--- title: "Google Cloud Storage" description: "Rclone docs for Google Cloud Storage" versionIntroduced: "v1.02" --- # {{< icon "fab fa-google" >}} Google Cloud Storage Paths are specified as `remote:bucket` (or `remote:` for the `lsd` command.) You may put subdirectories in too, e.g. `remote:bucket/path/to/dir`. ## Configuration The initial setup for google cloud storage involves getting a token from Google Cloud Storage which you need to do in your browser. `rclone config` walks you through it. Here is an example of how to make a remote called `remote`. First run: rclone config This will guide you through an interactive setup process: ``` n) New remote d) Delete remote q) Quit config e/n/d/q> n name> remote Type of storage to configure. Choose a number from below, or type in your own value [snip] XX / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive) \ "google cloud storage" [snip] Storage> google cloud storage Google Application Client Id - leave blank normally. client_id> Google Application Client Secret - leave blank normally. client_secret> Project number optional - needed only for list/create/delete buckets - see your developer console. project_number> 12345678 Service Account Credentials JSON file path - needed only if you want use SA instead of interactive login. service_account_file> Access Control List for new objects. Choose a number from below, or type in your own value 1 / Object owner gets OWNER access, and all Authenticated Users get READER access. \ "authenticatedRead" 2 / Object owner gets OWNER access, and project team owners get OWNER access. \ "bucketOwnerFullControl" 3 / Object owner gets OWNER access, and project team owners get READER access. \ "bucketOwnerRead" 4 / Object owner gets OWNER access [default if left blank]. \ "private" 5 / Object owner gets OWNER access, and project team members get access according to their roles. \ "projectPrivate" 6 / Object owner gets OWNER access, and all Users get READER access. \ "publicRead" object_acl> 4 Access Control List for new buckets. Choose a number from below, or type in your own value 1 / Project team owners get OWNER access, and all Authenticated Users get READER access. \ "authenticatedRead" 2 / Project team owners get OWNER access [default if left blank]. \ "private" 3 / Project team members get access according to their roles. \ "projectPrivate" 4 / Project team owners get OWNER access, and all Users get READER access. \ "publicRead" 5 / Project team owners get OWNER access, and all Users get WRITER access. \ "publicReadWrite" bucket_acl> 2 Location for the newly created buckets. Choose a number from below, or type in your own value 1 / Empty for default location (US). \ "" 2 / Multi-regional location for Asia. \ "asia" 3 / Multi-regional location for Europe. \ "eu" 4 / Multi-regional location for United States. \ "us" 5 / Taiwan. \ "asia-east1" 6 / Tokyo. \ "asia-northeast1" 7 / Singapore. \ "asia-southeast1" 8 / Sydney. \ "australia-southeast1" 9 / Belgium. \ "europe-west1" 10 / London. \ "europe-west2" 11 / Iowa. \ "us-central1" 12 / South Carolina. \ "us-east1" 13 / Northern Virginia. \ "us-east4" 14 / Oregon. \ "us-west1" location> 12 The storage class to use when storing objects in Google Cloud Storage. Choose a number from below, or type in your own value 1 / Default \ "" 2 / Multi-regional storage class \ "MULTI_REGIONAL" 3 / Regional storage class \ "REGIONAL" 4 / Nearline storage class \ "NEARLINE" 5 / Coldline storage class \ "COLDLINE" 6 / Durable reduced availability storage class \ "DURABLE_REDUCED_AVAILABILITY" storage_class> 5 Remote config Use web browser to automatically authenticate rclone with remote? * Say Y if the machine running rclone has a web browser you can use * Say N if running rclone on a (remote) machine without web browser access If not sure try Y. If Y failed, try N. y) Yes n) No y/n> y If your browser doesn't open automatically go to the following link: http://127.0.0.1:53682/auth Log in and authorize rclone for access Waiting for code... Got code Configuration complete. Options: - type: google cloud storage - client_id: - client_secret: - token: {"AccessToken":"xxxx.