int flags);+1void timer_setup(struct timer_list *timer, +2 void (*callback)(struct timer_list *), unsigned int flags);The
-setup_timerwas then removed since v4.15. As a result, thetimer_liststructure had changed to the following.1struct timer_list { -2 unsigned long expires; -3 void (*function)(struct timer_list *); +1struct timer_list { +2 unsigned long expires; +3 void (*function)(struct timer_list *); 4 u32 flags; -5 /* ... */ +5 /* ... */ 6};The following source code illustrates a minimal kernel module which, when loaded, starts blinking the keyboard LEDs until it is unloaded.
-
1/* -2 * kbleds.c - Blink keyboard leds until the module is unloaded. -3 */ +1/* +2 * kbleds.c - Blink keyboard leds until the module is unloaded. +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/init.h> -6#include <linux/kd.h> /* For KDSETLED */ -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/tty.h> /* For tty_struct */ -9#include <linux/vt.h> /* For MAX_NR_CONSOLES */ -10#include <linux/vt_kern.h> /* for fg_console */ -11#include <linux/console_struct.h> /* For vc_cons */ +5#include <linux/init.h> +6#include <linux/kd.h> /* For KDSETLED */ +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/tty.h> /* For tty_struct */ +9#include <linux/vt.h> /* For MAX_NR_CONSOLES */ +10#include <linux/vt_kern.h> /* for fg_console */ +11#include <linux/console_struct.h> /* For vc_cons */ 12 -13MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Example module illustrating the use of Keyboard LEDs."); +13MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Example module illustrating the use of Keyboard LEDs."); 14 -15static struct timer_list my_timer; -16static struct tty_driver *my_driver; -17static unsigned long kbledstatus = 0; +15static struct timer_list my_timer; +16static struct tty_driver *my_driver; +17static unsigned long kbledstatus = 0; 18 -19#define BLINK_DELAY HZ / 5 -20#define ALL_LEDS_ON 0x07 -21#define RESTORE_LEDS 0xFF +19#define BLINK_DELAY HZ / 5 +20#define ALL_LEDS_ON 0x07 +21#define RESTORE_LEDS 0xFF 22 -23/* Function my_timer_func blinks the keyboard LEDs periodically by invoking -24 * command KDSETLED of ioctl() on the keyboard driver. To learn more on virtual -25 * terminal ioctl operations, please see file: -26 * drivers/tty/vt/vt_ioctl.c, function vt_ioctl(). -27 * -28 * The argument to KDSETLED is alternatively set to 7 (thus causing the led -29 * mode to be set to LED_SHOW_IOCTL, and all the leds are lit) and to 0xFF -30 * (any value above 7 switches back the led mode to LED_SHOW_FLAGS, thus -31 * the LEDs reflect the actual keyboard status). To learn more on this, -32 * please see file: drivers/tty/vt/keyboard.c, function setledstate(). -33 */ -34static void my_timer_func(struct timer_list *unused) +23/* Function my_timer_func blinks the keyboard LEDs periodically by invoking +24 * command KDSETLED of ioctl() on the keyboard driver. To learn more on virtual +25 * terminal ioctl operations, please see file: +26 * drivers/tty/vt/vt_ioctl.c, function vt_ioctl(). +27 * +28 * The argument to KDSETLED is alternatively set to 7 (thus causing the led +29 * mode to be set to LED_SHOW_IOCTL, and all the leds are lit) and to 0xFF +30 * (any value above 7 switches back the led mode to LED_SHOW_FLAGS, thus +31 * the LEDs reflect the actual keyboard status). To learn more on this, +32 * please see file: drivers/tty/vt/keyboard.c, function setledstate(). +33 */ +34static void my_timer_func(struct timer_list *unused) 35{ -36 struct tty_struct *t = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty; +36 struct tty_struct *t = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty; 37 -38 if (kbledstatus == ALL_LEDS_ON) +38 if (kbledstatus == ALL_LEDS_ON) 39 kbledstatus = RESTORE_LEDS; -40 else +40 else 41 kbledstatus = ALL_LEDS_ON; 42 43 (my_driver->ops->ioctl)(t, KDSETLED, kbledstatus); @@ -4369,34 +4375,34 @@ loaded, starts blinking the keyboard LEDs until it is unloaded. 46 add_timer(&my_timer); 47} 48 -49static int __init kbleds_init(void) +49static int __init kbleds_init(void) 50{ -51 int i; +51 int i; 52 -53 pr_info("kbleds: loading\n"); -54 pr_info("kbleds: fgconsole is %x\n", fg_console); -55 for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_CONSOLES; i++) { -56 if (!vc_cons[i].d) -57 break; -58 pr_info("poet_atkm: console[%i/%i] #%i, tty %lx\n", i, MAX_NR_CONSOLES, -59 vc_cons[i].d->vc_num, (unsigned long)vc_cons[i].d->port.tty); +53 pr_info("kbleds: loading\n"); +54 pr_info("kbleds: fgconsole is %x\n", fg_console); +55 for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_CONSOLES; i++) { +56 if (!vc_cons[i].d) +57 break; +58 pr_info("poet_atkm: console[%i/%i] #%i, tty %lx\n", i, MAX_NR_CONSOLES, +59 vc_cons[i].d->vc_num, (unsigned long)vc_cons[i].d->port.tty); 60 } -61 pr_info("kbleds: finished scanning consoles\n"); +61 pr_info("kbleds: finished scanning consoles\n"); 62 63 my_driver = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty->driver; -64 pr_info("kbleds: tty driver magic %x\n", my_driver->magic); +64 pr_info("kbleds: tty driver magic %x\n", my_driver->magic); 65 -66 /* Set up the LED blink timer the first time. */ +66 /* Set up the LED blink timer the first time. */ 67 timer_setup(&my_timer, my_timer_func, 0); 68 my_timer.expires = jiffies + BLINK_DELAY; 69 add_timer(&my_timer); 70 -71 return 0; +71 return 0; 72} 73 -74static void __exit kbleds_cleanup(void) +74static void __exit kbleds_cleanup(void) 75{ -76 pr_info("kbleds: unloading...\n"); +76 pr_info("kbleds: unloading...\n"); 77 del_timer(&my_timer); 78 (my_driver->ops->ioctl)(vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty, KDSETLED, 79 RESTORE_LEDS); @@ -4405,7 +4411,7 @@ loaded, starts blinking the keyboard LEDs until it is unloaded. 82module_init(kbleds_init); 83module_exit(kbleds_cleanup); 84 -85MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+85MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");If none of the examples in this chapter fit your debugging needs, there might yet be some other tricks to try. Ever wondered what
