% mergerfs(1) mergerfs user manual
% Antonio SJ Musumeci trapexit@spawn.link
% 2016-01-12

NAME

mergerfs - another FUSE union filesystem

SYNOPSIS

mergerfs -o<options> <srcmounts> <mountpoint>

DESCRIPTION

mergerfs is similar to mhddfs, unionfs, and aufs. Like mhddfs in that it too uses FUSE. Like aufs in that it provides multiple policies for how to handle behavior.

Why mergerfs when those exist? mhddfs has not been updated in some time nor very flexible. There are also security issues when with running as root. aufs is more flexible than mhddfs but kernel based and difficult to debug when problems arise. Neither support file attributes (chattr).

FEATURES

• Runs in userspace (FUSE)
• Configurable behaviors
• Supports extended attributes (xattrs)
• Supports file attributes (chattr)
• Dynamically configurable (via xattrs)
• Safe to run as root
• Opportunistic credential caching
• Works with heterogeneous filesystem types

OPTIONS

###options###

• defaults: a shortcut for FUSE's atomic_o_trunc, auto_cache, big_writes, default_permissions, splice_move, splice_read, and splice_write. These options seem to provide the best performance.
• direct_io: causes FUSE to bypass an addition caching step which can increase write speeds at the detriment of read speed.
• minfreespace: the minimum space value used for the lfs, fwfs, and epmfs policies. Understands 'K', 'M', and 'G' to represent kilobyte, megabyte, and gigabyte respectively. (default: 4G)
• moveonenospc: when enabled (set to true) if a write fails with ENOSPC a scan of all drives will be done looking for the drive with most free space which is at least the size of the file plus the amount which failed to write. An attempt to move the file to that drive will occur (keeping all metadata possible) and if successful the original is unlinked and the write retried. (default: false)
• func.<func>=<policy>: sets the specific FUSE function's policy. See below for the list of value types. Example: func.getattr=newest
• category.<category>=<policy>: Sets policy of all FUSE functions in the provided category. Example: category.create=mfs

NOTE: Options are evaluated in the order listed so if the options are func.rmdir=rand,category.action=ff the action category setting will override the rmdir setting.

###srcmounts###

The source mounts argument is a colon (':') delimited list of paths. To make it simpler to include multiple source mounts without having to modify your fstab we also support globbing. The globbing tokens MUST be escaped when using via the shell else the shell itself will probably expand it.

$ mergerfs /mnt/disk\*:/mnt/cdrom /media/drives

The above line will use all mount points in /mnt prefixed with disk and the directory cdrom.

In /etc/fstab it'd look like the following:

# <file system>        <mount point>  <type>         <options>             <dump>  <pass>
/mnt/disk*:/mnt/cdrom  /media/drives  fuse.mergerfs  defaults,allow_other  0       0

NOTE: the globbing is done at mount or xattr update time. If a new directory is added matching the glob after the fact it will not be included.

POLICIES

Filesystem calls are broken up into 3 categories: action, create, search. There are also some calls which have no policy attached due to state being kept between calls. These categories can be assigned a policy which dictates how mergerfs behaves. Any policy can be assigned to a category though some aren't terribly practical. For instance: rand (Random) may be useful for create but could lead to very odd behavior if used for search.

Functional classifications

Category	FUSE Functions
action	chmod, chown, link, removexattr, rename, rmdir, setxattr, truncate, unlink, utimens
create	create, mkdir, mknod, symlink
search	access, getattr, getxattr, ioctl, listxattr, open, readlink
N/A	fallocate, fgetattr, fsync, ftruncate, ioctl, read, readdir, release, statfs, write

ioctl behaves differently if its acting on a directory. It'll use the getattr policy to find and open the directory before issuing the ioctl. In other cases where something may be searched (to confirm a directory exists across all source mounts) then getattr will be used.