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx","RefreshToken":"x/xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx_xxxxxxxxx","Expiry":"2014-07-17T20:49:14.929208288+01:00","Extra":null} - project_number: 12345678 - object_acl: private - bucket_acl: private Keep this "remote" remote? y) Yes this is OK e) Edit this remote d) Delete this remote y/e/d> y ``` See the [remote setup docs](/remote_setup/) for how to set it up on a machine with no Internet browser available. Note that rclone runs a webserver on your local machine to collect the token as returned from Google if using web browser to automatically authenticate. This only runs from the moment it opens your browser to the moment you get back the verification code. This is on `http://127.0.0.1:53682/` and this it may require you to unblock it temporarily if you are running a host firewall, or use manual mode. This remote is called `remote` and can now be used like this See all the buckets in your project rclone lsd remote: Make a new bucket rclone mkdir remote:bucket List the contents of a bucket rclone ls remote:bucket Sync `/home/local/directory` to the remote bucket, deleting any excess files in the bucket. rclone sync --interactive /home/local/directory remote:bucket ### Service Account support You can set up rclone with Google Cloud Storage in an unattended mode, i.e. not tied to a specific end-user Google account. This is useful when you want to synchronise files onto machines that don't have actively logged-in users, for example build machines. To get credentials for Google Cloud Platform [IAM Service Accounts](https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/service-accounts), please head to the [Service Account](https://console.cloud.google.com/permissions/serviceaccounts) section of the Google Developer Console. Service Accounts behave just like normal `User` permissions in [Google Cloud Storage ACLs](https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/access-control), so you can limit their access (e.g. make them read only). After creating an account, a JSON file containing the Service Account's credentials will be downloaded onto your machines. These credentials are what rclone will use for authentication. To use a Service Account instead of OAuth2 token flow, enter the path to your Service Account credentials at the `service_account_file` prompt and rclone won't use the browser based authentication flow. If you'd rather stuff the contents of the credentials file into the rclone config file, you can set `service_account_credentials` with the actual contents of the file instead, or set the equivalent environment variable. ### Service Account Authentication with Access Tokens Another option for service account authentication is to use access tokens via *gcloud impersonate-service-account*. Access tokens protect security by avoiding the use of the JSON key file, which can be breached. They also bypass oauth login flow, which is simpler on remote VMs that lack a web browser. If you already have a working service account, skip to step 3. #### 1. Create a service account using gcloud iam service-accounts create gcs-read-only You can re-use an existing service account as well (like the one created above) #### 2. Attach a Viewer (read-only) or User (read-write) role to the service account $ PROJECT_ID=my-project $ gcloud --verbose iam service-accounts add-iam-policy-binding \ gcs-read-only@${PROJECT_ID}.iam.gserviceaccount.com \ --member=serviceAccount:gcs-read-only@${PROJECT_ID}.iam.gserviceaccount.com \ --role=roles/storage.objectViewer Use the Google Cloud console to identify a limited role. Some relevant pre-defined roles: * *roles/storage.objectUser* -- read-write access but no admin privileges * *roles/storage.objectViewer* -- read-only access to objects * *roles/storage.admin* -- create buckets & administrative roles #### 3. Get a temporary access key for the service account $ gcloud auth application-default print-access-token \ --impersonate-service-account \ dev-gcloud-go@${PROJECT_ID}.iam.gserviceaccount.com ya29.c.c0ASRK0GbAFEewXD [truncated] #### 4. update rclone.conf find `{access_token": "xxx"}` and replace the value with the access token from step 3 #### 5. Run rclone as