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rclone/docs/content/commands/rclone_serve_sftp.md
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---
title: "rclone serve sftp"
description: "Serve the remote over SFTP."
slug: rclone_serve_sftp
url: /commands/rclone_serve_sftp/
versionIntroduced: v1.48
# autogenerated - DO NOT EDIT, instead edit the source code in cmd/serve/sftp/ and as part of making a release run "make commanddocs"
---
# rclone serve sftp
Serve the remote over SFTP.
## Synopsis
Run an SFTP server to serve a remote over SFTP. This can be used
with an SFTP client or you can make a remote of type [sftp](/sftp) to use with it.
You can use the [filter](/filtering) flags (e.g. `--include`, `--exclude`)
to control what is served.
The server will respond to a small number of shell commands, mainly
md5sum, sha1sum and df, which enable it to provide support for checksums
and the about feature when accessed from an sftp remote.
Note that this server uses standard 32 KiB packet payload size, which
means you must not configure the client to expect anything else, e.g.
with the [chunk_size](/sftp/#sftp-chunk-size) option on an sftp remote.
The server will log errors. Use `-v` to see access logs.
`--bwlimit` will be respected for file transfers.
Use `--stats` to control the stats printing.
You must provide some means of authentication, either with
`--user`/`--pass`, an authorized keys file (specify location with
`--authorized-keys` - the default is the same as ssh), an
`--auth-proxy`, or set the `--no-auth` flag for no
authentication when logging in.
If you don't supply a host `--key` then rclone will generate rsa, ecdsa
and ed25519 variants, and cache them for later use in rclone's cache
directory (see `rclone help flags cache-dir`) in the "serve-sftp"
directory.
By default the server binds to localhost:2022 - if you want it to be
reachable externally then supply `--addr :2022` for example.
Note that the default of `--vfs-cache-mode off` is fine for the rclone
sftp backend, but it may not be with other SFTP clients.
If `--stdio` is specified, rclone will serve SFTP over stdio, which can
be used with sshd via ~/.ssh/authorized_keys, for example:
restrict,command="rclone serve sftp --stdio ./photos" ssh-rsa ...
On the client you need to set `--transfers 1` when using `--stdio`.
Otherwise multiple instances of the rclone server are started by OpenSSH
which can lead to "corrupted on transfer" errors. This is the case because
the client chooses indiscriminately which server to send commands to while
the servers all have different views of the state of the filing system.
The "restrict" in authorized_keys prevents SHA1SUMs and MD5SUMs from being
used. Omitting "restrict" and using `--sftp-path-override` to enable
checksumming is possible but less secure and you could use the SFTP server
provided by OpenSSH in this case.
## VFS - Virtual File System
This command uses the VFS layer. This adapts the cloud storage objects
that rclone uses into something which looks much more like a disk
filing system.
Cloud storage objects have lots of properties which aren't like disk
files - you can't extend them or write to the middle of them, so the
VFS layer has to deal with that. Because there is no one right way of
doing this there are various options explained below.
The VFS layer also implements a directory cache - this caches info
about files and directories (but not the data) in memory.
## VFS Directory Cache
Using the `--dir-cache-time` flag, you can control how long a
directory should be considered up to date and not refreshed from the
backend. Changes made through the VFS will appear immediately or
invalidate the cache.
--dir-cache-time duration Time to cache directory entries for (default 5m0s)
--poll-interval duration Time to wait between polling for changes. Must be smaller than dir-cache-time. Only on supported remotes. Set to 0 to disable (default 1m0s)
However, changes made directly on the cloud storage by the web
interface or a different copy of rclone will only be picked up once
the directory cache expires if the backend configured does not support
polling for changes. If the backend supports polling, changes will be
picked up within the polling interval.