CONFIG_LL_DEBUG @@ -4442,57 +4448,57 @@ better suited to running multiple things in a sequence.function continues to the exit point.-
1/* -2 * example_tasklet.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/delay.h> -5#include <linux/interrupt.h> -6#include <linux/kernel.h> -7#include <linux/module.h> +1/* +2 * example_tasklet.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/delay.h> +5#include <linux/interrupt.h> +6#include <linux/kernel.h> +7#include <linux/module.h> 8 -9/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibiity. -10 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ -11 */ -12#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD -13#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) -14#endif +9/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibiity. +10 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ +11 */ +12#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD +13#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) +14#endif 15 -16static void tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) +16static void tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) 17{ -18 pr_info("Example tasklet starts\n"); +18 pr_info("Example tasklet starts\n"); 19 mdelay(5000); -20 pr_info("Example tasklet ends\n"); +20 pr_info("Example tasklet ends\n"); 21} 22 -23static DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(mytask, tasklet_fn); +23static DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(mytask, tasklet_fn); 24 -25static int example_tasklet_init(void) +25static int example_tasklet_init(void) 26{ -27 pr_info("tasklet example init\n"); +27 pr_info("tasklet example init\n"); 28 tasklet_schedule(&mytask); 29 mdelay(200); -30 pr_info("Example tasklet init continues...\n"); -31 return 0; +30 pr_info("Example tasklet init continues...\n"); +31 return 0; 32} 33 -34static void example_tasklet_exit(void) +34static void example_tasklet_exit(void) 35{ -36 pr_info("tasklet example exit\n"); +36 pr_info("tasklet example exit\n"); 37 tasklet_kill(&mytask); 38} 39 40module_init(example_tasklet_init); 41module_exit(example_tasklet_exit); 42 -43MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Tasklet example"); -44MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+43MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Tasklet example"); +44MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");So with this example loaded
-dmesgshould show:+tasklet example init Example tasklet starts Example tasklet init continues... @@ -4518,30 +4524,30 @@ the macroDECLARE_TASKLET_OLD Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS) to execute work within the queue.-
1/* -2 * sched.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> -6#include <linux/workqueue.h> +1/* +2 * sched.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> +6#include <linux/workqueue.h> 7 -8static struct workqueue_struct *queue = NULL; -9static struct work_struct work; +8static struct workqueue_struct *queue = NULL; +9static struct work_struct work; 10 -11static void work_handler(struct work_struct *data) +11static void work_handler(struct work_struct *data) 12{ -13 pr_info("work handler function.\n"); +13 pr_info("work handler function.\n"); 14} 15 -16static int __init sched_init(void) +16static int __init sched_init(void) 17{ -18 queue = alloc_workqueue("HELLOWORLD", WQ_UNBOUND, 1); +18 queue = alloc_workqueue("HELLOWORLD", WQ_UNBOUND, 1); 19 INIT_WORK(&work, work_handler); 20 schedule_work(&work); -21 return 0; +21 return 0; 22} 23 -24static void __exit sched_exit(void) +24static void __exit sched_exit(void) 25{ 26 destroy_workqueue(queue); 27} @@ -4549,8 +4555,8 @@ Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS) to execute work within the queue. 29module_init(sched_init); 30module_exit(sched_exit); 31 -32MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -33MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Workqueue example");+32MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +33MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Workqueue example");
15 Interrupt Handlers
@@ -4636,114 +4642,114 @@ an LED is connected to GPIO 4. You can change those numbers to whatever is appropriate for your board.-
1/* -2 * intrpt.c - Handling GPIO with interrupts -3 * -4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) -5 * from: -6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples -7 * -8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off. -9 */ +1/* +2 * intrpt.c - Handling GPIO with interrupts +3 * +4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) +5 * from: +6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples +7 * +8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off. +9 */ 10 -11#include <linux/gpio.h> -12#include <linux/interrupt.h> -13#include <linux/kernel.h> -14#include <linux/module.h> +11#include <linux/gpio.h> +12#include <linux/interrupt.h> +13#include <linux/kernel.h> +14#include <linux/module.h> 15 -16static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; +16static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; 17 -18/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. -19 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -20 */ -21static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; +18/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. +19 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +20 */ +21static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; 22 -23/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS -24 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -25 */ -26static struct gpio buttons[] = { { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, -27 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" } }; +23/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS +24 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +25 */ +26static struct gpio buttons[] = { { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, +27 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" } }; 28 -29/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed. */ -30static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) +29/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed. */ +30static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) 31{ -32 /* first button */ -33 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +32 /* first button */ +33 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 34 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 1); -35 /* second button */ -36 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +35 /* second button */ +36 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 37 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); 38 -39 return IRQ_HANDLED; +39 return IRQ_HANDLED; 40} 41 -42static int __init intrpt_init(void) +42static int __init intrpt_init(void) 43{ -44 int ret = 0; +44 int ret = 0; 45 -46 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +46 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 47 -48 /* register LED gpios */ +48 /* register LED gpios */ 49 ret = gpio_request_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 50 -51 if (ret) { -52 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); -53 return ret; +51 if (ret) { +52 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); +53 return ret; 54 } 55 -56 /* register BUTTON gpios */ +56 /* register BUTTON gpios */ 57 ret = gpio_request_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 58 -59 if (ret) { -60 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -61 goto fail1; +59 if (ret) { +60 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +61 goto fail1; 62 } 63 -64 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); +64 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); 65 66 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[0].gpio); 67 -68 if (ret < 0) { -69 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -70 goto fail2; +68 if (ret < 0) { +69 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +70 goto fail2; 71 } 72 73 button_irqs[0] = ret; 74 -75 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); +75 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); 76 77 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[0], button_isr, 78 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -79 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); +79 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); 80 -81 if (ret) { -82 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -83 goto fail2; +81 if (ret) { +82 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +83 goto fail2; 84 } 85 86 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[1].gpio); 87 -88 if (ret < 0) { -89 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -90 goto fail2; +88 if (ret < 0) { +89 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +90 goto fail2; 91 } 92 93 button_irqs[1] = ret; 94 -95 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); +95 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); 96 97 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[1], button_isr, 98 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -99 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); +99 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); 100 -101 if (ret) { -102 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -103 goto fail3; +101 if (ret) { +102 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +103 goto fail3; 104 } 105 -106 return 0; +106 return 0; 107 -108/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ +108/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ 109fail3: 110 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 111 @@ -4753,24 +4759,24 @@ appropriate for your board. 115fail1: 116 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 117 -118 return ret; +118 return ret; 119} 120 -121static void __exit intrpt_exit(void) +121static void __exit intrpt_exit(void) 122{ -123 int i; +123 int i; 124 -125 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +125 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 126 -127 /* free irqs */ +127 /* free irqs */ 128 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 129 free_irq(button_irqs[1], NULL); 130 -131 /* turn all LEDs off */ -132 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) +131 /* turn all LEDs off */ +132 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) 133 gpio_set_value(leds[i].gpio, 0); 134 -135 /* unregister */ +135 /* unregister */ 136 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 137 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 138} @@ -4778,8 +4784,8 @@ appropriate for your board. 140module_init(intrpt_init); 141module_exit(intrpt_exit); 142 -143MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -144MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Handle some GPIO interrupts");+143MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +144MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Handle some GPIO interrupts");
15.3 Bottom Half
