.\"t
.TH "mergerfs" "1" "2016\-10\-13" "mergerfs user manual" ""
.SH NAME
.PP
mergerfs \- another (FUSE based) union filesystem
.SH SYNOPSIS
.PP
mergerfs \-o<options> <srcmounts> <mountpoint>
.SH DESCRIPTION
.PP
\f[B]mergerfs\f[] is a union filesystem geared towards simplifying
storage and management of files across numerous commodity storage
devices.
It is similar to \f[B]mhddfs\f[], \f[B]unionfs\f[], and \f[B]aufs\f[].
.SH FEATURES
.IP \[bu] 2
Runs in userspace (FUSE)
.IP \[bu] 2
Configurable behaviors
.IP \[bu] 2
Support for extended attributes (xattrs)
.IP \[bu] 2
Support for file attributes (chattr)
.IP \[bu] 2
Runtime configurable (via xattrs)
.IP \[bu] 2
Safe to run as root
.IP \[bu] 2
Opportunistic credential caching
.IP \[bu] 2
Works with heterogeneous filesystem types
.IP \[bu] 2
Handling of writes to full drives (transparently move file to drive with
capacity)
.IP \[bu] 2
Handles pool of readonly and read/write drives
.SH OPTIONS
.SS options
.IP \[bu] 2
\f[B]defaults\f[]: a shortcut for FUSE\[aq]s \f[B]atomic_o_trunc\f[],
\f[B]auto_cache\f[], \f[B]big_writes\f[], \f[B]default_permissions\f[],
\f[B]splice_move\f[], \f[B]splice_read\f[], and \f[B]splice_write\f[].
These options seem to provide the best performance.
.IP \[bu] 2
\f[B]direct_io\f[]: causes FUSE to bypass an addition caching step which
can increase write speeds at the detriment of read speed.
.IP \[bu] 2
\f[B]minfreespace\f[]: the minimum space value used for creation
policies.
Understands \[aq]K\[aq], \[aq]M\[aq], and \[aq]G\[aq] to represent
kilobyte, megabyte, and gigabyte respectively.
(default: 4G)
.IP \[bu] 2
\f[B]moveonenospc\f[]: when enabled (set to \f[B]true\f[]) if a
\f[B]write\f[] fails with \f[B]ENOSPC\f[] or \f[B]EDQUOT\f[] a scan of
all drives will be done looking for the drive with most free space which
is at least the size of the file plus the amount which failed to write.
An attempt to move the file to that drive will occur (keeping all
metadata possible) and if successful the original is unlinked and the
write retried.
(default: false)
.IP \[bu] 2
\f[B]func.<func>=<policy>\f[]: sets the specific FUSE function\[aq]s
policy.
See below for the list of value types.
Example: \f[B]func.getattr=newest\f[]
.IP \[bu] 2
\f[B]category.<category>=<policy>\f[]: Sets policy of all FUSE functions
in the provided category.
Example: \f[B]category.create=mfs\f[]
.IP \[bu] 2
\f[B]fsname\f[]: sets the name of the filesystem as seen in
\f[B]mount\f[], \f[B]df\f[], etc.
Defaults to a list of the source paths concatenated together with the
longest common prefix removed.
.PP
\f[B]NOTE:\f[] Options are evaluated in the order listed so if the
options are \f[B]func.rmdir=rand,category.action=ff\f[] the
\f[B]action\f[] category setting will override the \f[B]rmdir\f[]
setting.
.SS srcmounts
.PP
The srcmounts (source mounts) argument is a colon (\[aq]:\[aq])
delimited list of paths to be included in the pool.
It does not matter if the paths are on the same or different drives nor
does it matter the filesystem.
Used and available space will not be duplicated for paths on the same
device and any features which aren\[aq]t supported by the underlying
filesystem (such as file attributes or extended attributes) will return
the appropriate errors.
.PP
To make it easier to include multiple source mounts mergerfs supports
globbing (http://linux.die.net/man/7/glob).
\f[B]The globbing tokens MUST be escaped when using via the shell else
the shell itself will expand it.\f[]
.IP
.nf
\f[C]
$\ mergerfs\ \-o\ defaults,allow_other\ /mnt/disk\\*:/mnt/cdrom\ /media/drives
\f[]
.fi
.PP
The above line will use all mount points in /mnt prefixed with
\f[B]disk\f[] and the \f[B]cdrom\f[].
.PP
To have the pool mounted at boot or otherwise accessable from related
tools use \f[B]/etc/fstab\f[].
.IP
.nf
\f[C]
#\ <file\ system>\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ <mount\ point>\ \ <type>\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ <options>\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ <dump>\ \ <pass>
/mnt/disk*:/mnt/cdrom\ \ /media/drives\ \ fuse.mergerfs\ \ defaults,allow_other\ \ 0\ \ \ \ \ \ \ 0
\f[]
.fi
.PP
\f[B]NOTE:\f[] the globbing is done at mount or xattr update time (see
below).
If a new directory is added matching the glob after the fact it will not
be automatically included.
.PP
\f[B]NOTE:\f[] for mounting via \f[B]fstab\f[] to work you must have
\f[B]mount.fuse\f[] installed.
For Ubuntu/Debian it is included in the \f[B]fuse\f[] package.
.SH FUNCTIONS / POLICIES / CATEGORIES
.PP
The POSIX filesystem API has a number of functions.
\f[B]creat\f[], \f[B]stat\f[], \f[B]chown\f[], etc.
In mergerfs these functions are grouped into 3 categories:
\f[B]action\f[], \f[B]create\f[], and \f[B]search\f[].