You can send a `SIGHUP` signal to rclone for it to flush all
directory caches, regardless of how old they are. Assuming only one
rclone instance is running, you can reset the cache like this:
kill -SIGHUP $(pidof rclone)
If you configure rclone with a [remote control](/rc) then you can use
rclone rc to flush the whole directory cache:
rclone rc vfs/forget
Or individual files or directories:
rclone rc vfs/forget file=path/to/file dir=path/to/dir
## VFS File Buffering
The `--buffer-size` flag determines the amount of memory,
that will be used to buffer data in advance.
Each open file will try to keep the specified amount of data in memory
at all times. The buffered data is bound to one open file and won't be
shared.
This flag is a upper limit for the used memory per open file. The
buffer will only use memory for data that is downloaded but not not
yet read. If the buffer is empty, only a small amount of memory will
be used.
The maximum memory used by rclone for buffering can be up to
`--buffer-size * open files`.
## VFS File Caching
These flags control the VFS file caching options. File caching is
necessary to make the VFS layer appear compatible with a normal file
system. It can be disabled at the cost of some compatibility.
For example you'll need to enable VFS caching if you want to read and
write simultaneously to a file. See below for more details.
Note that the VFS cache is separate from the cache backend and you may
find that you need one or the other or both.
--cache-dir string Directory rclone will use for caching.
--vfs-cache-mode CacheMode Cache mode off|minimal|writes|full (default off)
--vfs-cache-max-age duration Max age of objects in the cache (default 1h0m0s)
--vfs-cache-max-size SizeSuffix Max total size of objects in the cache (default off)
--vfs-cache-poll-interval duration Interval to poll the cache for stale objects (default 1m0s)
--vfs-write-back duration Time to writeback files after last use when using cache (default 5s)
If run with `-vv` rclone will print the location of the file cache. The
files are stored in the user cache file area which is OS dependent but
can be controlled with `--cache-dir` or setting the appropriate
environment variable.
The cache has 4 different modes selected by `--vfs-cache-mode`.
The higher the cache mode the more compatible rclone becomes at the
cost of using disk space.
Note that files are written back to the remote only when they are
closed and if they haven't been accessed for `--vfs-write-back`
seconds. If rclone is quit or dies with files that haven't been
uploaded, these will be uploaded next time rclone is run with the same
flags.
If using `--vfs-cache-max-size` note that the cache may exceed this size
for two reasons. Firstly because it is only checked every
`--vfs-cache-poll-interval`. Secondly because open files cannot be
evicted from the cache.
You **should not** run two copies of rclone using the same VFS cache
with the same or overlapping remotes if using `--vfs-cache-mode > off`.
This can potentially cause data corruption if you do. You can work
around this by giving each rclone its own cache hierarchy with
`--cache-dir`. You don't need to worry about this if the remotes in
use don't overlap.
### --vfs-cache-mode off
In this mode (the default) the cache will read directly from the remote and write
directly to the remote without caching anything on disk.
This will mean some operations are not possible
* Files can't be opened for both read AND write
* Files opened for write can't be seeked
* Existing files opened for write must have O_TRUNC set
* Files open for read with O_TRUNC will be opened write only
* Files open for write only will behave as if O_TRUNC was supplied
* Open modes O_APPEND, O_TRUNC are ignored
* If an upload fails it can't be retried
### --vfs-cache-mode minimal
This is very similar to "off" except that files opened for read AND
write will be buffered to disk. This means that files opened for
write will be a lot more compatible, but uses the minimal disk space.
These operations are not possible
* Files opened for write only can't be seeked
* Existing files opened for write must have O_TRUNC set
* Files opened for write only will ignore O_APPEND, O_TRUNC
* If an upload fails it can't be retried
### --vfs-cache-mode writes
In this mode files opened for read only are still read directly from
the remote, write only and read/write files are buffered to disk
first.
This mode should support all normal file system operations.
If an upload fails it will be retried at exponentially increasing
intervals up to 1 minute.
### --vfs-cache-mode full
In this mode all reads and writes are buffered to and from disk. When
data is read from the remote this is buffered to disk as well.