Policy descriptions

Policy	Description
ff (first found)	Given the order of the drives act on the first one found (regardless if stat would return EACCES).
ffwp (first found w/ permissions)	Given the order of the drives act on the first one found which you have access (stat does not error with EACCES).
newest (newest file)	If multiple files exist return the one with the most recent mtime.
mfs (most free space)	Use the drive with the most free space available.
epmfs (existing path, most free space)	If the path exists on multiple drives use the one with the most free space and is greater than minfreespace. If no drive has at least minfreespace then fallback to mfs.
fwfs (first with free space)	Pick the first drive which has at least minfreespace.
lfs (least free space)	Pick the drive with least available space but more than minfreespace.
rand (random)	Pick an existing drive at random.
all	Applies action to all found. For searches it will behave like first found ff.
enosys, einval, enotsup, exdev, erofs	Exclusively return -1 with errno set to the respective value. Useful for debugging other applications' behavior to errors.

Defaults

Category	Policy
action	all
create	epmfs
search	ff

rename

rename is a tricky function in a merged system. Normally if a rename can't be done atomically due to the source and destination paths existing on different mount points it will return -1 with errno = EXDEV. The atomic rename is most critical for replacing files in place atomically (such as securing writing to a temp file and then replacing a target). The problem is that by merging multiple paths you can have N instances of the source and destinations on different drives. This can lead to several undesirable situtations with or without errors and it's not entirely obvious what to do when an error occurs.

Originally mergerfs would return EXDEV whenever a rename was requested which was cross directory in any way. This made the code simple and was technically complient with POSIX requirements. However, many applications fail to handle EXDEV at all and treat it as a normal error or they only partially support EXDEV (don't respond the same as mv would). Such apps include: gvfsd-fuse v1.20.3 and prior, Finder / CIFS/SMB client in Apple OSX 10.9+, NZBGet, Samba's recycling bin feature.

• If using a policy which tries to preserve directories (epmfs)
  • Using the rename policy get the list of files to rename
  • For each file attempt rename:
    • If failure with ENOENT run create policy
    • If create policy returns the same drive as currently evaluating then clone the path
    • Re-attempt rename
  • If any of the renames succeed the higher level rename is considered a success
  • If no renames succeed the first error encountered will be returned
  • On success:
    • Remove the target from all drives with no source file
    • Remove the source from all drives which failed to rename
• If using a policy which does not try to preserve directories
  • Using the rename policy get the list of files to rename
  • Using the getattr policy get the target path
  • For each file attempt rename:
    • If the source drive != target drive:
      • Clone target path from target drive to source drive
    • Rename
  • If any of the renames succeed the higher level rename is considered a success
  • If no renames succeed the first error encountered will be returned
  • On success:
    • Remove the target from all drives with no source file
    • Remove the source from all drives which failed to rename

The the removals are subject to normal entitlement checks.

The above behavior will help minimize the likelihood of EXDEV being returned but it will still be possible. To remove the possibility all together mergerfs would need to perform the as mv does when it receives EXDEV normally.

readdir

readdir is very different from most functions in this realm. It certainly could have it's own set of policies to tweak its behavior. At this time it provides a simple first found merging of directories and file found. That is: only the first file or directory found for a directory is returned. Given how FUSE works though the data representing the returned entry comes from getattr.

It could be extended to offer the ability to see all files found. Perhaps concatenating # and a number to the name. But to really be useful you'd need to be able to access them which would complicate file lookup.

statvfs

statvfs normalizes the source drives based on the fragment size and sums the number of adjusted blocks and inodes. This means you will see the combined space of all sources. Total, used, and free. The sources however are dedupped based on the drive so multiple mount points on the same drive will not result in double counting it's space.

NOTE: Since we can not (easily) replicate the atomicity of an mkdir or mknod without side effects those calls will first do a scan to see if the file exists and then attempts a create. This means there is a slight race condition. Worse case you'd end up with the directory or file on more than one mount.

BUILDING

NOTE: Prebuilt packages can be found at: https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/releases

First get the code from github.