Functions and categories can be assigned a policy which dictates how
\f[B]mergerfs\f[] behaves.
Any policy can be assigned to a function or category though some are not
very practical.
For instance: \f[B]rand\f[] (random) may be useful for file creation
(create) but could lead to very odd behavior if used for \f[C]chmod\f[]
(though only if there were more than one copy of the file).
.PP
Policies, when called to create, will ignore drives which are readonly
or have less than \f[B]minfreespace\f[].
This allows for read/write and readonly drives to be mixed together and
keep drives which may remount as readonly on error from further
affecting the pool.
.SS Function / Category classifications
.PP
.TS
tab(@);
l l.
T{
Category
T}@T{
FUSE Functions
T}
_
T{
action
T}@T{
chmod, chown, link, removexattr, rename, rmdir, setxattr, truncate,
unlink, utimens
T}
T{
create
T}@T{
create, mkdir, mknod, symlink
T}
T{
search
T}@T{
access, getattr, getxattr, ioctl, listxattr, open, readlink
T}
T{
N/A
T}@T{
fallocate, fgetattr, fsync, ftruncate, ioctl, read, readdir, release,
statfs, write
T}
.TE
.PP
Due to FUSE limitations \f[B]ioctl\f[] behaves differently if its acting
on a directory.
It\[aq]ll use the \f[B]getattr\f[] policy to find and open the directory
before issuing the \f[B]ioctl\f[].
In other cases where something may be searched (to confirm a directory
exists across all source mounts) \f[B]getattr\f[] will also be used.
.SS Policy descriptions
.PP
.TS
tab(@);
l l.
T{
Policy
T}@T{
Description
T}
_
T{
all
T}@T{
Search category: acts like \f[B]ff\f[].
Action category: apply to all found.
Create category: for \f[B]mkdir\f[], \f[B]mknod\f[], and
\f[B]symlink\f[] it will apply to all found.
\f[B]create\f[] works like \f[B]ff\f[].
It will exclude readonly drives and those with free space less than
\f[B]minfreespace\f[].
T}
T{
epall (existing path, all)
T}@T{
Search category: acts like \f[B]epff\f[].
Action category: apply to all found.
Create category: for \f[B]mkdir\f[], \f[B]mknod\f[], and
\f[B]symlink\f[] it will apply to all existing paths found.
\f[B]create\f[] works like \f[B]epff\f[].
It will exclude readonly drives and those with free space less than
\f[B]minfreespace\f[].
T}
T{
epff
T}@T{
Given the order of the drives, as defined at mount time or when
configured via the xattr interface, act on the first one found where the
path already exists.
For \f[B]create\f[] category it will exclude readonly drives and those
with free space less than \f[B]minfreespace\f[] (unless there is no
other option).
Falls back to \f[B]ff\f[].
T}
T{
eplfs (existing path, least free space)
T}@T{
If the path exists on multiple drives use the one with the least free
space.
For \f[B]create\f[] category it will exclude readonly drives and those
with free space less than \f[B]minfreespace\f[].
Falls back to \f[B]lfs\f[].
T}
T{
eplus (existing path, least used space)
T}@T{
If the path exists on multiple drives use the one with the least used
space.
For \f[B]create\f[] category it will exclude readonly drives and those
with free space less than \f[B]minfreespace\f[].
Falls back to \f[B]lus\f[].
T}
T{
epmfs (existing path, most free space)
T}@T{
If the path exists on multiple drives use the one with the most free
space.
For \f[B]create\f[] category it will exclude readonly drives and those
with free space less than \f[B]minfreespace\f[].
Falls back to \f[B]mfs\f[].
T}
T{
eprand (existing path, random)
T}@T{
Calls \f[B]epall\f[] and then randomizes.
T}
T{
erofs
T}@T{
Exclusively return \f[B]\-1\f[] with \f[B]errno\f[] set to
\f[B]EROFS\f[].
By setting \f[B]create\f[] functions to this you can in effect turn the
filesystem readonly.
T}
T{
ff (first found)
T}@T{
Given the order of the drives, as defined at mount time or when
configured via xattr interface, act on the first one found.
For \f[B]create\f[] category it will exclude readonly drives and those
with free space less than \f[B]minfreespace\f[] (unless there is no
other option).
T}
T{
lfs (least free space)
T}@T{
Pick the drive with the least available free space.
For \f[B]create\f[] category it will exclude readonly drives and those
with free space less than \f[B]minfreespace\f[].
Falls back to \f[B]mfs\f[].
T}
T{
lus (least used space)
T}@T{
Pick the drive with the least used space.
For \f[B]create\f[] category it will exclude readonly drives and those
with free space less than \f[B]minfreespace\f[].
Falls back to \f[B]mfs\f[].
T}
T{
mfs (most free space)
T}@T{
Pick the drive with the most available free space.
For \f[B]create\f[] category it will exclude readonly drives and those
with free space less than \f[B]minfreespace\f[].
Falls back to \f[B]ff\f[].
T}
T{
newest (newest file)
T}@T{
Pick the file / directory with the largest mtime.
For \f[B]create\f[] category it will exclude readonly drives and those
with free space less than \f[B]minfreespace\f[] (unless there is no
other option).
T}
T{
rand (random)
T}@T{
Calls \f[B]all\f[] and then randomizes.
T}
.TE
.PP
\f[B]epff\f[], \f[B]eplfs\f[], \f[B]eplus\f[], and \f[B]epmf\f[] are
path preserving policies.
As the descriptions above explain they will only consider drives where
the path being accessed exists.
Non\-path preserving policies will clone paths as necessary.
.SS Defaults
.PP
.TS
tab(@);
l l.