@@ -4794,137 +4800,137 @@ when an interrupt is triggered. -1/* -2 * bottomhalf.c - Top and bottom half interrupt handling -3 * -4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) -5 * from: -6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples -7 * -8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off -9 */ +1/* +2 * bottomhalf.c - Top and bottom half interrupt handling +3 * +4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) +5 * from: +6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples +7 * +8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off +9 */ 10 -11#include <linux/delay.h> -12#include <linux/gpio.h> -13#include <linux/interrupt.h> -14#include <linux/kernel.h> -15#include <linux/module.h> +11#include <linux/delay.h> +12#include <linux/gpio.h> +13#include <linux/interrupt.h> +14#include <linux/kernel.h> +15#include <linux/module.h> 16 -17/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibiity. -18 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ -19 */ -20#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD -21#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) -22#endif +17/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibiity. +18 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ +19 */ +20#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD +21#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) +22#endif 23 -24static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; +24static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; 25 -26/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. -27 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -28 */ -29static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; +26/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. +27 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +28 */ +29static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; 30 -31/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS -32 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -33 */ -34static struct gpio buttons[] = { -35 { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, -36 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" }, +31/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS +32 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +33 */ +34static struct gpio buttons[] = { +35 { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, +36 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" }, 37}; 38 -39/* Tasklet containing some non-trivial amount of processing */ -40static void bottomhalf_tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) +39/* Tasklet containing some non-trivial amount of processing */ +40static void bottomhalf_tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) 41{ -42 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet starts\n"); -43 /* do something which takes a while */ +42 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet starts\n"); +43 /* do something which takes a while */ 44 mdelay(500); -45 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet ends\n"); +45 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet ends\n"); 46} 47 -48static DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(buttontask, bottomhalf_tasklet_fn); +48static DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(buttontask, bottomhalf_tasklet_fn); 49 -50/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed */ -51static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) +50/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed */ +51static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) 52{ -53 /* Do something quickly right now */ -54 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +53 /* Do something quickly right now */ +54 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 55 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 1); -56 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +56 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 57 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); 58 -59 /* Do the rest at leisure via the scheduler */ +59 /* Do the rest at leisure via the scheduler */ 60 tasklet_schedule(&buttontask); 61 -62 return IRQ_HANDLED; +62 return IRQ_HANDLED; 63} 64 -65static int __init bottomhalf_init(void) +65static int __init bottomhalf_init(void) 66{ -67 int ret = 0; +67 int ret = 0; 68 -69 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +69 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 70 -71 /* register LED gpios */ +71 /* register LED gpios */ 72 ret = gpio_request_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 73 -74 if (ret) { -75 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); -76 return ret; +74 if (ret) { +75 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); +76 return ret; 77 } 78 -79 /* register BUTTON gpios */ +79 /* register BUTTON gpios */ 80 ret = gpio_request_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 81 -82 if (ret) { -83 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -84 goto fail1; +82 if (ret) { +83 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +84 goto fail1; 85 } 86 -87 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); +87 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); 88 89 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[0].gpio); 90 -91 if (ret < 0) { -92 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -93 goto fail2; +91 if (ret < 0) { +92 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +93 goto fail2; 94 } 95 96 button_irqs[0] = ret; 97 -98 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); +98 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); 99 100 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[0], button_isr, 101 