$ git clone https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs.git
$ # or
$ wget https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/archive/master.zip

Debian / Ubuntu

$ sudo apt-get install g++ pkg-config git git-buildpackage pandoc debhelper libfuse-dev libattr1-dev
$ cd mergerfs
$ make deb
$ sudo dpkg -i ../mergerfs_version_arch.deb

Fedora

$ su -
# dnf install rpm-build fuse-devel libattr-devel pandoc gcc-c++ git make which
# cd mergerfs
# make rpm
# rpm -i rpmbuild/RPMS/<arch>/mergerfs-<verion>.<arch>.rpm

Generically

Have pkg-config, pandoc, libfuse, libattr1 installed.

$ cd mergerfs
$ make
$ make man
$ sudo make install

RUNTIME

.mergerfs pseudo file

<mountpoint>/.mergerfs

There is a pseudo file available at the mount point which allows for the runtime modification of certain mergerfs options. The file will not show up in readdir but can be stat'ed and manipulated via {list,get,set}xattrs calls.

Even if xattrs are disabled the {list,get,set}xattrs calls will still work.

Keys

Use xattr -l /mount/point/.mergerfs to see all supported keys.

Example

[trapexit:/tmp/mount] $ xattr -l .mergerfs
user.mergerfs.srcmounts: /tmp/a:/tmp/b
user.mergerfs.minfreespace: 4294967295
user.mergerfs.moveonenospc: false
user.mergerfs.policies: all,einval,enosys,enotsup,epmfs,erofs,exdev,ff,ffwp,fwfs,lfs,mfs,newest,rand
user.mergerfs.version: x.y.z
user.mergerfs.category.action: all
user.mergerfs.category.create: epmfs
user.mergerfs.category.search: ff
user.mergerfs.func.access: ff
user.mergerfs.func.chmod: all
user.mergerfs.func.chown: all
user.mergerfs.func.create: epmfs
user.mergerfs.func.getattr: ff
user.mergerfs.func.getxattr: ff
user.mergerfs.func.link: all
user.mergerfs.func.listxattr: ff
user.mergerfs.func.mkdir: epmfs
user.mergerfs.func.mknod: epmfs
user.mergerfs.func.open: ff
user.mergerfs.func.readlink: ff
user.mergerfs.func.removexattr: all
user.mergerfs.func.rename: all
user.mergerfs.func.rmdir: all
user.mergerfs.func.setxattr: all
user.mergerfs.func.symlink: epmfs
user.mergerfs.func.truncate: all
user.mergerfs.func.unlink: all
user.mergerfs.func.utimens: all

[trapexit:/tmp/mount] $ xattr -p user.mergerfs.category.search .mergerfs
ff

[trapexit:/tmp/mount] $ xattr -w user.mergerfs.category.search ffwp .mergerfs
[trapexit:/tmp/mount] $ xattr -p user.mergerfs.category.search .mergerfs
ffwp

[trapexit:/tmp/mount] $ xattr -w user.mergerfs.srcmounts +/tmp/c .mergerfs
[trapexit:/tmp/mount] $ xattr -p user.mergerfs.srcmounts .mergerfs
/tmp/a:/tmp/b:/tmp/c

[trapexit:/tmp/mount] $ xattr -w user.mergerfs.srcmounts =/tmp/c .mergerfs
[trapexit:/tmp/mount] $ xattr -p user.mergerfs.srcmounts .mergerfs
/tmp/c

[trapexit:/tmp/mount] $ xattr -w user.mergerfs.srcmounts '+</tmp/a:/tmp/b' .mergerfs
[trapexit:/tmp/mount] $ xattr -p user.mergerfs.srcmounts .mergerfs
/tmp/a:/tmp/b:/tmp/c

user.mergerfs.srcmounts

For user.mergerfs.srcmounts there are several instructions available for manipulating the list. The value provided is just as the value used at mount time. A colon (':') delimited list of full path globs.