T{
Category
T}@T{
Policy
T}
_
T{
action
T}@T{
all
T}
T{
create
T}@T{
epmfs
T}
T{
search
T}@T{
ff
T}
.TE
.SS rename & link
.PP
rename (http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/rename.2.html) is a tricky
function in a merged system.
Normally if a rename can\[aq]t be done atomically due to the source and
destination paths existing on different mount points it will return
\f[B]\-1\f[] with \f[B]errno = EXDEV\f[].
The atomic rename is most critical for replacing files in place
atomically (such as securing writing to a temp file and then replacing a
target).
The problem is that by merging multiple paths you can have N instances
of the source and destinations on different drives.
This can lead to several undesirable situtations with or without errors
and it\[aq]s not entirely obvious what to do when an error occurs.
.PP
Originally mergerfs would return EXDEV whenever a rename was requested
which was cross directory in any way.
This made the code simple and was technically complient with POSIX
requirements.
However, many applications fail to handle EXDEV at all and treat it as a
normal error or they only partially support EXDEV (don\[aq]t respond the
same as \f[C]mv\f[] would).
Such apps include: gvfsd\-fuse v1.20.3 and prior, Finder / CIFS/SMB
client in Apple OSX 10.9+, NZBGet, Samba\[aq]s recycling bin feature.
.IP \[bu] 2
If using a \f[B]create\f[] policy which tries to preserve directory
paths (epff,eplfs,eplus,epmfs)
.IP \[bu] 2
Using the \f[B]rename\f[] policy get the list of files to rename
.IP \[bu] 2
For each file attempt rename:
.RS 2
.IP \[bu] 2
If failure with ENOENT run \f[B]create\f[] policy
.IP \[bu] 2
If create policy returns the same drive as currently evaluating then
clone the path
.IP \[bu] 2
Re\-attempt rename
.RE
.IP \[bu] 2
If \f[B]any\f[] of the renames succeed the higher level rename is
considered a success
.IP \[bu] 2
If \f[B]no\f[] renames succeed the first error encountered will be
returned
.IP \[bu] 2
On success:
.RS 2
.IP \[bu] 2
Remove the target from all drives with no source file
.IP \[bu] 2
Remove the source from all drives which failed to rename
.RE
.IP \[bu] 2
If using a \f[B]create\f[] policy which does \f[B]not\f[] try to
preserve directory paths
.IP \[bu] 2
Using the \f[B]rename\f[] policy get the list of files to rename
.IP \[bu] 2
Using the \f[B]getattr\f[] policy get the target path
.IP \[bu] 2
For each file attempt rename:
.RS 2
.IP \[bu] 2
If the source drive != target drive:
.IP \[bu] 2
Clone target path from target drive to source drive
.IP \[bu] 2
Rename
.RE
.IP \[bu] 2
If \f[B]any\f[] of the renames succeed the higher level rename is
considered a success
.IP \[bu] 2
If \f[B]no\f[] renames succeed the first error encountered will be
returned
.IP \[bu] 2
On success:
.RS 2
.IP \[bu] 2
Remove the target from all drives with no source file
.IP \[bu] 2
Remove the source from all drives which failed to rename
.RE
.PP
The the removals are subject to normal entitlement checks.
.PP
The above behavior will help minimize the likelihood of EXDEV being
returned but it will still be possible.
To remove the possibility all together mergerfs would need to perform
the as \f[B]mv\f[] does when it receives EXDEV normally.
.PP
\f[B]link\f[] uses the same basic strategy.
.SS readdir
.PP
readdir (http://linux.die.net/man/3/readdir) is different from all other
filesystem functions.
While it could have it\[aq]s own set of policies to tweak its behavior
at this time it provides a simple union of files and directories found.
Remember that any action or information queried about these files and
directories come from the respective function.
For instance: an \f[B]ls\f[] is a \f[B]readdir\f[] and for each
file/directory returned \f[B]getattr\f[] is called.
Meaning the policy of \f[B]getattr\f[] is responsible for choosing the
file/directory which is the source of the metadata you see in an
\f[B]ls\f[].
.SS statvfs
.PP
statvfs (http://linux.die.net/man/2/statvfs) normalizes the source
drives based on the fragment size and sums the number of adjusted blocks
and inodes.
This means you will see the combined space of all sources.
Total, used, and free.
The sources however are dedupped based on the drive so multiple sources
on the same drive will not result in double counting it\[aq]s space.
.SH BUILDING
.PP
\f[B]NOTE:\f[] Prebuilt packages can be found at:
https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/releases
.PP
First get the code from github (http://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs).
.IP
.nf
\f[C]
$\ git\ clone\ https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs.git
$\ #\ or
$\ wget\ https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/releases/download/<ver>/mergerfs\-<ver>.tar.gz
\f[]
.fi
.SS Debian / Ubuntu
.IP
.nf
\f[C]
$\ sudo\ apt\-get\ install\ g++\ pkg\-config\ git\ git\-buildpackage\ pandoc\ debhelper\ libfuse\-dev\ libattr1\-dev\ python
$\ cd\ mergerfs
$\ make\ deb
$\ sudo\ dpkg\ \-i\ ../mergerfs_version_arch.deb
\f[]
.fi
.SS Fedora
.IP
.nf
\f[C]
$\ su\ \-
#\ dnf\ install\ rpm\-build\ fuse\-devel\ libattr\-devel\ pandoc\ gcc\-c++\ git\ make\ which\ python
#\ cd\ mergerfs
#\ make\ rpm
#\ rpm\ \-i\ rpmbuild/RPMS/<arch>/mergerfs\-<verion>.<arch>.rpm
\f[]
.fi
.SS Generically
.PP
Have git, python, pkg\-config, pandoc, libfuse, libattr1 installed.
