rclone/docs/content/googlecloudstorage.md

---
title: "Google Cloud Storage"
description: "Rclone docs for Google Cloud Storage"
versionIntroduced: "v1.02"
---

# {{< icon "fab fa-google" >}} Google Cloud Storage

Paths are specified as `remote:bucket` (or `remote:` for the `lsd`
command.)  You may put subdirectories in too, e.g. `remote:bucket/path/to/dir`.

## Configuration

The initial setup for google cloud storage involves getting a token from Google Cloud Storage
which you need to do in your browser.  `rclone config` walks you
through it.

Here is an example of how to make a remote called `remote`.  First run:

     rclone config

This will guide you through an interactive setup process:

```
n) New remote
d) Delete remote
q) Quit config
e/n/d/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
[snip]
XX / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
   \ "google cloud storage"
[snip]
Storage> google cloud storage
Google Application Client Id - leave blank normally.
client_id>
Google Application Client Secret - leave blank normally.
client_secret>
Project number optional - needed only for list/create/delete buckets - see your developer console.
project_number> 12345678
Service Account Credentials JSON file path - needed only if you want use SA instead of interactive login.
service_account_file>
Access Control List for new objects.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
 1 / Object owner gets OWNER access, and all Authenticated Users get READER access.
   \ "authenticatedRead"
 2 / Object owner gets OWNER access, and project team owners get OWNER access.
   \ "bucketOwnerFullControl"
 3 / Object owner gets OWNER access, and project team owners get READER access.
   \ "bucketOwnerRead"
 4 / Object owner gets OWNER access [default if left blank].
   \ "private"
 5 / Object owner gets OWNER access, and project team members get access according to their roles.
   \ "projectPrivate"
 6 / Object owner gets OWNER access, and all Users get READER access.
   \ "publicRead"
object_acl> 4
Access Control List for new buckets.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
 1 / Project team owners get OWNER access, and all Authenticated Users get READER access.
   \ "authenticatedRead"
 2 / Project team owners get OWNER access [default if left blank].
   \ "private"
 3 / Project team members get access according to their roles.
   \ "projectPrivate"
 4 / Project team owners get OWNER access, and all Users get READER access.
   \ "publicRead"
 5 / Project team owners get OWNER access, and all Users get WRITER access.
   \ "publicReadWrite"
bucket_acl> 2
Location for the newly created buckets.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
 1 / Empty for default location (US).
   \ ""
 2 / Multi-regional location for Asia.
   \ "asia"
 3 / Multi-regional location for Europe.
   \ "eu"
 4 / Multi-regional location for United States.
   \ "us"
 5 / Taiwan.
   \ "asia-east1"
 6 / Tokyo.
   \ "asia-northeast1"
 7 / Singapore.
   \ "asia-southeast1"
 8 / Sydney.
   \ "australia-southeast1"
 9 / Belgium.
   \ "europe-west1"
10 / London.
   \ "europe-west2"
11 / Iowa.
   \ "us-central1"
12 / South Carolina.
   \ "us-east1"
13 / Northern Virginia.
   \ "us-east4"
14 / Oregon.
   \ "us-west1"
location> 12
The storage class to use when storing objects in Google Cloud Storage.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
 1 / Default
   \ ""
 2 / Multi-regional storage class
   \ "MULTI_REGIONAL"
 3 / Regional storage class
   \ "REGIONAL"
 4 / Nearline storage class
   \ "NEARLINE"
 5 / Coldline storage class
   \ "COLDLINE"
 6 / Durable reduced availability storage class
   \ "DURABLE_REDUCED_AVAILABILITY"
storage_class> 5
Remote config
Use web browser to automatically authenticate rclone with remote?
 * Say Y if the machine running rclone has a web browser you can use
 * Say N if running rclone on a (remote) machine without web browser access
If not sure try Y. If Y failed, try N.
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> y
If your browser doesn't open automatically go to the following link: http://127.0.0.1:53682/auth
Log in and authorize rclone for access
Waiting for code...
Got code
Configuration complete.
Options:
- type: google cloud storage
- client_id:
- client_secret:
- token: {"AccessToken":"xxxx.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx","RefreshToken":"x/xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx_xxxxxxxxx","Expiry":"2014-07-17T20:49:14.929208288+01:00","Extra":null}
- project_number: 12345678
- object_acl: private
- bucket_acl: private
Keep this "remote" remote?
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y
```

See the [remote setup docs](/remote_setup/) for how to set it up on a
machine with no Internet browser available.