Instruction	Description
[list]	set
+<[list]	prepend
+>[list]	append
-[list]	remove all values provided
-<	remove first in list
->	remove last in list

minfreespace

Input: interger with an optional suffix. K, M, or G.
Output: value in bytes

moveonenospc

Input: true and false
Ouput: true or false

categories / funcs

Input: short policy string as described elsewhere in this document
Output: the policy string except for categories where its funcs have multiple types. In that case it will be a comma separated list.

mergerfs file xattrs

While they won't show up when using listxattr mergerfs offers a number of special xattrs to query information about the files served. To access the values you will need to issue a getxattr for one of the following:

• user.mergerfs.basepath: the base mount point for the file given the current search policy
• user.mergerfs.relpath: the relative path of the file from the perspective of the mount point
• user.mergerfs.fullpath: the full path of the original file given the search policy
• user.mergerfs.allpaths: a NUL ('\0') separated list of full paths to all files found

[trapexit:/tmp/mount] $ ls
A B C
[trapexit:/tmp/mount] $ xattr -p user.mergerfs.fullpath A
/mnt/a/full/path/to/A
[trapexit:/tmp/mount] $ xattr -p user.mergerfs.basepath A
/mnt/a
[trapexit:/tmp/mount] $ xattr -p user.mergerfs.relpath A
/full/path/to/A
[trapexit:/tmp/mount] $ xattr -p user.mergerfs.allpaths A | tr '\0' '\n'
/mnt/a/full/path/to/A
/mnt/b/full/path/to/A

TOOLING

• /usr/sbin/fsck.mergerfs: Provides permissions and ownership auditing and the ability to fix them.

TIPS / NOTES

• If you don't see some directories / files you expect in a merged point be sure the user has permission to all the underlying directories. If /drive0/a has is owned by root:root with ACLs set to 0700 and /drive1/a is root:root and 0755 you'll see only /drive1/a. Use fsck.mergerfs to audit the drive for out of sync permissions.
• Since POSIX gives you only error or success on calls its difficult to determine the proper behavior when applying the behavior to multiple targets. Generally if something succeeds when reading it returns the data it can. If something fails when making an action we continue on and return the last error.
• The recommended options are defaults,allow_other. The allow_other is to allow users who are not the one which executed mergerfs access to the mountpoint. defaults is described above and should offer the best performance. It's possible that if you're running on an older platform the splice features aren't available and could error. In that case simply use the other options manually.
• If write performance is valued more than read it may be useful to enable direct_io.
• Remember that some policies mixed with some functions may result in strange behaviors. Not that some of these behaviors and race conditions couldn't happen outside mergerfs but that they are far more likely to occur on account of attempt to merge together multiple sources of data which could be out of sync due to the different policies.
• An example: Kodi and Plex can apparently use directory mtime to more efficiently determine whether or not to scan for new content rather than simply performing a full scan. If using the current default getattr policy of ff its possible Kodi will miss an update on account of it returning the first directory found's stat info and its a later directory on another mount which had the mtime recently updated. To fix this you will want to set func.getattr=newest. Remember though that this is just stat. If the file is later open'ed or unlink'ed and the policy is different for those then a completely different file or directory could be acted on.
• Due to previously mentioned issues its generally best to set category wide policies rather than individual func's. This will help limit the confusion of tools such as rsync.

Known Issues / Bugs

Samba

• Moving files or directories between some directories on a SMB share fail with IO errors.

  Workaround: Copy the file/directory and then remove the original rather than move.

  This isn't an issue with Samba but some SMB clients. GVFS-fuse v1.20.3 and prior (found in Ubuntu 14.04 among others) failed to handle certain error codes correctly. Particularly STATUS_NOT_SAME_DEVICE which comes from the EXDEV which is returned by rename when the call is crossing mount points. When a program gets an EXDEV it needs to explicitly take an alternate action to accomplish it's goal. In the case of mv or similar it tries rename and on EXDEV falls back to a manual copying of data between the two locations and unlinking the source. In these older versions of GVFS-fuse if it received EXDEV it would translate that into EIO. This would cause mv or most any application attempting to move files around on that SMB share to fail with a IO error.

  GVFS-fuse v1.22.0 and above fixed this issue but a large number of systems use the older release. On Ubuntu the version can be checked by issuing apt-cache showpkg gvfs-fuse. Most distros released in 2015 seem to have the updated release and will work fine but older systems may not. Upgrading gvfs-fuse or the distro in general will address the problem.