.IP
.nf
\f[C]
$\ cd\ mergerfs
$\ make
$\ make\ man
$\ sudo\ make\ install
\f[]
.fi
.SH RUNTIME
.SS \&.mergerfs pseudo file
.IP
.nf
\f[C]
<mountpoint>/.mergerfs
\f[]
.fi
.PP
There is a pseudo file available at the mount point which allows for the
runtime modification of certain \f[B]mergerfs\f[] options.
The file will not show up in \f[B]readdir\f[] but can be
\f[B]stat\f[]\[aq]ed and manipulated via
{list,get,set}xattrs (http://linux.die.net/man/2/listxattr) calls.
.PP
Even if xattrs are disabled for mergerfs the
{list,get,set}xattrs (http://linux.die.net/man/2/listxattr) calls
against this pseudo file will still work.
.PP
Any changes made at runtime are \f[B]not\f[] persisted.
If you wish for values to persist they must be included as options
wherever you configure the mounting of mergerfs (fstab).
.SS Keys
.PP
Use \f[C]xattr\ \-l\ /mount/point/.mergerfs\f[] to see all supported
keys.
Some are informational and therefore readonly.
.SS user.mergerfs.srcmounts
.PP
Used to query or modify the list of source mounts.
When modifying there are several shortcuts to easy manipulation of the
list.
.PP
.TS
tab(@);
l l.
T{
Value
T}@T{
Description
T}
_
T{
[list]
T}@T{
set
T}
T{
+<[list]
T}@T{
prepend
T}
T{
+>[list]
T}@T{
append
T}
T{
\-[list]
T}@T{
remove all values provided
T}
T{
\-<
T}@T{
remove first in list
T}
T{
\->
T}@T{
remove last in list
T}
.TE
.SS minfreespace
.PP
Input: interger with an optional multiplier suffix.
\f[B]K\f[], \f[B]M\f[], or \f[B]G\f[].
.PP
Output: value in bytes
.SS moveonenospc
.PP
Input: \f[B]true\f[] and \f[B]false\f[]
.PP
Ouput: \f[B]true\f[] or \f[B]false\f[]
.SS categories / funcs
.PP
Input: short policy string as described elsewhere in this document
.PP
Output: the policy string except for categories where its funcs have
multiple types.
In that case it will be a comma separated list
.SS Example
.IP
.nf
\f[C]
[trapexit:/tmp/mount]\ $\ xattr\ \-l\ .mergerfs
user.mergerfs.srcmounts:\ /tmp/a:/tmp/b
user.mergerfs.minfreespace:\ 4294967295
user.mergerfs.moveonenospc:\ false
\&...

[trapexit:/tmp/mount]\ $\ xattr\ \-p\ user.mergerfs.category.search\ .mergerfs
ff

[trapexit:/tmp/mount]\ $\ xattr\ \-w\ user.mergerfs.category.search\ newest\ .mergerfs
[trapexit:/tmp/mount]\ $\ xattr\ \-p\ user.mergerfs.category.search\ .mergerfs
newest

[trapexit:/tmp/mount]\ $\ xattr\ \-w\ user.mergerfs.srcmounts\ +/tmp/c\ .mergerfs
[trapexit:/tmp/mount]\ $\ xattr\ \-p\ user.mergerfs.srcmounts\ .mergerfs
/tmp/a:/tmp/b:/tmp/c

[trapexit:/tmp/mount]\ $\ xattr\ \-w\ user.mergerfs.srcmounts\ =/tmp/c\ .mergerfs
[trapexit:/tmp/mount]\ $\ xattr\ \-p\ user.mergerfs.srcmounts\ .mergerfs
/tmp/c

[trapexit:/tmp/mount]\ $\ xattr\ \-w\ user.mergerfs.srcmounts\ \[aq]+</tmp/a:/tmp/b\[aq]\ .mergerfs
[trapexit:/tmp/mount]\ $\ xattr\ \-p\ user.mergerfs.srcmounts\ .mergerfs
/tmp/a:/tmp/b:/tmp/c
\f[]
.fi
.SS file / directory xattrs
.PP
While they won\[aq]t show up when using
listxattr (http://linux.die.net/man/2/listxattr) \f[B]mergerfs\f[]
offers a number of special xattrs to query information about the files
served.
To access the values you will need to issue a
getxattr (http://linux.die.net/man/2/getxattr) for one of the following:
.IP \[bu] 2
\f[B]user.mergerfs.basepath:\f[] the base mount point for the file given
the current getattr policy
.IP \[bu] 2
\f[B]user.mergerfs.relpath:\f[] the relative path of the file from the
perspective of the mount point
.IP \[bu] 2
\f[B]user.mergerfs.fullpath:\f[] the full path of the original file
given the getattr policy
.IP \[bu] 2
\f[B]user.mergerfs.allpaths:\f[] a NUL (\[aq]\[aq]) separated list of
full paths to all files found
.IP
.nf
\f[C]
[trapexit:/tmp/mount]\ $\ ls
A\ B\ C
[trapexit:/tmp/mount]\ $\ xattr\ \-p\ user.mergerfs.fullpath\ A
/mnt/a/full/path/to/A
[trapexit:/tmp/mount]\ $\ xattr\ \-p\ user.mergerfs.basepath\ A
/mnt/a
[trapexit:/tmp/mount]\ $\ xattr\ \-p\ user.mergerfs.relpath\ A
/full/path/to/A
[trapexit:/tmp/mount]\ $\ xattr\ \-p\ user.mergerfs.allpaths\ A\ |\ tr\ \[aq]\\0\[aq]\ \[aq]\\n\[aq]
/mnt/a/full/path/to/A
/mnt/b/full/path/to/A
\f[]
.fi
.SH TOOLING
.IP \[bu] 2
https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs\-tools
.IP \[bu] 2
mergerfs.ctl: A tool to make it easier to query and configure mergerfs
at runtime
.IP \[bu] 2
mergerfs.fsck: Provides permissions and ownership auditing and the
ability to fix them
.IP \[bu] 2
mergerfs.dedup: Will help identify and optionally remove duplicate files
.IP \[bu] 2
mergerfs.mktrash: Creates FreeDesktop.org Trash specification compatible
directories on a mergerfs mount
.IP \[bu] 2
https://github.com/trapexit/scorch
.IP \[bu] 2
scorch: A tool to help discover silent corruption of files
.SH TIPS / NOTES
.IP \[bu] 2
Run mergerfs as \f[C]root\f[] unless you\[aq]re merging paths which are
owned by the same user otherwise strange permission issues may arise.