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -102 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); +102 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); 103 -104 if (ret) { -105 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -106 goto fail2; +104 if (ret) { +105 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +106 goto fail2; 107 } 108 109 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[1].gpio); 110 -111 if (ret < 0) { -112 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -113 goto fail2; +111 if (ret < 0) { +112 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +113 goto fail2; 114 } 115 116 button_irqs[1] = ret; 117 -118 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); +118 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); 119 120 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[1], button_isr, 121 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -122 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); +122 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); 123 -124 if (ret) { -125 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -126 goto fail3; +124 if (ret) { +125 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +126 goto fail3; 127 } 128 -129 return 0; +129 return 0; 130 -131/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ +131/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ 132fail3: 133 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 134 @@ -4934,24 +4940,24 @@ when an interrupt is triggered. 138fail1: 139 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 140 -141 return ret; +141 return ret; 142} 143 -144static void __exit bottomhalf_exit(void) +144static void __exit bottomhalf_exit(void) 145{ -146 int i; +146 int i; 147 -148 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +148 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 149 -150 /* free irqs */ +150 /* free irqs */ 151 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 152 free_irq(button_irqs[1], NULL); 153 -154 /* turn all LEDs off */ -155 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) +154 /* turn all LEDs off */ +155 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) 156 gpio_set_value(leds[i].gpio, 0); 157 -158 /* unregister */ +158 /* unregister */ 159 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 160 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 161} @@ -4959,8 +4965,8 @@ when an interrupt is triggered. 163module_init(bottomhalf_init); 164module_exit(bottomhalf_exit); 165 -166MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -167MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Interrupt with top and bottom half");+166MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +167MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Interrupt with top and bottom half");
16 Crypto
@@ -4977,81 +4983,81 @@ favourite hash functions. demonstration of how to calculate a sha256 hash within a kernel module.-
1/* -2 * cryptosha256.c -3 */ -4#include <crypto/internal/hash.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> +1/* +2 * cryptosha256.c +3 */ +4#include <crypto/internal/hash.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> 6 -7#define SHA256_LENGTH 32 +7#define SHA256_LENGTH 32 8 -9static void show_hash_result(char *plaintext, char *hash_sha256) +9static void show_hash_result(char *plaintext, char *hash_sha256) 10{ -11 int i; -12 char str[SHA256_LENGTH * 2 + 1]; +11 int i; +12 char str[SHA256_LENGTH * 2 + 1]; 13 -14 pr_info("sha256 test for string: \"%s\"\n", plaintext); -15 for (i = 0; i < SHA256_LENGTH; i++) -16 sprintf(&str[i * 2], "%02x", (unsigned char)hash_sha256[i]); +14 pr_info("sha256 test for string: \"%s\"\n", plaintext); +15 for (i = 0; i < SHA256_LENGTH; i++) +16 sprintf(&str[i * 2], "%02x", (unsigned char)hash_sha256[i]); 17 str[i * 2] = 0; -18 pr_info("%s\n", str); +18 pr_info("%s\n", str); 19} 20 -21static int cryptosha256_init(void) +21static int cryptosha256_init(void) 22{ -23 char *plaintext = "This is a test"; -24 char hash_sha256[SHA256_LENGTH]; -25 struct crypto_shash *sha256; -26 struct shash_desc *shash; +23 char *plaintext = "This is a test"; +24 char hash_sha256[SHA256_LENGTH]; +25 struct crypto_shash *sha256; +26 struct shash_desc *shash; 27 -28 sha256 = crypto_alloc_shash("sha256", 0, 0); -29 if (IS_ERR(sha256)) -30 return -1; +28 sha256 = crypto_alloc_shash("sha256", 0, 0); +29 if (IS_ERR(sha256)) +30 return -1; 31 -32 shash = kmalloc(sizeof(struct shash_desc) + crypto_shash_descsize(sha256), +32 shash = kmalloc(sizeof(struct shash_desc) + crypto_shash_descsize(sha256), 33 GFP_KERNEL); -34 if (!shash) -35 return -ENOMEM; +34 if (!shash) +35 return -ENOMEM; 36 37 shash->tfm = sha256; 38 -39 if (crypto_shash_init(shash)) -40 return -1; +39 if (crypto_shash_init(shash)) +40 return -1; 41 -42 if (crypto_shash_update(shash, plaintext, strlen(plaintext))) -43 return -1; +42 if (crypto_shash_update(shash, plaintext, strlen(plaintext))) +43 return -1; 44 -45 if (crypto_shash_final(shash, hash_sha256)) -46 return -1; +45 if (crypto_shash_final(shash, hash_sha256)) +46 return -1; 47 48 kfree(shash); 49 crypto_free_shash(sha256); 50 51 show_hash_result(plaintext, hash_sha256); 52 -53 return 0; +53 return 0; 54} 55 -56static void cryptosha256_exit(void) +56static void cryptosha256_exit(void) 57{ 58} 59 60module_init(cryptosha256_init); 61module_exit(cryptosha256_exit); 62 -63MODULE_DESCRIPTION("sha256 hash test"); -64MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+63MODULE_DESCRIPTION("sha256 hash test"); +64MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Make and install the module:
-
1make +1make 2sudo insmod cryptosha256.ko 3dmesgAnd you should see that the hash was calculated for the test string.