Note that rclone runs a webserver on your local machine to collect the
token as returned from Google if using web browser to automatically 
authenticate. This only
runs from the moment it opens your browser to the moment you get back
the verification code.  This is on `http://127.0.0.1:53682/` and this
it may require you to unblock it temporarily if you are running a host
firewall, or use manual mode.

This remote is called `remote` and can now be used like this

See all the buckets in your project

    rclone lsd remote:

Make a new bucket

    rclone mkdir remote:bucket

List the contents of a bucket

    rclone ls remote:bucket

Sync `/home/local/directory` to the remote bucket, deleting any excess
files in the bucket.

    rclone sync --interactive /home/local/directory remote:bucket

### Service Account support

You can set up rclone with Google Cloud Storage in an unattended mode,
i.e. not tied to a specific end-user Google account. This is useful
when you want to synchronise files onto machines that don't have
actively logged-in users, for example build machines.

To get credentials for Google Cloud Platform
[IAM Service Accounts](https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/service-accounts),
please head to the
[Service Account](https://console.cloud.google.com/permissions/serviceaccounts)
section of the Google Developer Console. Service Accounts behave just
like normal `User` permissions in
[Google Cloud Storage ACLs](https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/access-control),
so you can limit their access (e.g. make them read only). After
creating an account, a JSON file containing the Service Account's
credentials will be downloaded onto your machines. These credentials
are what rclone will use for authentication.

To use a Service Account instead of OAuth2 token flow, enter the path
to your Service Account credentials at the `service_account_file`
prompt and rclone won't use the browser based authentication
flow. If you'd rather stuff the contents of the credentials file into
the rclone config file, you can set `service_account_credentials` with
the actual contents of the file instead, or set the equivalent
environment variable.

### Service Account Authentication with Access Tokens

Another option for service account authentication is to use access tokens via *gcloud impersonate-service-account*. Access tokens protect security by avoiding the use of the JSON
key file, which can be breached. They also bypass oauth login flow, which is simpler 
on remote VMs that lack a web browser.

If you already have a working service account, skip to step 3. 

#### 1. Create a service account using 

    gcloud iam service-accounts create gcs-read-only 

You can re-use an existing service account as well (like the one created above)

#### 2. Attach a Viewer (read-only) or User (read-write) role to the service account 
     $ PROJECT_ID=my-project
     $ gcloud --verbose iam service-accounts add-iam-policy-binding \
        gcs-read-only@${PROJECT_ID}.iam.gserviceaccount.com  \
        --member=serviceAccount:gcs-read-only@${PROJECT_ID}.iam.gserviceaccount.com \
        --role=roles/storage.objectViewer

Use the Google Cloud console to identify a limited role. Some relevant pre-defined roles:

* *roles/storage.objectUser* -- read-write access but no admin privileges
* *roles/storage.objectViewer* -- read-only access to objects
* *roles/storage.admin*  -- create buckets & administrative roles

#### 3. Get a temporary access key for the service account

    $ gcloud auth application-default print-access-token  \
       --impersonate-service-account \
           dev-gcloud-go@${PROJECT_ID}.iam.gserviceaccount.com  

    ya29.c.c0ASRK0GbAFEewXD [truncated]

#### 4. Update `access_token` setting
hit `CTRL-C` when you see *waiting for code*.  This will save the config without doing oauth flow

    rclone config update ${REMOTE_NAME} access_token ya29.c.c0Axxxx

#### 5. Run rclone as usual

    rclone ls dev-gcs:${MY_BUCKET}/

### More Info on Service Accounts

* [Official GCS Docs](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/access/service-accounts)
* [Guide on Service Accounts using Key Files (less secure, but similar concepts)](https://forum.rclone.org/t/access-using-google-service-account/24822/2)

### Anonymous Access

For downloads of objects that permit public access you can configure rclone
to use anonymous access by setting `anonymous` to `true`.
With unauthorized access you can't write or create files but only read or list
those buckets and objects that have public read access.