.IP \[bu] 2
https://github.com/trapexit/backup\-and\-recovery\-howtos : A set of
guides / howtos on creating a data storage system, backing it up,
maintaining it, and recovering from failure.
.IP \[bu] 2
If you don\[aq]t see some directories / files you expect in a merged
point be sure the user has permission to all the underlying directories.
If \f[C]/drive0/a\f[] has is owned by \f[C]root:root\f[] with ACLs set
to \f[C]0700\f[] and \f[C]/drive1/a\f[] is \f[C]root:root\f[] and
\f[C]0755\f[] you\[aq]ll see only \f[C]/drive1/a\f[].
Use \f[C]mergerfs.fsck\f[] to audit the drive for out of sync
permissions.
.IP \[bu] 2
Do \f[I]not\f[] use \f[C]direct_io\f[] if you expect applications (such
as rtorrent) to mmap (http://linux.die.net/man/2/mmap) files.
It is not currently supported in FUSE w/ \f[C]direct_io\f[] enabled.
.IP \[bu] 2
Since POSIX gives you only error or success on calls its difficult to
determine the proper behavior when applying the behavior to multiple
targets.
\f[B]mergerfs\f[] will return an error only if all attempts of an action
fail.
Any success will lead to a success returned.
.IP \[bu] 2
The recommended options are \f[B]defaults,allow_other\f[].
The \f[B]allow_other\f[] is to allow users who are not the one which
executed mergerfs access to the mountpoint.
\f[B]defaults\f[] is described above and should offer the best
performance.
It\[aq]s possible that if you\[aq]re running on an older platform the
\f[B]splice\f[] features aren\[aq]t available and could error.
In that case simply use the other options manually.
.IP \[bu] 2
If write performance is valued more than read it may be useful to enable
\f[B]direct_io\f[].
Best to benchmark with and without and choose appropriately.
.IP \[bu] 2
Remember: some policies mixed with some functions may result in strange
behaviors.
Not that some of these behaviors and race conditions couldn\[aq]t happen
outside \f[B]mergerfs\f[] but that they are far more likely to occur on
account of attempt to merge together multiple sources of data which
could be out of sync due to the different policies.
.IP \[bu] 2
An example: Kodi (http://kodi.tv) and Plex (http://plex.tv) can use
directory mtime (http://linux.die.net/man/2/stat) to more efficiently
determine whether to scan for new content rather than simply performing
a full scan.
If using the current default \f[B]getattr\f[] policy of \f[B]ff\f[] its
possible \f[B]Kodi\f[] will miss an update on account of it returning
the first directory found\[aq]s \f[B]stat\f[] info and its a later
directory on another mount which had the \f[B]mtime\f[] recently
updated.
To fix this you will want to set \f[B]func.getattr=newest\f[].
Remember though that this is just \f[B]stat\f[].
If the file is later \f[B]open\f[]\[aq]ed or \f[B]unlink\f[]\[aq]ed and
the policy is different for those then a completely different file or
directory could be acted on.
.IP \[bu] 2
Due to previously mentioned issues its generally best to set
\f[B]category\f[] wide policies rather than individual
\f[B]func\f[]\[aq]s.
This will help limit the confusion of tools such as
rsync (http://linux.die.net/man/1/rsync).
.SH KNOWN ISSUES / BUGS
.SS rtorrent fails with ENODEV (No such device)
.PP
Be sure to turn off \f[C]direct_io\f[].
rtorrent and some other applications use
mmap (http://linux.die.net/man/2/mmap) to read and write to files and
offer no failback to traditional methods.
FUSE does not currently support mmap while using \f[C]direct_io\f[].
There will be a performance penalty on writes with \f[C]direct_io\f[]
off but it\[aq]s the only way to get such applications to work.
If the performance loss is too high for other apps you can mount
mergerfs twice.
Once with \f[C]direct_io\f[] enabled and one without it.
.SS mmap performance is really bad
.PP
There is a bug (https://lkml.org/lkml/2016/3/16/260) in caching which
affects overall performance of mmap through FUSE in Linux 4.x kernels.
It is fixed in 4.4.10 and 4.5.4 (https://lkml.org/lkml/2016/5/11/59).
.SS Trashing files occasionally fails
.PP
This is the same issue as with Samba.
\f[C]rename\f[] returns \f[C]EXDEV\f[] (in our case that will really
only happen with path preserving policies like \f[C]epmfs\f[]) and the
software doesn\[aq]t handle the situtation well.
This is unfortunately a common failure of software which moves files
around.