Finally, remove the test module:
-
1sudo rmmod cryptosha256+1sudo rmmod cryptosha256
16.2 Symmetric key encryption
@@ -5062,183 +5068,183 @@ and a password. -1/* -2 * cryptosk.c -3 */ -4#include <crypto/internal/skcipher.h> -5#include <linux/crypto.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/random.h> -8#include <linux/scatterlist.h> +1/* +2 * cryptosk.c +3 */ +4#include <crypto/internal/skcipher.h> +5#include <linux/crypto.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/random.h> +8#include <linux/scatterlist.h> 9 -10#define SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH 32 -11#define CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE 16 +10#define SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH 32 +11#define CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE 16 12 -13struct tcrypt_result { -14 struct completion completion; -15 int err; +13struct tcrypt_result { +14 struct completion completion; +15 int err; 16}; 17 -18struct skcipher_def { -19 struct scatterlist sg; -20 struct crypto_skcipher *tfm; -21 struct skcipher_request *req; -22 struct tcrypt_result result; -23 char *scratchpad; -24 char *ciphertext; -25 char *ivdata; +18struct skcipher_def { +19 struct scatterlist sg; +20 struct crypto_skcipher *tfm; +21 struct skcipher_request *req; +22 struct tcrypt_result result; +23 char *scratchpad; +24 char *ciphertext; +25 char *ivdata; 26}; 27 -28static struct skcipher_def sk; +28static struct skcipher_def sk; 29 -30static void test_skcipher_finish(struct skcipher_def *sk) +30static void test_skcipher_finish(struct skcipher_def *sk) 31{ -32 if (sk->tfm) +32 if (sk->tfm) 33 crypto_free_skcipher(sk->tfm); -34 if (sk->req) +34 if (sk->req) 35 skcipher_request_free(sk->req); -36 if (sk->ivdata) +36 if (sk->ivdata) 37 kfree(sk->ivdata); -38 if (sk->scratchpad) +38 if (sk->scratchpad) 39 kfree(sk->scratchpad); -40 if (sk->ciphertext) +40 if (sk->ciphertext) 41 kfree(sk->ciphertext); 42} 43 -44static int test_skcipher_result(struct skcipher_def *sk, int rc) +44static int test_skcipher_result(struct skcipher_def *sk, int rc) 45{ -46 switch (rc) { -47 case 0: -48 break; -49 case -EINPROGRESS || -EBUSY: +46 switch (rc) { +47 case 0: +48 break; +49 case -EINPROGRESS || -EBUSY: 50 rc = wait_for_completion_interruptible(&sk->result.completion); -51 if (!rc && !sk->result.err) { +51 if (!rc && !sk->result.err) { 52 reinit_completion(&sk->result.completion); -53 break; +53 break; 54 } -55 pr_info("skcipher encrypt returned with %d result %d\n", rc, +55 pr_info("skcipher encrypt returned with %d result %d\n", rc, 56 sk->result.err); -57 break; -58 default: -59 pr_info("skcipher encrypt returned with %d result %d\n", rc, +57 break; +58 default: +59 pr_info("skcipher encrypt returned with %d result %d\n", rc, 60 sk->result.err); -61 break; +61 break; 62 } 63 64 init_completion(&sk->result.completion); 65 -66 return rc; +66 return rc; 67} 68 -69static void test_skcipher_callback(struct crypto_async_request *req, int error) +69static void test_skcipher_callback(struct crypto_async_request *req, int error) 70{ -71 struct tcrypt_result *result = req->data; +71 struct tcrypt_result *result = req->data; 72 -73 if (error == -EINPROGRESS) -74 return; +73 if (error == -EINPROGRESS) +74 return; 75 76 result->err = error; 77 complete(&result->completion); -78 pr_info("Encryption finished successfully\n"); +78 pr_info("Encryption finished successfully\n"); 79 -80 /* decrypt data */ -81#if 0 -82 memset((void*)sk.scratchpad, '-', CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); -83 ret = crypto_skcipher_decrypt(sk.req); -84 ret = test_skcipher_result(&sk, ret); -85 if (ret) -86 return; +80 /* decrypt data */ +81#if 0 +82 memset((void*)sk.scratchpad, '-', CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); +83 ret = crypto_skcipher_decrypt(sk.req); +84 ret = test_skcipher_result(&sk, ret); +85 if (ret) +86 return; 87 -88 sg_copy_from_buffer(&sk.sg, 1, sk.scratchpad, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); -89 sk.scratchpad[CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE-1] = 0; +88 sg_copy_from_buffer(&sk.sg, 1, sk.scratchpad, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); +89 sk.scratchpad[CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE-1] = 0; 90 -91 pr_info("Decryption request successful\n"); -92 pr_info("Decrypted: %s\n", sk.scratchpad); -93#endif +91 pr_info("Decryption request successful\n"); +92 pr_info("Decrypted: %s\n", sk.scratchpad); +93#endif 94} 95 -96static int test_skcipher_encrypt(char *plaintext, char *password, -97 struct