usual rclone ls dev-gcs:${MY_BUCKET}/ ### More Info on Service Accounts * [Official GCS Docs](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/access/service-accounts) * [Guide on Service Accounts using Key Files (less secure, but similar concepts)](https://forum.rclone.org/t/access-using-google-service-account/24822/2) ### Anonymous Access For downloads of objects that permit public access you can configure rclone to use anonymous access by setting `anonymous` to `true`. With unauthorized access you can't write or create files but only read or list those buckets and objects that have public read access. ### Application Default Credentials If no other source of credentials is provided, rclone will fall back to [Application Default Credentials](https://cloud.google.com/video-intelligence/docs/common/auth#authenticating_with_application_default_credentials) this is useful both when you already have configured authentication for your developer account, or in production when running on a google compute host. Note that if running in docker, you may need to run additional commands on your google compute machine - [see this page](https://cloud.google.com/container-registry/docs/advanced-authentication#gcloud_as_a_docker_credential_helper). Note that in the case application default credentials are used, there is no need to explicitly configure a project number. ### --fast-list This remote supports `--fast-list` which allows you to use fewer transactions in exchange for more memory. See the [rclone docs](/docs/#fast-list) for more details. ### Custom upload headers You can set custom upload headers with the `--header-upload` flag. Google Cloud Storage supports the headers as described in the [working with metadata documentation](https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/gsutil/addlhelp/WorkingWithObjectMetadata) - Cache-Control - Content-Disposition - Content-Encoding - Content-Language - Content-Type - X-Goog-Storage-Class - X-Goog-Meta- Eg `--header-upload "Content-Type text/potato"` Note that the last of these is for setting custom metadata in the form `--header-upload "x-goog-meta-key: value"` ### Modification times Google Cloud Storage stores md5sum natively. Google's [gsutil](https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/gsutil) tool stores modification time with one-second precision as `goog-reserved-file-mtime` in file metadata. To ensure compatibility with gsutil, rclone stores modification time in 2 separate metadata entries. `mtime` uses RFC3339 format with one-nanosecond precision. `goog-reserved-file-mtime` uses Unix timestamp format with one-second precision. To get modification time from object metadata, rclone reads the metadata in the following order: `mtime`, `goog-reserved-file-mtime`, object updated time. Note that rclone's default modify window is 1ns. Files uploaded by gsutil only contain timestamps with one-second precision. If you use rclone to sync files previously uploaded by gsutil, rclone will attempt to update modification time for all these files. To avoid these possibly unnecessary updates, use `--modify-window 1s`. ### Restricted filename characters | Character | Value | Replacement | | --------- |:-----:|:-----------:| | NUL | 0x00 | ␀ | | LF | 0x0A | ␊ | | CR | 0x0D | ␍ | | / | 0x2F | ／ | Invalid UTF-8 bytes will also be [replaced](/overview/#invalid-utf8), as they can't be used in JSON strings. {{< rem autogenerated options start" - DO NOT EDIT - instead edit fs.RegInfo in backend/googlecloudstorage/googlecloudstorage.go then run make backenddocs" >}} ### Standard options Here are the Standard options specific to google cloud storage (Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)). #### --gcs-client-id OAuth Client Id. Leave blank normally. Properties: - Config: client_id - Env Var: RCLONE_GCS_CLIENT_ID - Type: string - Required: false #### --gcs-client-secret OAuth Client Secret. Leave blank normally. Properties: - Config: client_secret - Env Var: RCLONE_GCS_CLIENT_SECRET - Type: string - Required: false #### --gcs-project-number Project number. Optional - needed only for list/create/delete buckets - see your developer console. Properties: - Config: project_number - Env Var: RCLONE_GCS_PROJECT_NUMBER - Type: string - Required: false #### --gcs-user-project User project. Optional - needed only for requester pays. Properties: - Config: user_project - Env Var: RCLONE_GCS_USER_PROJECT - Type: string - Required: false #### --gcs-service-account-file Service Account Credentials JSON file path. Leave blank normally. Needed only if you want use SA instead of interactive login. Leading `~` will be expanded in the file name as will environment variables such as `${RCLONE_CONFIG_DIR}`. Properties: - Config: service_account_file - Env Var: RCLONE_GCS_SERVICE_ACCOUNT_FILE - Type: string - Required: false #### --gcs-service-account-credentials Service Account Credentials JSON blob. Leave blank normally. Needed only if you want use SA instead of interactive login. Properties: - Config: service_account_credentials - Env Var: RCLONE_GCS_SERVICE_ACCOUNT_CREDENTIALS - Type: string - Required: false #### --gcs-access-token Short-lived access token. Leave blank normally. Needed only if you want use short-lived access tokens instead of interactive login. Properties: - Config: access_token - Env Var: RCLONE_GCS_ACCESS_TOKEN - Type: string - Required: false #### --gcs-anonymous Access public buckets and objects without credentials. Set to 'true' if you just want to download files and don't configure credentials. Properties: - Config: anonymous - Env Var: RCLONE_GCS_ANONYMOUS - Type: bool - Default: false #### --gcs-object-acl Access Control List for new objects. Properties: - Config: object_acl - Env Var: RCLONE_GCS_OBJECT_ACL - Type: string - Required: false - Examples: - "authenticatedRead" - Object owner gets OWNER access. - All Authenticated Users get READER access. - "bucketOwnerFullControl" - Object owner gets OWNER access. - Project team owners get OWNER access. - "bucketOwnerRead" - Object owner gets OWNER access. - Project team owners get READER access. - "private" - Object owner gets OWNER access. - Default if left blank. - "projectPrivate" - Object owner gets OWNER access. - Project team members get access according to their roles. - "publicRead" - Object owner gets OWNER access. - All Users get READER access. #### --gcs-bucket-acl Access Control List for new buckets. Properties: - Config: bucket_acl - Env Var: RCLONE_GCS_BUCKET_ACL - Type: string - Required: false - Examples: - "authenticatedRead" - Project team owners get OWNER access. - All Authenticated Users get READER access. - "private" - Project team owners get OWNER access. - Default if left blank. - "projectPrivate" - Project team members get access according to their roles. - "publicRead" - Project team owners get OWNER access. - All Users get READER access. - "publicReadWrite" - Project team owners get OWNER access. - All Users get WRITER access. #### --gcs-bucket-policy-only Access checks should use bucket-level IAM policies. If you want to upload objects to a bucket with Bucket Policy Only set then you will need to set this. When it is set, rclone: - ignores ACLs set on buckets - ignores ACLs set on objects - creates buckets with Bucket Policy Only set Docs: https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/bucket-policy-only Properties: - Config: bucket_policy_only - Env Var: RCLONE_GCS_BUCKET_POLICY_ONLY - Type: bool - Default: false #### --gcs-location Location for the newly created buckets. Properties: - Config: location - Env Var: RCLONE_GCS_LOCATION - Type: string - Required: false - Examples: - "" - Empty for default location (US) - "asia" - Multi-regional location for Asia - "eu" - Multi-regional location for Europe - "us" - Multi-regional location for United States - "asia-east1" - Taiwan - "asia-east2" - Hong Kong - "asia-northeast1" - Tokyo - "asia-northeast2" - Osaka - "asia-northeast3" - Seoul - "asia-south1" - Mumbai - "asia-south2" - Delhi - "asia-southeast1" - Singapore - "asia-southeast2" - Jakarta - "australia-southeast1" - Sydney - "australia-southeast2" - Melbourne - "europe-north1" - Finland - "europe-west1" - Belgium - "europe-west2" - London - "europe-west3" - Frankfurt - "europe-west4" - Netherlands - "europe-west6" - Zürich - "europe-central2" - Warsaw - "us-central1" - Iowa - "us-east1" - South Carolina - "us-east4" - Northern Virginia - "us-west1" - Oregon - "us-west2" - California - "us-west3" - Salt Lake City - "us-west4" - Las Vegas - "northamerica-northeast1" - Montréal - "northamerica-northeast2" - Toronto - "southamerica-east1" - São Paulo - "southamerica-west1" - Santiago - "asia1" - Dual region: asia-northeast1 and asia-northeast2. - "eur4" - Dual region: europe-north1 and europe-west4. - "nam4" - Dual region: us-central1 and us-east1. #### --gcs-storage-class The storage class to use when storing objects in Google Cloud Storage. Properties: - Config: storage_class - Env Var: RCLONE_GCS_STORAGE_CLASS - Type: string - Required: false - Examples: - "" - Default - "MULTI_REGIONAL" - Multi-regional storage class - "REGIONAL" - Regional storage class - "NEARLINE" - Nearline storage class - "COLDLINE" - Coldline storage class - "ARCHIVE" - Archive storage class - "DURABLE_REDUCED_AVAILABILITY" - Durable reduced availability storage class #### --gcs-env-auth Get GCP IAM credentials from runtime (environment variables or instance meta data if no env vars). Only applies if service_account_file and service_account_credentials is blank. Properties: - Config: env_auth - Env Var: RCLONE_GCS_ENV_AUTH - Type: bool - Default: false - Examples: - "false" - Enter credentials in the next step. - "true" - Get GCP IAM credentials from the environment (env vars or IAM). ### Advanced options Here are the Advanced options specific to google cloud storage (Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)). #### --gcs-token OAuth Access Token as a JSON blob. Properties: - Config: token - Env Var: RCLONE_GCS_TOKEN - Type: string - Required: false #### --gcs-auth-url Auth server URL. Leave blank to use the provider defaults. Properties: - Config: auth_url - Env Var: RCLONE_GCS_AUTH_URL - Type: string - Required: false #### --gcs-token-url Token server url. Leave blank to use the provider defaults. Properties: - Config: token_url - Env Var: RCLONE_GCS_TOKEN_URL - Type: string - Required: false #### --gcs-directory-markers Upload an empty object with a trailing slash when a new directory is created Empty folders are unsupported for bucket based remotes, this option creates an empty object ending with "/", to persist the folder. Properties: - Config: directory_markers - Env Var: RCLONE_GCS_DIRECTORY_MARKERS - Type: bool - Default: false #### --gcs-no-check-bucket If set, don't attempt to check the bucket exists or create it. This can be useful when trying to minimise the number of transactions rclone does if you know the bucket exists already. Properties: - Config: no_check_bucket - Env Var: RCLONE_GCS_NO_CHECK_BUCKET - Type: bool - Default: false #### --gcs-decompress If set this will decompress gzip encoded objects. It is possible to upload objects to GCS with "Content-Encoding: gzip" set. Normally rclone will download these files as compressed objects. If this flag is set then rclone will decompress these files with "Content-Encoding: gzip" as they are received. This means that rclone can't check the size and hash but the file contents will be decompressed. Properties: - Config: decompress - Env Var: RCLONE_GCS_DECOMPRESS - Type: bool - Default: false #### --gcs-endpoint Endpoint for the service. Leave blank normally. Properties: - Config: endpoint - Env Var: RCLONE_GCS_ENDPOINT - Type: string - Required: false #### --gcs-encoding The encoding for the backend. See the [encoding section in the overview](/overview/#encoding) for more info. Properties: - Config: encoding - Env Var: RCLONE_GCS_ENCODING - Type: Encoding - Default: Slash,CrLf,InvalidUtf8,Dot #### --gcs-description Description of the remote. Properties: - Config: description - Env Var: RCLONE_GCS_DESCRIPTION - Type: string - Required: false {{< rem autogenerated options stop >}} ## Limitations `rclone about` is not supported by the Google Cloud Storage backend. Backends without this capability cannot determine free space for an rclone mount or use policy `mfs` (most free space) as a member of an rclone union remote. See [List of backends that do not support rclone about](https://rclone.org/overview/#optional-features) and [rclone about](https://rclone.org/commands/rclone_about/)