The standard indicates that an implementation \f[C]MAY\f[] choose to
support non\-user home directory trashing of files (which is a
\f[C]MUST\f[]).
The implementation \f[C]MAY\f[] also support "top directory trashes"
which many probably do.
.PP
To create a \f[C]$topdir/.Trash\f[] directory as defined in the standard
use the mergerfs\-tools (https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs-tools)
tool \f[C]mergerfs.mktrash\f[].
.SS Samba: Moving files / directories fails
.PP
Workaround: Copy the file/directory and then remove the original rather
than move.
.PP
This isn\[aq]t an issue with Samba but some SMB clients.
GVFS\-fuse v1.20.3 and prior (found in Ubuntu 14.04 among others) failed
to handle certain error codes correctly.
Particularly \f[B]STATUS_NOT_SAME_DEVICE\f[] which comes from the
\f[B]EXDEV\f[] which is returned by \f[B]rename\f[] when the call is
crossing mount points.
When a program gets an \f[B]EXDEV\f[] it needs to explicitly take an
alternate action to accomplish it\[aq]s goal.
In the case of \f[B]mv\f[] or similar it tries \f[B]rename\f[] and on
\f[B]EXDEV\f[] falls back to a manual copying of data between the two
locations and unlinking the source.
In these older versions of GVFS\-fuse if it received \f[B]EXDEV\f[] it
would translate that into \f[B]EIO\f[].
This would cause \f[B]mv\f[] or most any application attempting to move
files around on that SMB share to fail with a IO error.
.PP
GVFS\-fuse v1.22.0 (https://bugzilla.gnome.org/show_bug.cgi?id=734568)
and above fixed this issue but a large number of systems use the older
release.
On Ubuntu the version can be checked by issuing
\f[C]apt\-cache\ showpkg\ gvfs\-fuse\f[].
Most distros released in 2015 seem to have the updated release and will
work fine but older systems may not.
Upgrading gvfs\-fuse or the distro in general will address the problem.
.PP
In Apple\[aq]s MacOSX 10.9 they replaced Samba (client and server) with
their own product.
It appears their new client does not handle \f[B]EXDEV\f[] either and
responds similar to older release of gvfs on Linux.
.SS Supplemental user groups
.PP
Due to the overhead of
getgroups/setgroups (http://linux.die.net/man/2/setgroups) mergerfs
utilizes a cache.
This cache is opportunistic and per thread.
Each thread will query the supplemental groups for a user when that
particular thread needs to change credentials and will keep that data
for the lifetime of the thread.
This means that if a user is added to a group it may not be picked up
without the restart of mergerfs.
However, since the high level FUSE API\[aq]s (at least the standard
version) thread pool dynamically grows and shrinks it\[aq]s possible
that over time a thread will be killed and later a new thread with no
cache will start and query the new data.
.PP
The gid cache uses fixed storage to simplify the design and be
compatible with older systems which may not have C++11 compilers.
There is enough storage for 256 users\[aq] supplemental groups.
Each user is allowed upto 32 supplemental groups.
Linux >= 2.6.3 allows upto 65535 groups per user but most other *nixs
allow far less.
NFS allowing only 16.
The system does handle overflow gracefully.
If the user has more than 32 supplemental groups only the first 32 will
be used.
If more than 256 users are using the system when an uncached user is
found it will evict an existing user\[aq]s cache at random.
So long as there aren\[aq]t more than 256 active users this should be
fine.
If either value is too low for your needs you will have to modify
\f[C]gidcache.hpp\f[] to increase the values.
Note that doing so will increase the memory needed by each thread.
.SS mergerfs or libfuse crashing
.PP
If suddenly the mergerfs mount point disappears and
\f[C]Transport\ endpoint\ is\ not\ connected\f[] is returned when
attempting to perform actions within the mount directory \f[B]and\f[]
the version of libfuse (use \f[C]mergerfs\ \-v\f[] to find the version)
is older than \f[C]2.9.4\f[] its likely due to a bug in libfuse.
Affected versions of libfuse can be found in Debian Wheezy, Ubuntu
Precise and others.
.PP
In order to fix this please install newer versions of libfuse.
If using a Debian based distro (Debian,Ubuntu,Mint) you can likely just
install newer versions of
libfuse (https://packages.debian.org/unstable/libfuse2) and
fuse (https://packages.debian.org/unstable/fuse) from the repo of a
newer release.
.SS mergerfs under heavy load and memory preasure leads to kernel panic
.PP
https://lkml.org/lkml/2016/9/14/527
.IP
.nf
\f[C]
[25192.515454]\ kernel\ BUG\ at\ /build/linux\-a2WvEb/linux\-4.4.0/mm/workingset.c:346!
