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Add a few more comments to the CONTRIBUTING.md document (#18469) 
* Explain how to title your Backport PR
* Advise that the first comment in a PR should explain the PR
* Include information about BREAKING changes
* Include information about backports/frontports
* Add reference command for creating backports
* Add reference commandline for creating large characters
* Add information about updating docs/config.yaml
* Update year in the copyright

Signed-off-by: Andrew Thornton <art27@cantab.net>
2022-01-30 19:56:48 +01:00

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Contribution Guidelines

Table of Contents

Introduction

This document explains how to contribute changes to the Gitea project.
It assumes you have followed the
installation instructions.
Sensitive security-related issues should be reported to
security@gitea.io.

For configuring IDE or code editor to develop Gitea see IDE and code editor configuration

Bug reports

Please search the issues on the issue tracker with a variety of keywords
to ensure your bug is not already reported.

If unique, open an issue
and answer the questions so we can understand and reproduce the
problematic behavior.

To show us that the issue you are having is in Gitea itself, please
write clear, concise instructions so we can reproduce the behavior—
even if it seems obvious. The more detailed and specific you are,
the faster we can fix the issue. Check out How to Report Bugs
Effectively.

Please be kind, remember that Gitea comes at no cost to you, and you're
getting free help.

Discuss your design

The project welcomes submissions. If you want to change or add something,
please let everyone know what you're working on—file an issue!
Significant changes must go through the change proposal process
before they can be accepted. To create a proposal, file an issue with
your proposed changes documented, and make sure to note in the title
of the issue that it is a proposal.

This process gives everyone a chance to validate the design, helps
prevent duplication of effort, and ensures that the idea fits inside
the goals for the project and tools. It also checks that the design is
sound before code is written; the code review tool is not the place for
high-level discussions.

Testing redux

Before submitting a pull request, run all the tests for the whole tree
to make sure your changes don't cause regression elsewhere.

Here's how to run the test suite:

  • code lint
make lint lint everything (not suggest if you only change one type code)
make lint-frontend lint frontend files
make lint-backend lint backend files
  • run test code (Suggest run in Linux)
make test[\#TestSpecificName] run unit test
make test-sqlite[\#TestSpecificName] run integration test for SQLite
More details about integrations

Vendoring

We manage dependencies via Go Modules, more details: go mod.

Pull requests should only include go.mod, go.sum updates if they are part of
the same change, be it a bugfix or a feature addition.

The go.mod, go.sum update needs to be justified as part of the PR description,
and must be verified by the reviewers and/or merger to always reference
an existing upstream commit.

You can find more information on how to get started with it on the Modules Wiki.

Translation

We do all translation work inside Crowdin.
The only translation that is maintained in this Git repository is
en_US.ini
and is synced regularly to Crowdin. Once a translation has reached
A SATISFACTORY PERCENTAGE it will be synced back into this repo and
included in the next released version.

Building Gitea

See the hacking instructions.

Code review

Changes to Gitea must be reviewed before they are accepted—no matter who
makes the change, even if they are an owner or a maintainer. We use GitHub's
pull request workflow to do that. And, we also use LGTM
to ensure every PR is reviewed by at least 2 maintainers.

Please try to make your pull request easy to review for us. And, please read
the How to get faster PR reviews guide;
it has lots of useful tips for any project you may want to contribute.
Some of the key points:

  • Make small pull requests. The smaller, the faster to review and the
    more likely it will be merged soon.
  • Don't make changes unrelated to your PR. Maybe there are typos on
    some comments, maybe refactoring would be welcome on a function... but
    if that is not related to your PR, please make another PR for that.
  • Split big pull requests into multiple small ones. An incremental change
    will be faster to review than a huge PR.
  • Use the first comment as a summary explainer of your PR and you should keep this up-to-date as the PR evolves.

If your PR could cause a breaking change you must add a BREAKING section to this comment e.g.:

## :warning: BREAKING :warning:

To explain how this could affect users and how to mitigate these changes.

Styleguide

For imports you should use the following format (without the comments)

import (
  // stdlib
  "fmt"
  "math"

  // local packages
  "code.gitea.io/gitea/models"
  "code.gitea.io/sdk/gitea"

  // external packages
  "github.com/foo/bar"
  "gopkg.io/baz.v1"
)

Design guideline

To maintain understandable code and avoid circular dependencies it is important to have a good structure of the code. The Gitea code is divided into the following parts:

  • integration: Integrations tests
  • models: Contains the data structures used by xorm to construct database tables. It also contains supporting functions to query and update the database. Dependencies to other code in Gitea should be avoided although some modules might be needed (for example for logging).
  • models/fixtures: Sample model data used in integration tests.
  • models/migrations: Handling of database migrations between versions. PRs that changes a database structure shall also have a migration step.
  • modules: Different modules to handle specific functionality in Gitea.
  • public: Frontend files (javascript, images, css, etc.)
  • routers: Handling of server requests. As it uses other Gitea packages to serve the request, other packages (models, modules or services) shall not depend on routers
  • services: Support functions for common routing operations. Uses models and modules to handle the request.
  • templates: Golang templates for generating the html output.
  • vendor: External code that Gitea depends on.