### Application Default Credentials

If no other source of credentials is provided, rclone will fall back
to
[Application Default Credentials](https://cloud.google.com/video-intelligence/docs/common/auth#authenticating_with_application_default_credentials)
this is useful both when you already have configured authentication
for your developer account, or in production when running on a google
compute host. Note that if running in docker, you may need to run
additional commands on your google compute machine -
[see this page](https://cloud.google.com/container-registry/docs/advanced-authentication#gcloud_as_a_docker_credential_helper).

Note that in the case application default credentials are used, there
is no need to explicitly configure a project number.

### --fast-list

This remote supports `--fast-list` which allows you to use fewer
transactions in exchange for more memory. See the [rclone
docs](/docs/#fast-list) for more details.

### Custom upload headers

You can set custom upload headers with the `--header-upload`
flag. Google Cloud Storage supports the headers as described in the
[working with metadata documentation](https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/gsutil/addlhelp/WorkingWithObjectMetadata)

- Cache-Control
- Content-Disposition
- Content-Encoding
- Content-Language
- Content-Type
- X-Goog-Storage-Class
- X-Goog-Meta-

Eg `--header-upload "Content-Type text/potato"`

Note that the last of these is for setting custom metadata in the form
`--header-upload "x-goog-meta-key: value"`

### Modification times

Google Cloud Storage stores md5sum natively.
Google's [gsutil](https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/gsutil) tool stores modification time
with one-second precision as `goog-reserved-file-mtime` in file metadata.

To ensure compatibility with gsutil, rclone stores modification time in 2 separate metadata entries.
`mtime` uses RFC3339 format with one-nanosecond precision.
`goog-reserved-file-mtime` uses Unix timestamp format with one-second precision.
To get modification time from object metadata, rclone reads the metadata in the following order: `mtime`, `goog-reserved-file-mtime`, object updated time.

Note that rclone's default modify window is 1ns.
Files uploaded by gsutil only contain timestamps with one-second precision.
If you use rclone to sync files previously uploaded by gsutil,
rclone will attempt to update modification time for all these files.
To avoid these possibly unnecessary updates, use `--modify-window 1s`.

### Restricted filename characters

| Character | Value | Replacement |
| --------- |:-----:|:-----------:|
| NUL       | 0x00  | ␀           |
| LF        | 0x0A  | ␊           |
| CR        | 0x0D  | ␍           |
| /         | 0x2F  | ／          |

Invalid UTF-8 bytes will also be [replaced](/overview/#invalid-utf8),
as they can't be used in JSON strings.

{{< rem autogenerated options start" - DO NOT EDIT - instead edit fs.RegInfo in backend/googlecloudstorage/googlecloudstorage.go then run make backenddocs" >}}
### Standard options

Here are the Standard options specific to google cloud storage (Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)).

#### --gcs-client-id

OAuth Client Id.

Leave blank normally.

Properties:

- Config:      client_id
- Env Var:     RCLONE_GCS_CLIENT_ID
- Type:        string
- Required:    false

#### --gcs-client-secret

OAuth Client Secret.

Leave blank normally.

Properties:

- Config:      client_secret
- Env Var:     RCLONE_GCS_CLIENT_SECRET
- Type:        string
- Required:    false

#### --gcs-project-number

Project number.

Optional - needed only for list/create/delete buckets - see your developer console.

Properties:

- Config:      project_number
- Env Var:     RCLONE_GCS_PROJECT_NUMBER
- Type:        string
- Required:    false

#### --gcs-user-project

User project.

Optional - needed only for requester pays.

Properties:

- Config:      user_project
- Env Var:     RCLONE_GCS_USER_PROJECT
- Type:        string
- Required:    false

#### --gcs-service-account-file

Service Account Credentials JSON file path.

Leave blank normally.
Needed only if you want use SA instead of interactive login.

Leading `~` will be expanded in the file name as will environment variables such as `${RCLONE_CONFIG_DIR}`.

Properties:

- Config:      service_account_file
- Env Var:     RCLONE_GCS_SERVICE_ACCOUNT_FILE
- Type:        string
- Required:    false

#### --gcs-service-account-credentials

Service Account Credentials JSON blob.

Leave blank normally.
Needed only if you want use SA instead of interactive login.

Properties:

- Config:      service_account_credentials
- Env Var:     RCLONE_GCS_SERVICE_ACCOUNT_CREDENTIALS
- Type:        string
- Required:    false

#### --gcs-access-token

Short-lived access token.