  In Apple's MacOSX 10.9 they replaced Samba (client and server) with their own product. It appears their new client does not handle EXDEV either and responds similar to older release of gvfs on Linux.

Supplemental groups

• Due to the overhead of getgroups/setgroups mergerfs utilizes a cache. This cache is opportunistic and per thread. Each thread will query the supplemental groups for a user when that particular thread needs to change credentials and will keep that data for the lifetime of the mount or thread. This means that if a user is added to a group it may not be picked up without the restart of mergerfs. However, since the high level FUSE API's (at least the standard version) thread pool dynamically grows and shrinks it's possible that over time a thread will be killed and later a new thread with no cache will start and query the new data.

  The gid cache uses fixed storage to simplify the design and be compatible with older systems which may not have C++11 compilers (as the original design required). There is enough storage for 256 users' supplemental groups. Each user is allowed upto 32 supplemental groups. Linux >= 2.6.3 allows upto 65535 groups per user but most other *nixs allow far less. NFS allowing only 16. The system does handle overflow gracefully. If the user has more than 32 supplemental groups only the first 32 will be used. If more than 256 users are using the system when an uncached user is found it will evict an existing user's cache at random. So long as there aren't more than 256 active users this should be fine. If either value is too low for your needs you will have to modify gidcache.hpp to increase the values. Note that doing so will increase the memory needed by each thread.

FAQ

It's mentioned that there are some security issues with mhddfs. What are they? How does mergerfs address them?

mhddfs tries to handle being run as root by calling getuid() and if it returns 0 then it will chown the file. Not only is that a race condition but it doesn't handle many other situations. Rather than attempting to simulate POSIX ACL behaviors the proper behavior is to use seteuid and setegid, become the user making the original call and perform the action as them. This is how mergerfs handles things.

If you are familiar with POSIX standards you'll know that this behavior poses a problem. seteuid and setegid affect the whole process and libfuse is multithreaded by default. We'd need to lock access to seteuid and setegid with a mutex so that the several threads aren't stepping on one another and files end up with weird permissions and ownership. This however wouldn't scale well. With lots of calls the contention on that mutex would be extremely high. Thankfully on Linux and OSX we have a better solution.

OSX has a non-portable pthread extension for per-thread user and group impersonation.

Linux does not support pthread_setugid_np but user and group IDs are a per-thread attribute though documentation on that fact or how to manipulate them is not well distributed. From the 4.00 release of the Linux man-pages project for setuid

At the kernel level, user IDs and group IDs are a per-thread attribute. However, POSIX requires that all threads in a process share the same credentials. The NPTL threading implementation handles the POSIX requirements by providing wrapper functions for the various system calls that change process UIDs and GIDs. These wrapper functions (including the one for setuid()) employ a signal-based technique to ensure that when one thread changes credentials, all of the other threads in the process also change their credentials. For details, see nptl(7).

Turns out the setreuid syscalls apply only to the thread. GLIBC hides this away using RT signals to inform all threads to change credentials. Taking after Samba mergerfs uses syscall(SYS_setreuid,...) to set the callers credentials for that thread only. Jumping back to root as necessary should escalated privileges be needed (for instance: to clone paths).

For non-Linux systems mergerfs uses a read-write lock and changes credentials only when necessary. If multiple threads are to be user X then only the first one will need to change the processes credentials. So long as the other threads need to be user X they will take a readlock allow multiple threads to share the credentials. Once a request comes in to run as user Y that thread will attempt a write lock and change to Y's credentials when it can. If the ability to give writers priority is supported then that flag will be used so threads trying to change credentials don't starve. This isn't the best solution but should work reasonably well. As new platforms are supported if they offer per thread credentials those APIs will be adopted.

SUPPORT

Issues with the software

• github.com: https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/issues
• email: trapexit@spawn.link

Support development

• Gratipay: https://gratipay.com/~trapexit
• BitCoin: 12CdMhEPQVmjz3SSynkAEuD5q9JmhTDCZA