In this mode the files in the cache will be sparse files and rclone
will keep track of which bits of the files it has downloaded.
So if an application only reads the starts of each file, then rclone
will only buffer the start of the file. These files will appear to be
their full size in the cache, but they will be sparse files with only
the data that has been downloaded present in them.
This mode should support all normal file system operations and is
otherwise identical to `--vfs-cache-mode` writes.
When reading a file rclone will read `--buffer-size` plus
`--vfs-read-ahead` bytes ahead. The `--buffer-size` is buffered in memory
whereas the `--vfs-read-ahead` is buffered on disk.
When using this mode it is recommended that `--buffer-size` is not set
too large and `--vfs-read-ahead` is set large if required.
**IMPORTANT** not all file systems support sparse files. In particular
FAT/exFAT do not. Rclone will perform very badly if the cache
directory is on a filesystem which doesn't support sparse files and it
will log an ERROR message if one is detected.
### Fingerprinting
Various parts of the VFS use fingerprinting to see if a local file
copy has changed relative to a remote file. Fingerprints are made
from:
- size
- modification time
- hash
where available on an object.
On some backends some of these attributes are slow to read (they take
an extra API call per object, or extra work per object).
For example `hash` is slow with the `local` and `sftp` backends as
they have to read the entire file and hash it, and `modtime` is slow
with the `s3`, `swift`, `ftp` and `qinqstor` backends because they
need to do an extra API call to fetch it.
If you use the `--vfs-fast-fingerprint` flag then rclone will not
include the slow operations in the fingerprint. This makes the
fingerprinting less accurate but much faster and will improve the
opening time of cached files.
If you are running a vfs cache over `local`, `s3` or `swift` backends
then using this flag is recommended.
Note that if you change the value of this flag, the fingerprints of
the files in the cache may be invalidated and the files will need to
be downloaded again.
## VFS Chunked Reading
When rclone reads files from a remote it reads them in chunks. This
means that rather than requesting the whole file rclone reads the
chunk specified. This can reduce the used download quota for some
remotes by requesting only chunks from the remote that are actually
read, at the cost of an increased number of requests.
These flags control the chunking:
--vfs-read-chunk-size SizeSuffix Read the source objects in chunks (default 128M)
--vfs-read-chunk-size-limit SizeSuffix Max chunk doubling size (default off)
Rclone will start reading a chunk of size `--vfs-read-chunk-size`,
and then double the size for each read. When `--vfs-read-chunk-size-limit` is
specified, and greater than `--vfs-read-chunk-size`, the chunk size for each
open file will get doubled only until the specified value is reached. If the
value is "off", which is the default, the limit is disabled and the chunk size
will grow indefinitely.
With `--vfs-read-chunk-size 100M` and `--vfs-read-chunk-size-limit 0`
the following parts will be downloaded: 0-100M, 100M-200M, 200M-300M, 300M-400M and so on.
When `--vfs-read-chunk-size-limit 500M` is specified, the result would be
0-100M, 100M-300M, 300M-700M, 700M-1200M, 1200M-1700M and so on.
Setting `--vfs-read-chunk-size` to `0` or "off" disables chunked reading.
## VFS Performance
These flags may be used to enable/disable features of the VFS for
performance or other reasons. See also the [chunked reading](#vfs-chunked-reading)
feature.
In particular S3 and Swift benefit hugely from the `--no-modtime` flag
(or use `--use-server-modtime` for a slightly different effect) as each
read of the modification time takes a transaction.
--no-checksum Don't compare checksums on up/download.
--no-modtime Don't read/write the modification time (can speed things up).
--no-seek Don't allow seeking in files.
--read-only Only allow read-only access.
Sometimes rclone is delivered reads or writes out of order. Rather
than seeking rclone will wait a short time for the in sequence read or
write to come in. These flags only come into effect when not using an
on disk cache file.