Leave blank normally.
Needed only if you want use short-lived access tokens instead of interactive login.

Properties:

- Config:      access_token
- Env Var:     RCLONE_GCS_ACCESS_TOKEN
- Type:        string
- Required:    false

#### --gcs-anonymous

Access public buckets and objects without credentials.

Set to 'true' if you just want to download files and don't configure credentials.

Properties:

- Config:      anonymous
- Env Var:     RCLONE_GCS_ANONYMOUS
- Type:        bool
- Default:     false

#### --gcs-object-acl

Access Control List for new objects.

Properties:

- Config:      object_acl
- Env Var:     RCLONE_GCS_OBJECT_ACL
- Type:        string
- Required:    false
- Examples:
    - "authenticatedRead"
        - Object owner gets OWNER access.
        - All Authenticated Users get READER access.
    - "bucketOwnerFullControl"
        - Object owner gets OWNER access.
        - Project team owners get OWNER access.
    - "bucketOwnerRead"
        - Object owner gets OWNER access.
        - Project team owners get READER access.
    - "private"
        - Object owner gets OWNER access.
        - Default if left blank.
    - "projectPrivate"
        - Object owner gets OWNER access.
        - Project team members get access according to their roles.
    - "publicRead"
        - Object owner gets OWNER access.
        - All Users get READER access.

#### --gcs-bucket-acl

Access Control List for new buckets.

Properties:

- Config:      bucket_acl
- Env Var:     RCLONE_GCS_BUCKET_ACL
- Type:        string
- Required:    false
- Examples:
    - "authenticatedRead"
        - Project team owners get OWNER access.
        - All Authenticated Users get READER access.
    - "private"
        - Project team owners get OWNER access.
        - Default if left blank.
    - "projectPrivate"
        - Project team members get access according to their roles.
    - "publicRead"
        - Project team owners get OWNER access.
        - All Users get READER access.
    - "publicReadWrite"
        - Project team owners get OWNER access.
        - All Users get WRITER access.

#### --gcs-bucket-policy-only

Access checks should use bucket-level IAM policies.

If you want to upload objects to a bucket with Bucket Policy Only set
then you will need to set this.

When it is set, rclone:

- ignores ACLs set on buckets
- ignores ACLs set on objects
- creates buckets with Bucket Policy Only set

Docs: https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/bucket-policy-only


Properties:

- Config:      bucket_policy_only
- Env Var:     RCLONE_GCS_BUCKET_POLICY_ONLY
- Type:        bool
- Default:     false

#### --gcs-location

Location for the newly created buckets.

Properties:

- Config:      location
- Env Var:     RCLONE_GCS_LOCATION
- Type:        string
- Required:    false
- Examples:
    - ""
        - Empty for default location (US)
    - "asia"
        - Multi-regional location for Asia
    - "eu"
        - Multi-regional location for Europe
    - "us"
        - Multi-regional location for United States
    - "asia-east1"
        - Taiwan
    - "asia-east2"
        - Hong Kong
    - "asia-northeast1"
        - Tokyo
    - "asia-northeast2"
        - Osaka
    - "asia-northeast3"
        - Seoul
    - "asia-south1"
        - Mumbai
    - "asia-south2"
        - Delhi
    - "asia-southeast1"
        - Singapore
    - "asia-southeast2"
        - Jakarta
    - "australia-southeast1"
        - Sydney
    - "australia-southeast2"
        - Melbourne
    - "europe-north1"
        - Finland
    - "europe-west1"
        - Belgium
    - "europe-west2"
        - London
    - "europe-west3"
        - Frankfurt
    - "europe-west4"
        - Netherlands
    - "europe-west6"
        - Zürich
    - "europe-central2"
        - Warsaw
    - "us-central1"
        - Iowa
    - "us-east1"
        - South Carolina
    - "us-east4"
        - Northern Virginia
    - "us-west1"
        - Oregon
    - "us-west2"
        - California
    - "us-west3"
        - Salt Lake City
    - "us-west4"
        - Las Vegas
    - "northamerica-northeast1"
        - Montréal
    - "northamerica-northeast2"
        - Toronto
    - "southamerica-east1"
        - São Paulo
    - "southamerica-west1"
        - Santiago
    - "asia1"
        - Dual region: asia-northeast1 and asia-northeast2.
    - "eur4"
        - Dual region: europe-north1 and europe-west4.
    - "nam4"
        - Dual region: us-central1 and us-east1.