API v1

The API is documented by swagger and is based on GitHub API v3.
Thus, Gitea´s API should use the same endpoints and fields as GitHub´s API as far as possible, unless there are good reasons to deviate.
If Gitea provides functionality that GitHub does not, a new endpoint can be created.
If information is provided by Gitea that is not provided by the GitHub API, a new field can be used that doesn't collide with any GitHub fields.

Updating an existing API should not remove existing fields unless there is a really good reason to do so.
The same applies to status responses. If you notice a problem, feel free to leave a comment in the code for future refactoring to APIv2 (which is currently not planned).

All expected results (errors, success, fail messages) should be documented
(example).

All JSON input types must be defined as a struct in modules/structs/
(example)
and referenced in
routers/api/v1/swagger/options.go.
They can then be used like the following:
(example).

All JSON responses must be defined as a struct in modules/structs/
(example)
and referenced in its category in routers/api/v1/swagger/
(example)
They can be used like the following:
(example)

In general, HTTP methods are chosen as follows:

  • GET endpoints return requested object and status OK (200)
  • DELETE endpoints return status No Content (204)
  • POST endpoints return status Created (201), used to create new objects (e.g. a User)
  • PUT endpoints return status No Content (204), used to add/assign existing Objects (e.g. User) to something (e.g. Org-Team)
  • PATCH endpoints return changed object and status OK (200), used to edit/change an existing object

An endpoint which changes/edits an object expects all fields to be optional (except ones to identify the object, which are required).

Endpoints returning lists should

  • support pagination (page & limit options in query)
  • set X-Total-Count header via SetTotalCountHeader (example)

Large Character Comments

Throughout the codebase there are large-text comments for sections of code, e.g.:

// __________            .__               
// \______   \ _______  _|__| ______  _  __
//  |       _// __ \  \/ /  |/ __ \ \/ \/ /
//  |    |   \  ___/\   /|  \  ___/\     / 
//  |____|_  /\___  >\_/ |__|\___  >\/\_/  
//         \/     \/             \/

These were created using the figlet tool with the graffiti font.

A simple way of creating these is to use the following:

figlet -f graffiti Review | sed  -e's+^+// +' - | xclip -sel clip -in

Backports and Frontports

Occasionally backports of PRs are required.

The backported PR title should be:

Title of backported PR (#ORIGINAL_PR_NUMBER)

The first two lines of the summary of the backporting PR should be:

Backport #ORIGINAL_PR_NUMBER

with the rest of the summary matching the original PR. Similarly for frontports

The below is a script that may be helpful in creating backports. YMMV.

#!/bin/sh
PR="$1"
SHA="$2"
VERSION="$3"

if [ -z "$SHA" ]; then
    SHA=$(gh api /repos/go-gitea/gitea/pulls/$PR -q '.merge_commit_sha')
fi

if [ -z "$VERSION" ]; then
    VERSION="v1.16"
fi

echo git checkout origin/release/"$VERSION" -b backport-$PR-$VERSION
git checkout origin/release/"$VERSION" -b backport-$PR-$VERSION
git cherry-pick $SHA && git commit --amend && git push zeripath backport-$PR-$VERSION && xdg-open https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/compare/release/"$VERSION"...zeripath:backport-$PR-$VERSION

Developer Certificate of Origin (DCO)

We consider the act of contributing to the code by submitting a Pull
Request as the "Sign off" or agreement to the certifications and terms
of the DCO and MIT license. No further action is required.
Additionally you could add a line at the end of your commit message.

Signed-off-by: Joe Smith <joe.smith@email.com>

If you set your user.name and user.email Git configs, you can add the
line to the end of your commit automatically with git commit -s.

We assume in good faith that the information you provide is legally binding.

Release Cycle

We adopted a release schedule to streamline the process of working
on, finishing, and issuing releases. The overall goal is to make a
minor release every three or four months, which breaks down into two or three months of
general development followed by one month of testing and polishing
known as the release freeze. All the feature pull requests should be
merged before feature freeze. And, during the frozen period, a corresponding
release branch is open for fixes backported from main branch. Release candidates
are made during this period for user testing to
obtain a final version that is maintained in this branch. A release is
maintained by issuing patch releases to only correct critical problems
such as crashes or security issues.