[25192.517521]\ invalid\ opcode:\ 0000\ [#1]\ SMP
[25192.519602]\ Modules\ linked\ in:\ netconsole\ ip6t_REJECT\ nf_reject_ipv6\ ipt_REJECT\ nf_reject_ipv4\ configfs\ binfmt_misc\ veth\ bridge\ stp\ llc\ nf_conntrack_ipv6\ nf_defrag_ipv6\ xt_conntrack\ ip6table_filter\ ip6_tables\ xt_multiport\ iptable_filter\ ipt_MASQUERADE\ nf_nat_masquerade_ipv4\ xt_comment\ xt_nat\ iptable_nat\ nf_conntrack_ipv4\ nf_defrag_ipv4\ nf_nat_ipv4\ nf_nat\ nf_conntrack\ xt_CHECKSUM\ xt_tcpudp\ iptable_mangle\ ip_tables\ x_tables\ intel_rapl\ x86_pkg_temp_thermal\ intel_powerclamp\ eeepc_wmi\ asus_wmi\ coretemp\ sparse_keymap\ kvm_intel\ ppdev\ kvm\ irqbypass\ mei_me\ 8250_fintek\ input_leds\ serio_raw\ parport_pc\ tpm_infineon\ mei\ shpchp\ mac_hid\ parport\ lpc_ich\ autofs4\ drbg\ ansi_cprng\ dm_crypt\ algif_skcipher\ af_alg\ btrfs\ raid456\ async_raid6_recov\ async_memcpy\ async_pq\ async_xor\ async_tx\ xor\ raid6_pq\ libcrc32c\ raid0\ multipath\ linear\ raid10\ raid1\ i915\ crct10dif_pclmul\ crc32_pclmul\ aesni_intel\ i2c_algo_bit\ aes_x86_64\ drm_kms_helper\ lrw\ gf128mul\ glue_helper\ ablk_helper\ syscopyarea\ cryptd\ sysfillrect\ sysimgblt\ fb_sys_fops\ drm\ ahci\ r8169\ libahci\ mii\ wmi\ fjes\ video\ [last\ unloaded:\ netconsole]
[25192.540910]\ CPU:\ 2\ PID:\ 63\ Comm:\ kswapd0\ Not\ tainted\ 4.4.0\-36\-generic\ #55\-Ubuntu
[25192.543411]\ Hardware\ name:\ System\ manufacturer\ System\ Product\ Name/P8H67\-M\ PRO,\ BIOS\ 3904\ 04/27/2013
[25192.545840]\ task:\ ffff88040cae6040\ ti:\ ffff880407488000\ task.ti:\ ffff880407488000
[25192.548277]\ RIP:\ 0010:[<ffffffff811ba501>]\ \ [<ffffffff811ba501>]\ shadow_lru_isolate+0x181/0x190
[25192.550706]\ RSP:\ 0018:ffff88040748bbe0\ \ EFLAGS:\ 00010002
[25192.553127]\ RAX:\ 0000000000001c81\ RBX:\ ffff8802f91ee928\ RCX:\ ffff8802f91eeb38
[25192.555544]\ RDX:\ ffff8802f91ee938\ RSI:\ ffff8802f91ee928\ RDI:\ ffff8804099ba2c0
[25192.557914]\ RBP:\ ffff88040748bc08\ R08:\ 000000000001a7b6\ R09:\ 000000000000003f
[25192.560237]\ R10:\ 000000000001a750\ R11:\ 0000000000000000\ R12:\ ffff8804099ba2c0
[25192.562512]\ R13:\ ffff8803157e9680\ R14:\ ffff8803157e9668\ R15:\ ffff8804099ba2c8
[25192.564724]\ FS:\ \ 0000000000000000(0000)\ GS:ffff88041f280000(0000)\ knlGS:0000000000000000
[25192.566990]\ CS:\ \ 0010\ DS:\ 0000\ ES:\ 0000\ CR0:\ 0000000080050033
[25192.569201]\ CR2:\ 00007ffabb690000\ CR3:\ 0000000001e0a000\ CR4:\ 00000000000406e0
[25192.571419]\ Stack:
[25192.573550]\ \ ffff8804099ba2c0\ ffff88039e4f86f0\ ffff8802f91ee928\ ffff8804099ba2c8
[25192.575695]\ \ ffff88040748bd08\ ffff88040748bc58\ ffffffff811b99bf\ 0000000000000052
[25192.577814]\ \ 0000000000000000\ ffffffff811ba380\ 000000000000008a\ 0000000000000080
[25192.579947]\ Call\ Trace:
[25192.582022]\ \ [<ffffffff811b99bf>]\ __list_lru_walk_one.isra.3+0x8f/0x130
[25192.584137]\ \ [<ffffffff811ba380>]\ ?\ memcg_drain_all_list_lrus+0x190/0x190
[25192.586165]\ \ [<ffffffff811b9a83>]\ list_lru_walk_one+0x23/0x30
[25192.588145]\ \ [<ffffffff811ba544>]\ scan_shadow_nodes+0x34/0x50
[25192.590074]\ \ [<ffffffff811a0e9d>]\ shrink_slab.part.40+0x1ed/0x3d0
[25192.591985]\ \ [<ffffffff811a53da>]\ shrink_zone+0x2ca/0x2e0
[25192.593863]\ \ [<ffffffff811a64ce>]\ kswapd+0x51e/0x990
[25192.595737]\ \ [<ffffffff811a5fb0>]\ ?\ mem_cgroup_shrink_node_zone+0x1c0/0x1c0
[25192.597613]\ \ [<ffffffff810a0808>]\ kthread+0xd8/0xf0
[25192.599495]\ \ [<ffffffff810a0730>]\ ?\ kthread_create_on_node+0x1e0/0x1e0
[25192.601335]\ \ [<ffffffff8182e34f>]\ ret_from_fork+0x3f/0x70
[25192.603193]\ \ [<ffffffff810a0730>]\ ?\ kthread_create_on_node+0x1e0/0x1e0
\f[]
.fi
.PP
There is a bug in the kernel.
A work around appears to be turning off \f[C]splice\f[].
Add \f[C]no_splice_write,no_splice_move,no_splice_read\f[] to
mergerfs\[aq] options.
Should be placed after \f[C]defaults\f[] if it is used since it will
turn them on.
.SH FAQ
.SS Why use mergerfs over mhddfs?
.PP
mhddfs is no longer maintained and has some known stability and security
issues (see below).
MergerFS provides a superset of mhddfs\[aq] features and should offer
the same or maybe better performance.