--vfs-read-wait duration Time to wait for in-sequence read before seeking (default 20ms)
--vfs-write-wait duration Time to wait for in-sequence write before giving error (default 1s)
When using VFS write caching (`--vfs-cache-mode` with value writes or full),
the global flag `--transfers` can be set to adjust the number of parallel uploads of
modified files from the cache (the related global flag `--checkers` has no effect on the VFS).
--transfers int Number of file transfers to run in parallel (default 4)
## VFS Case Sensitivity
Linux file systems are case-sensitive: two files can differ only
by case, and the exact case must be used when opening a file.
File systems in modern Windows are case-insensitive but case-preserving:
although existing files can be opened using any case, the exact case used
to create the file is preserved and available for programs to query.
It is not allowed for two files in the same directory to differ only by case.
Usually file systems on macOS are case-insensitive. It is possible to make macOS
file systems case-sensitive but that is not the default.
The `--vfs-case-insensitive` VFS flag controls how rclone handles these
two cases. If its value is "false", rclone passes file names to the remote
as-is. If the flag is "true" (or appears without a value on the
command line), rclone may perform a "fixup" as explained below.
The user may specify a file name to open/delete/rename/etc with a case
different than what is stored on the remote. If an argument refers
to an existing file with exactly the same name, then the case of the existing
file on the disk will be used. However, if a file name with exactly the same
name is not found but a name differing only by case exists, rclone will
transparently fixup the name. This fixup happens only when an existing file
is requested. Case sensitivity of file names created anew by rclone is
controlled by the underlying remote.
Note that case sensitivity of the operating system running rclone (the target)
may differ from case sensitivity of a file system presented by rclone (the source).
The flag controls whether "fixup" is performed to satisfy the target.
If the flag is not provided on the command line, then its default value depends
on the operating system where rclone runs: "true" on Windows and macOS, "false"
otherwise. If the flag is provided without a value, then it is "true".
## VFS Disk Options
This flag allows you to manually set the statistics about the filing system.
It can be useful when those statistics cannot be read correctly automatically.
--vfs-disk-space-total-size Manually set the total disk space size (example: 256G, default: -1)
## Alternate report of used bytes
Some backends, most notably S3, do not report the amount of bytes used.
If you need this information to be available when running `df` on the
filesystem, then pass the flag `--vfs-used-is-size` to rclone.
With this flag set, instead of relying on the backend to report this
information, rclone will scan the whole remote similar to `rclone size`
and compute the total used space itself.
_WARNING._ Contrary to `rclone size`, this flag ignores filters so that the
result is accurate. However, this is very inefficient and may cost lots of API
calls resulting in extra charges. Use it as a last resort and only with caching.
## Auth Proxy
If you supply the parameter `--auth-proxy /path/to/program` then
rclone will use that program to generate backends on the fly which
then are used to authenticate incoming requests. This uses a simple
JSON based protocol with input on STDIN and output on STDOUT.
**PLEASE NOTE:** `--auth-proxy` and `--authorized-keys` cannot be used
together, if `--auth-proxy` is set the authorized keys option will be
ignored.
There is an example program
[bin/test_proxy.py](https://github.com/rclone/rclone/blob/master/test_proxy.py)
in the rclone source code.
The program's job is to take a `user` and `pass` on the input and turn
those into the config for a backend on STDOUT in JSON format. This
config will have any default parameters for the backend added, but it
won't use configuration from environment variables or command line
options - it is the job of the proxy program to make a complete
config.