skcipher_def *sk) +96static int test_skcipher_encrypt(char *plaintext, char *password, +97 struct skcipher_def *sk) 98{ -99 int ret = -EFAULT; -100 unsigned char key[SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH]; +99 int ret = -EFAULT; +100 unsigned char key[SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH]; 101 -102 if (!sk->tfm) { -103 sk->tfm = crypto_alloc_skcipher("cbc-aes-aesni", 0, 0); -104 if (IS_ERR(sk->tfm)) { -105 pr_info("could not allocate skcipher handle\n"); -106 return PTR_ERR(sk->tfm); +102 if (!sk->tfm) { +103 sk->tfm = crypto_alloc_skcipher("cbc-aes-aesni", 0, 0); +104 if (IS_ERR(sk->tfm)) { +105 pr_info("could not allocate skcipher handle\n"); +106 return PTR_ERR(sk->tfm); 107 } 108 } 109 -110 if (!sk->req) { +110 if (!sk->req) { 111 sk->req = skcipher_request_alloc(sk->tfm, GFP_KERNEL); -112 if (!sk->req) { -113 pr_info("could not allocate skcipher request\n"); +112 if (!sk->req) { +113 pr_info("could not allocate skcipher request\n"); 114 ret = -ENOMEM; -115 goto out; +115 goto out; 116 } 117 } 118 119 skcipher_request_set_callback(sk->req, CRYPTO_TFM_REQ_MAY_BACKLOG, 120 test_skcipher_callback, &sk->result); 121 -122 /* clear the key */ -123 memset((void *)key, '\0', SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH); +122 /* clear the key */ +123 memset((void *)key, '\0', SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH); 124 -125 /* Use the world's favourite password */ -126 sprintf((char *)key, "%s", password); +125 /* Use the world's favourite password */ +126 sprintf((char *)key, "%s", password); 127 -128 /* AES 256 with given symmetric key */ -129 if (crypto_skcipher_setkey(sk->tfm, key, SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH)) { -130 pr_info("key could not be set\n"); +128 /* AES 256 with given symmetric key */ +129 if (crypto_skcipher_setkey(sk->tfm, key, SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH)) { +130 pr_info("key could not be set\n"); 131 ret = -EAGAIN; -132 goto out; +132 goto out; 133 } -134 pr_info("Symmetric key: %s\n", key); -135 pr_info("Plaintext: %s\n", plaintext); +134 pr_info("Symmetric key: %s\n", key); +135 pr_info("Plaintext: %s\n", plaintext); 136 -137 if (!sk->ivdata) { -138 /* see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialization_vector */ +137 if (!sk->ivdata) { +138 /* see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialization_vector */ 139 sk->ivdata = kmalloc(CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL); -140 if (!sk->ivdata) { -141 pr_info("could not allocate ivdata\n"); -142 goto out; +140 if (!sk->ivdata) { +141 pr_info("could not allocate ivdata\n"); +142 goto out; 143 } 144 get_random_bytes(sk->ivdata, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); 145 } 146 -147 if (!sk->scratchpad) { -148 /* The text to be encrypted */ +147 if (!sk->scratchpad) { +148 /* The text to be encrypted */ 149 sk->scratchpad = kmalloc(CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL); -150 if (!sk->scratchpad) { -151 pr_info("could not allocate scratchpad\n"); -152 goto out; +150 if (!sk->scratchpad) { +151 pr_info("could not allocate scratchpad\n"); +152 goto out; 153 } 154 } -155 sprintf((char *)sk->scratchpad, "%s", plaintext); +155 sprintf((char *)sk->scratchpad, "%s", plaintext); 156 157 sg_init_one(&sk->sg, sk->scratchpad, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); 158 skcipher_request_set_crypt(sk->req, &sk->sg, &sk->sg, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE, 159 sk->ivdata); 160 init_completion(&sk->result.completion); 161 -162 /* encrypt data */ +162 /* encrypt data */ 163 ret = crypto_skcipher_encrypt(sk->req); 164 ret = test_skcipher_result(sk, ret); -165 if (ret) -166 goto out; +165 if (ret) +166 goto out; 167 -168 pr_info("Encryption request successful\n"); +168 pr_info("Encryption request successful\n"); 169 170out: -171 return ret; +171 return ret; 172} 173 -174static int cryptoapi_init(void) +174static int cryptoapi_init(void) 175{ -176 /* The world's favorite password */ -177 char *password = "password123"; +176 /* The world's favorite password */ +177 char *password = "password123"; 178 179 sk.tfm = NULL; 180 sk.req = NULL; @@ -5246,11 +5252,11 @@ and a password. 182 sk.ciphertext = NULL; 183 sk.ivdata = NULL; 184 -185 test_skcipher_encrypt("Testing", password, &sk); -186 return 0; +185 test_skcipher_encrypt("Testing", password, &sk); +186 return 0; 187} 188 -189static void cryptoapi_exit(void) +189static void cryptoapi_exit(void) 190{ 191 test_skcipher_finish(&sk); 192} @@ -5258,8 +5264,8 @@ and a password. 194module_init(cryptoapi_init); 195module_exit(cryptoapi_exit); 196 -197MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Symmetric key encryption example"); -198MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+197MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Symmetric key encryption example"); +198MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