.SS Why use mergerfs over aufs?
.PP
While aufs can offer better peak performance mergerfs offers more
configurability and is generally easier to use.
mergerfs however doesn\[aq]t offer the same overlay features (which
tends to result in whiteout files being left around the underlying
filesystems.)
.SS Why use mergerfs over LVM/ZFS/BTRFS/RAID0 drive concatenation /
striping?
.PP
With simple JBOD / drive concatenation / stripping / RAID0 a single
drive failure will lead to full pool failure.
mergerfs performs a similar behavior without the catastrophic failure
and general lack of recovery.
Drives can fail and all other data will continue to be accessable.
.PP
When combined with something like SnapRaid (http://www.snapraid.it)
and/or an offsite full backup solution you can have the flexibilty of
JBOD without the single point of failure.
.SS Can drives be written to directly? Outside of mergerfs while pooled?
.PP
Yes.
It will be represented immediately in the pool as the policies would
describe.
.SS Why do I get an "out of space" error even though the system says
there\[aq]s lots of space left?
.PP
Please reread the sections above about policies, path preserving, and
the \f[B]moveonenospc\f[] option.
If the policy is path preserving and a drive is almost full and the
drive the policy would pick then the writing of the file may fill the
drive and receive ENOSPC errors.
That is expected with those settings.
If you don\[aq]t want that: enable \f[B]moveonenospc\f[] and don\[aq]t
use a path preserving policy.
.SS It\[aq]s mentioned that there are some security issues with mhddfs.
What are they? How does mergerfs address them?
.PP
mhddfs (https://github.com/trapexit/mhddfs) tries to handle being run as
\f[B]root\f[] by calling
getuid() (https://github.com/trapexit/mhddfs/blob/cae96e6251dd91e2bdc24800b4a18a74044f6672/src/main.c#L319)
and if it returns \f[B]0\f[] then it will
chown (http://linux.die.net/man/1/chown) the file.
Not only is that a race condition but it doesn\[aq]t handle many other
situations.
Rather than attempting to simulate POSIX ACL behaviors the proper
behavior is to use seteuid (http://linux.die.net/man/2/seteuid) and
setegid (http://linux.die.net/man/2/setegid), become the user making the
original call and perform the action as them.
This is how mergerfs (https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs) handles
things.
.PP
If you are familiar with POSIX standards you\[aq]ll know that this
behavior poses a problem.
\f[B]seteuid\f[] and \f[B]setegid\f[] affect the whole process and
\f[B]libfuse\f[] is multithreaded by default.
We\[aq]d need to lock access to \f[B]seteuid\f[] and \f[B]setegid\f[]
with a mutex so that the several threads aren\[aq]t stepping on one
anofther and files end up with weird permissions and ownership.
This however wouldn\[aq]t scale well.
With lots of calls the contention on that mutex would be extremely high.
Thankfully on Linux and OSX we have a better solution.
.PP
OSX has a non\-portable pthread
extension (https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/Darwin/Reference/ManPages/man2/pthread_setugid_np.2.html)
for per\-thread user and group impersonation.
.PP
Linux does not support
pthread_setugid_np (https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/Darwin/Reference/ManPages/man2/pthread_setugid_np.2.html)
but user and group IDs are a per\-thread attribute though documentation
on that fact or how to manipulate them is not well distributed.
From the \f[B]4.00\f[] release of the Linux man\-pages project for
setuid (http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/setuid.2.html).
.RS
.PP
At the kernel level, user IDs and group IDs are a per\-thread attribute.
However, POSIX requires that all threads in a process share the same
credentials.
The NPTL threading implementation handles the POSIX requirements by
providing wrapper functions for the various system calls that change
process UIDs and GIDs.
These wrapper functions (including the one for setuid()) employ a
signal\-based technique to ensure that when one thread changes
credentials, all of the other threads in the process also change their
credentials.
For details, see nptl(7).
.RE
.PP
Turns out the setreuid syscalls apply only to the thread.
GLIBC hides this away using RT signals to inform all threads to change
credentials.
Taking after \f[B]Samba\f[] mergerfs uses
\f[B]syscall(SYS_setreuid,...)\f[] to set the callers credentials for
that thread only.
Jumping back to \f[B]root\f[] as necessary should escalated privileges
be needed (for instance: to clone paths).
.PP
For non\-Linux systems mergerfs uses a read\-write lock and changes
credentials only when necessary.
If multiple threads are to be user X then only the first one will need
to change the processes credentials.
So long as the other threads need to be user X they will take a readlock
allow multiple threads to share the credentials.
Once a request comes in to run as user Y that thread will attempt a
write lock and change to Y\[aq]s credentials when it can.
If the ability to give writers priority is supported then that flag will
be used so threads trying to change credentials don\[aq]t starve.
This isn\[aq]t the best solution but should work reasonably well.
As new platforms are supported if they offer per thread credentials
those APIs will be adopted.
.SH SUPPORT
.SS Issues with the software
.IP \[bu] 2
github.com: https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/issues
.IP \[bu] 2
email: trapexit\@spawn.link
.SS Support development
.IP \[bu] 2
Gratipay: https://gratipay.com/~trapexit
.IP \[bu] 2
BitCoin: 12CdMhEPQVmjz3SSynkAEuD5q9JmhTDCZA
.SH LINKS
.IP \[bu] 2
http://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs
.IP \[bu] 2
http://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs\-tools
.IP \[bu] 2
http://github.com/trapexit/scorch
.IP \[bu] 2
http://github.com/trapexit/backup\-and\-recovery\-howtos
.SH AUTHORS
Antonio SJ Musumeci <trapexit@spawn.link>.