This config generated must have this extra parameter
- `_root` - root to use for the backend
And it may have this parameter
- `_obscure` - comma separated strings for parameters to obscure
If password authentication was used by the client, input to the proxy
process (on STDIN) would look similar to this:
```
{
"user": "me",
"pass": "mypassword"
}
```
If public-key authentication was used by the client, input to the
proxy process (on STDIN) would look similar to this:
```
{
"user": "me",
"public_key": "AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAABAQDuwESFdAe14hVS6omeyX7edc...JQdf"
}
```
And as an example return this on STDOUT
```
{
"type": "sftp",
"_root": "",
"_obscure": "pass",
"user": "me",
"pass": "mypassword",
"host": "sftp.example.com"
}
```
This would mean that an SFTP backend would be created on the fly for
the `user` and `pass`/`public_key` returned in the output to the host given. Note
that since `_obscure` is set to `pass`, rclone will obscure the `pass`
parameter before creating the backend (which is required for sftp
backends).
The program can manipulate the supplied `user` in any way, for example
to make proxy to many different sftp backends, you could make the
`user` be `user@example.com` and then set the `host` to `example.com`
in the output and the user to `user`. For security you'd probably want
to restrict the `host` to a limited list.
Note that an internal cache is keyed on `user` so only use that for
configuration, don't use `pass` or `public_key`. This also means that if a user's
password or public-key is changed the cache will need to expire (which takes 5 mins)
before it takes effect.
This can be used to build general purpose proxies to any kind of
backend that rclone supports.
```
rclone serve sftp remote:path [flags]
```
## Options
```
--addr string IPaddress:Port or :Port to bind server to (default "localhost:2022")
--auth-proxy string A program to use to create the backend from the auth
--authorized-keys string Authorized keys file (default "~/.ssh/authorized_keys")
--dir-cache-time Duration Time to cache directory entries for (default 5m0s)
--dir-perms FileMode Directory permissions (default 0777)
--file-perms FileMode File permissions (default 0666)
--gid uint32 Override the gid field set by the filesystem (not supported on Windows) (default 1000)
-h, --help help for sftp
--key stringArray SSH private host key file (Can be multi-valued, leave blank to auto generate)
--no-auth Allow connections with no authentication if set
--no-checksum Don't compare checksums on up/download
--no-modtime Don't read/write the modification time (can speed things up)
--no-seek Don't allow seeking in files
--pass string Password for authentication
--poll-interval Duration Time to wait between polling for changes, must be smaller than dir-cache-time and only on supported remotes (set 0 to disable) (default 1m0s)
--read-only Only allow read-only access
--stdio Run an sftp server on stdin/stdout
--uid uint32 Override the uid field set by the filesystem (not supported on Windows) (default 1000)
--umask int Override the permission bits set by the filesystem (not supported on Windows) (default 2)
--user string User name for authentication
--vfs-cache-max-age Duration Max age of objects in the cache (default 1h0m0s)
--vfs-cache-max-size SizeSuffix Max total size of objects in the cache (default off)
--vfs-cache-mode CacheMode Cache mode off|minimal|writes|full (default off)
--vfs-cache-poll-interval Duration Interval to poll the cache for stale objects (default 1m0s)
--vfs-case-insensitive If a file name not found, find a case insensitive match
--vfs-disk-space-total-size SizeSuffix Specify the total space of disk (default off)
--vfs-fast-fingerprint Use fast (less accurate) fingerprints for change detection
--vfs-read-ahead SizeSuffix Extra read ahead over --buffer-size when using cache-mode full
--vfs-read-chunk-size SizeSuffix Read the source objects in chunks (default 128Mi)
--vfs-read-chunk-size-limit SizeSuffix If greater than --vfs-read-chunk-size, double the chunk size after each chunk read, until the limit is reached ('off' is unlimited) (default off)
--vfs-read-wait Duration Time to wait for in-sequence read before seeking (default 20ms)
--vfs-used-is-size rclone size Use the rclone size algorithm for Used size
--vfs-write-back Duration Time to writeback files after last use when using cache (default 5s)
--vfs-write-wait Duration Time to wait for in-sequence write before giving error (default 1s)
```
See the [global flags page](/flags/) for global options not listed here.
## SEE ALSO
* [rclone serve](/commands/rclone_serve/) - Serve a remote over a protocol.
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