17 Standardizing the interfaces: The Device Model
@@ -5271,59 +5277,59 @@ use this as a template to add your own suspend, resume or other interface functions.-
1/* -2 * devicemodel.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/kernel.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> -6#include <linux/platform_device.h> +1/* +2 * devicemodel.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/kernel.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> +6#include <linux/platform_device.h> 7 -8struct devicemodel_data { -9 char *greeting; -10 int number; +8struct devicemodel_data { +9 char *greeting; +10 int number; 11}; 12 -13static int devicemodel_probe(struct platform_device *dev) +13static int devicemodel_probe(struct platform_device *dev) 14{ -15 struct devicemodel_data *pd = -16 (struct devicemodel_data *)(dev->dev.platform_data); +15 struct devicemodel_data *pd = +16 (struct devicemodel_data *)(dev->dev.platform_data); 17 -18 pr_info("devicemodel probe\n"); -19 pr_info("devicemodel greeting: %s; %d\n", pd->greeting, pd->number); +18 pr_info("devicemodel probe\n"); +19 pr_info("devicemodel greeting: %s; %d\n", pd->greeting, pd->number); 20 -21 /* Your device initialization code */ +21 /* Your device initialization code */ 22 -23 return 0; +23 return 0; 24} 25 -26static int devicemodel_remove(struct platform_device *dev) +26static int devicemodel_remove(struct platform_device *dev) 27{ -28 pr_info("devicemodel example removed\n"); +28 pr_info("devicemodel example removed\n"); 29 -30 /* Your device removal code */ +30 /* Your device removal code */ 31 -32 return 0; +32 return 0; 33} 34 -35static int devicemodel_suspend(struct device *dev) +35static int devicemodel_suspend(struct device *dev) 36{ -37 pr_info("devicemodel example suspend\n"); +37 pr_info("devicemodel example suspend\n"); 38 -39 /* Your device suspend code */ +39 /* Your device suspend code */ 40 -41 return 0; +41 return 0; 42} 43 -44static int devicemodel_resume(struct device *dev) +44static int devicemodel_resume(struct device *dev) 45{ -46 pr_info("devicemodel example resume\n"); +46 pr_info("devicemodel example resume\n"); 47 -48 /* Your device resume code */ +48 /* Your device resume code */ 49 -50 return 0; +50 return 0; 51} 52 -53static const struct dev_pm_ops devicemodel_pm_ops = { +53static const struct dev_pm_ops devicemodel_pm_ops = { 54 .suspend = devicemodel_suspend, 55 .resume = devicemodel_resume, 56 .poweroff = devicemodel_suspend, @@ -5332,10 +5338,10 @@ functions. 59 .restore = devicemodel_resume, 60}; 61 -62static struct platform_driver devicemodel_driver = { +62static struct platform_driver devicemodel_driver = { 63 .driver = 64 { -65 .name = "devicemodel_example", +65 .name = "devicemodel_example", 66 .owner = THIS_MODULE, 67 .pm = &devicemodel_pm_ops, 68 }, @@ -5343,33 +5349,33 @@ functions. 70 .remove = devicemodel_remove, 71}; 72 -73static int devicemodel_init(void) +73static int devicemodel_init(void) 74{ -75 int ret; +75 int ret; 76 -77 pr_info("devicemodel init\n"); +77 pr_info("devicemodel init\n"); 78 79 ret = platform_driver_register(&devicemodel_driver); 80 -81 if (ret) { -82 pr_err("Unable to register driver\n"); -83 return ret; +81 if (ret) { +82 pr_err("Unable to register driver\n"); +83 return ret; 84 } 85 -86 return 0; +86 return 0; 87} 88 -89static void devicemodel_exit(void) +89static void devicemodel_exit(void) 90{ -91 pr_info("devicemodel exit\n"); +91 pr_info("devicemodel exit\n"); 92 platform_driver_unregister(&devicemodel_driver); 93} 94 95module_init(devicemodel_init); 96module_exit(devicemodel_exit); 97 -98MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -99MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Linux Device Model example");+98MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +99MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Linux Device Model example");
18 Optimizations
@@ -5389,11 +5395,11 @@ you know that the conditions are almost always likely to evaluate as either to succeed.-
1bvl = bvec_alloc(gfp_mask, nr_iovecs, &idx); -2if (unlikely(!bvl)) { +1bvl = bvec_alloc(gfp_mask, nr_iovecs, &idx); +2if (unlikely(!bvl)) { 3 mempool_free(bio, bio_pool); 4 bio = NULL; -5 goto out; +5 goto out; 6}