Major release cycles are seasonal. They always begin on the 25th and end on
the 24th (i.e., the 25th of December to March 24th).

During a development cycle, we may also publish any necessary minor releases
for the previous version. For example, if the latest, published release is
v1.2, then minor changes for the previous release—e.g., v1.1.0 -> v1.1.1—are
still possible.

Maintainers

To make sure every PR is checked, we have team
maintainers. Every PR MUST be reviewed by at least
two maintainers (or owners) before it can get merged. A maintainer
should be a contributor of Gitea (or Gogs) and contributed at least
4 accepted PRs. A contributor should apply as a maintainer in the
Discord #develop channel. The owners
or the team maintainers may invite the contributor. A maintainer
should spend some time on code reviews. If a maintainer has no
time to do that, they should apply to leave the maintainers team
and we will give them the honor of being a member of the advisors
team. Of course, if
an advisor has time to code review, we will gladly welcome them back
to the maintainers team. If a maintainer is inactive for more than 3
months and forgets to leave the maintainers team, the owners may move
him or her from the maintainers team to the advisors team.
For security reasons, Maintainers should use 2FA for their accounts and
if possible provide GPG signed commits.
https://help.github.com/articles/securing-your-account-with-two-factor-authentication-2fa/
https://help.github.com/articles/signing-commits-with-gpg/

Owners

Since Gitea is a pure community organization without any company support,
to keep the development healthy we will elect three owners every year. All
contributors may vote to elect up to three candidates, one of which will
be the main owner, and the other two the assistant owners. When the new
owners have been elected, the old owners will give up ownership to the
newly elected owners. If an owner is unable to do so, the other owners
will assist in ceding ownership to the newly elected owners.
For security reasons, Owners or any account with write access (like a bot)
must use 2FA.
https://help.github.com/articles/securing-your-account-with-two-factor-authentication-2fa/

After the election, the new owners should proactively agree
with our CONTRIBUTING requirements in the
Discord #general channel. Below are the
words to speak:

I'm honored to having been elected an owner of Gitea, I agree with
[CONTRIBUTING](CONTRIBUTING.md). I will spend part of my time on Gitea
and lead the development of Gitea.

To honor the past owners, here's the history of the owners and the time
they served:

Versions

Gitea has the main branch as a tip branch and has version branches
such as release/v0.9. release/v0.9 is a release branch and we will
tag v0.9.0 for binary download. If v0.9.0 has bugs, we will accept
pull requests on the release/v0.9 branch and publish a v0.9.1 tag,
after bringing the bug fix also to the main branch.

Since the main branch is a tip version, if you wish to use Gitea
in production, please download the latest release tag version. All the
branches will be protected via GitHub, all the PRs to every branch must
be reviewed by two maintainers and must pass the automatic tests.

Releasing Gitea

  • Let $vmaj, $vmin and $vpat be Major, Minor and Patch version numbers, $vpat should be rc1, rc2, 0, 1, ...... $vmaj.$vmin will be kept the same as milestones on github or gitea in future.
  • Before releasing, confirm all the version's milestone issues or PRs has been resolved. Then discuss the release on Discord channel #maintainers and get agreed with almost all the owners and mergers. Or you can declare the version and if nobody against in about serval hours.
  • If this is a big version first you have to create PR for changelog on branch main with PRs with label changelog and after it has been merged do following steps:
    • Create -dev tag as git tag -s -F release.notes v$vmaj.$vmin.0-dev and push the tag as git push origin v$vmaj.$vmin.0-dev.
    • When CI has finished building tag then you have to create a new branch named release/v$vmaj.$vmin
  • If it is bugfix version create PR for changelog on branch release/v$vmaj.$vmin and wait till it is reviewed and merged.
  • Add a tag as git tag -s -F release.notes v$vmaj.$vmin.$, release.notes file could be a temporary file to only include the changelog this version which you added to CHANGELOG.md.
  • And then push the tag as git push origin v$vmaj.$vmin.$. Drone CI will automatically create a release and upload all the compiled binary. (But currently it doesn't add the release notes automatically. Maybe we should fix that.)
  • If needed send a frontport PR for the changelog to branch main and update the version in docs/config.yaml to refer to the new version.
  • Send PR to blog repository announcing the release.

Copyright

Code that you contribute should use the standard copyright header:

// Copyright 2022 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

Files in the repository contain copyright from the year they are added
to the year they are last changed. If the copyright author is changed,
just paste the header below the old one.