#### --gcs-storage-class

The storage class to use when storing objects in Google Cloud Storage.

Properties:

- Config:      storage_class
- Env Var:     RCLONE_GCS_STORAGE_CLASS
- Type:        string
- Required:    false
- Examples:
    - ""
        - Default
    - "MULTI_REGIONAL"
        - Multi-regional storage class
    - "REGIONAL"
        - Regional storage class
    - "NEARLINE"
        - Nearline storage class
    - "COLDLINE"
        - Coldline storage class
    - "ARCHIVE"
        - Archive storage class
    - "DURABLE_REDUCED_AVAILABILITY"
        - Durable reduced availability storage class

#### --gcs-env-auth

Get GCP IAM credentials from runtime (environment variables or instance meta data if no env vars).

Only applies if service_account_file and service_account_credentials is blank.

Properties:

- Config:      env_auth
- Env Var:     RCLONE_GCS_ENV_AUTH
- Type:        bool
- Default:     false
- Examples:
    - "false"
        - Enter credentials in the next step.
    - "true"
        - Get GCP IAM credentials from the environment (env vars or IAM).

### Advanced options

Here are the Advanced options specific to google cloud storage (Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)).

#### --gcs-token

OAuth Access Token as a JSON blob.

Properties:

- Config:      token
- Env Var:     RCLONE_GCS_TOKEN
- Type:        string
- Required:    false

#### --gcs-auth-url

Auth server URL.

Leave blank to use the provider defaults.

Properties:

- Config:      auth_url
- Env Var:     RCLONE_GCS_AUTH_URL
- Type:        string
- Required:    false

#### --gcs-token-url

Token server url.

Leave blank to use the provider defaults.

Properties:

- Config:      token_url
- Env Var:     RCLONE_GCS_TOKEN_URL
- Type:        string
- Required:    false

#### --gcs-directory-markers

Upload an empty object with a trailing slash when a new directory is created

Empty folders are unsupported for bucket based remotes, this option creates an empty
object ending with "/", to persist the folder.


Properties:

- Config:      directory_markers
- Env Var:     RCLONE_GCS_DIRECTORY_MARKERS
- Type:        bool
- Default:     false

#### --gcs-no-check-bucket

If set, don't attempt to check the bucket exists or create it.

This can be useful when trying to minimise the number of transactions
rclone does if you know the bucket exists already.


Properties:

- Config:      no_check_bucket
- Env Var:     RCLONE_GCS_NO_CHECK_BUCKET
- Type:        bool
- Default:     false

#### --gcs-decompress

If set this will decompress gzip encoded objects.

It is possible to upload objects to GCS with "Content-Encoding: gzip"
set. Normally rclone will download these files as compressed objects.

If this flag is set then rclone will decompress these files with
"Content-Encoding: gzip" as they are received. This means that rclone
can't check the size and hash but the file contents will be decompressed.


Properties:

- Config:      decompress
- Env Var:     RCLONE_GCS_DECOMPRESS
- Type:        bool
- Default:     false

#### --gcs-endpoint

Endpoint for the service.

Leave blank normally.

Properties:

- Config:      endpoint
- Env Var:     RCLONE_GCS_ENDPOINT
- Type:        string
- Required:    false

#### --gcs-encoding

The encoding for the backend.

See the [encoding section in the overview](/overview/#encoding) for more info.

Properties:

- Config:      encoding
- Env Var:     RCLONE_GCS_ENCODING
- Type:        Encoding
- Default:     Slash,CrLf,InvalidUtf8,Dot

#### --gcs-description

Description of the remote.

Properties:

- Config:      description
- Env Var:     RCLONE_GCS_DESCRIPTION
- Type:        string
- Required:    false

{{< rem autogenerated options stop >}}

## Limitations

`rclone about` is not supported by the Google Cloud Storage backend. Backends without
this capability cannot determine free space for an rclone mount or
use policy `mfs` (most free space) as a member of an rclone union
remote.

See [List of backends that do not support rclone about](https://rclone.org/overview/#optional-features) and [rclone about](https://rclone.org/commands/rclone_about/)